IMG_5295.jpeg

# Chapter 8 ## Information Organization Organize information by connecting new concepts to similar existing ones. Automatic processing is usually done unconsciously. ### Encoding Types * **Semantic:** Words encoded both visually and semantically, creating a stronger memory. * **Visual:**...

# Chapter 8 ## Information Organization Organize information by connecting new concepts to similar existing ones. Automatic processing is usually done unconsciously. ### Encoding Types * **Semantic:** Words encoded both visually and semantically, creating a stronger memory. * **Visual:** Words are visually processed. * **Acoustic:** Words remembered through sound. ### Memory Stages Memory passes through three stages: * **Sensory memory:** Brief storage of sensory input (seconds). * **Short-term memory:** Holds information for 15-30 seconds. It can be categorized into different systems: * Visuospatial sketchpad * Episodic buffer * Phonological loop. * **Long-term memory:** Believed to have unlimited storage capacity. ### Information Processing Three different stages were proposed (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968), suggesting that short-term and long-term memory differ. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed a working memory model with a central executive that supervises the flow of information to long-term memory. Sensory memory is very short, about a few seconds, and holds information for short times before fading. Short-term memory holds information for approximately 15–30 seconds unless actively processed. ### Levels of Processing The levels of processing hypothesis (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) suggests deeper processing leads to better memory retention. The deeper you think about something, the better you'll remember it.