AI in Pharmacy: Past, Present, & Future PDF

Computer By Redhaa Fadhil Sabri What is Artificial intelligence? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science focused on creating systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence....

Computer By Redhaa Fadhil Sabri What is Artificial intelligence? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science focused on creating systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence. These tasks include learning from experience, reasoning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, and perception. AI systems can be designed to perform specific tasks, such as recognizing images or translating languages, or they can be more general, and capable of tackling a wide range of problems.  Emergence of AI 1. Early Beginnings (1950s-1960s): Turing Test (1950): Proposed by Alan Turing to measure a machine's ability to mimic human conversation. Logic Theorist (1955): Developed by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, it is considered the first AI program. It aimed to prove mathematical theorems in a way similar to human reasoning. ELIZA (1966): One of the first natural language processing (NLP) programs, designed to simulate a conversation with a psychotherapist through text dialogue using simple text analysis methods.  Emergence of AI 2. Expert Systems and Early Machine Learning (1970s- 1980s): MYCIN (1972): An expert system developed at Stanford University to assist in diagnosing bacterial infections and prescribing antibiotics, one of the early expert systems used in medicine. Early Machine Learning Systems (1980s): Basic machine learning techniques emerged, such as decision tree algorithms used for data analysis.  Emergence of AI 3. Periods of Decline and Modern Revival (1990s- 2010s): Deep Blue (1997): A computer developed by IBM that defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov, demonstrating AI’s ability to make complex decisions in strategic games. AIBO (1999): Sony's robotic dog, represents one of the early attempts to integrate AI into entertainment robots.  Emergence of AI 3. Periods of Decline and Modern Revival (1990s- 2010s): Roomba Robots (2002): Automated vacuum cleaners using AI to navigate and clean homes autonomously. IBM Watson (2011): Watson won the "Jeopardy!" quiz show, showcasing AI’s natural language processing and information retrieval capabilities. Deep Learning and Neural Networks (2010s): The use of deep neural networks in applications such as image and speech recognition led to significant performance improvements.  Emergence of AI 4. Modern Applications (2020s - Present): Virtual Assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant): Use AI techniques to understand voice commands and interact with users through speech recognition and natural language processing. GPT (Generative Language Models): Models like GPT-3 and GPT-4 developed by OpenAI can generate human-like text, marking a breakthrough in natural language processing.  Emergence of AI Self-Driving Cars (e.g., Tesla Vehicles): Use AI to process data from cameras and sensors to make autonomous driving decisions. Advanced Medical Diagnostics: Deep learning algorithms are used in medical imaging to detect diseases like cancer more quickly and accurately. AI in Scientific Research: Used in drug discovery, new material identification, and biological data analysis, enhancing scientists' ability to make discoveries faster. Artificial Intelligence In Pharmacy Artificial intelligence (AI) is making significant strides in the field of pharmacy, transforming various aspects of drug development, patient care, and operational efficiency. Overall, AI is enhancing the capabilities of pharmacists, improving patient care, and driving innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. As technology continues to advance, its role in pharmacy is likely to expand, offering new opportunities for improving health outcomes and operational efficiency. AI Applications for Pharmacy Students Many artificial intelligence applications benefit pharmacists in their professional and academic fields and help them develop their scientific knowledge. These applications are based on reliable scientific sources and use artificial intelligence. Some of these applications benefit pharmacy students in particular and some benefit everyone, including Epocrates, UpToDate, and Figure 1. AI Devices Pyxis MedStation by BD It is a secure, automated storage unit that manages medication dispensing in healthcare facilities. AI algorithms track inventory levels, manage stock, and ensure the right medication is dispensed to the right patient at the right time. AI Devices ScriptPro These robotic systems automate the counting, packaging, and labelling of prescriptions. They use AI to optimize the dispensing process, reduce errors, and increase efficiency. AI Devices PillDrill These devices remind patients to take their medications on time and track adherence. AI algorithms can analyze patterns and provide insights into a patient’s adherence habits, alerting healthcare providers to potential issues. AI Devices Propeller Health Smart inhalers are equipped with sensors and AI to monitor and manage asthma and COPD. They track usage, provide feedback to patients, and generate data that can be shared with healthcare providers for better treatment management. Is it possible for artificial intelligence devices to replace pharmacists in the future? THANK YOU