9th IT Solutions PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER 1. Define Computer. Ans: Computer is an electronic device that takes input, process that input and gives output or result. We can store the result in the computer too. Or Computer i.e. a combination of two words “compute” +”er”. Compute means calculation and “er” means a...

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER 1. Define Computer. Ans: Computer is an electronic device that takes input, process that input and gives output or result. We can store the result in the computer too. Or Computer i.e. a combination of two words “compute” +”er”. Compute means calculation and “er” means a device. It can perform all type of mathematical and logical operations, it can accept data, store data, retrieve data and print data. A computer is made up of two components - one is the hardware and the other is the software. All physical components of computer including keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc., are a part of the hardware. The programs and languages used by the computer are called software. 2. Define Hardware and Software. Ans: Hardware refers to all the physical components of a computer. It includes all input devices, processing devices, storage devices, and output devices. The keyboard, mouse, motherboard, monitor, hard disk, cables, and printer are all examples of hardware. Software is the set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. It comprises of set of programs associated with the operation of computer system. There are two types of software: System Software and Application Software.  3. Draw a block Diagram of Computer. Ans: 4. Explain input unit, output unit and CPU with example. Ans: Input Unit: The Input Unit is a part of computer system which includes input devices that are used to provide data to the computer. Example: Keyboard, mouse, Scanner, etc. Output Unit: The Output Unit is part of computer system which includes output devices that provide the result by the computer. Example: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker, etc. CPU: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit also known as brain of computer. CPU is used to control all the operations and functions of the computer. It has mainly three parts: 1. ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit 2. CU: Control Unit 3. Memory Unit: Registers Chapter 1: Introduction to IT-ITES Industry 1. What do you understand by the term IT and ITeS? Ans: IT: Information Technology (IT) means creating, managing, storing and exchanging information. IT includes all types of technology used to deal with information, such as computer hardware and software technology. ITeS: Information Technology that enables the business by improving the quality of service is Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS). ITeS is also called web-enabled services or remote services that cover the entire operations which exploit Information Technology for improving the efficiency of an organization. 2. What are the pros and cons of using ICT (Information and Communication Technology)? Ans: Pros (Advantages): There are many ways in which the ICT is used for education in the classroom, such as e-learning classrooms; smart-board presentations; videos on experiments; creation of images and video; desktop publishing of magazines, letters and documents; educational games; learning using the CD-ROM media; and gathering educational information on the Internet. Cons: (Disadvantages)  ICT is susceptible to various cyber-threats which may rise various risk in future.  ICT limits the imagination and observance power of students in education  It also arises various health-related problems such as vision problem to students, heart-related problems to elder people etc.  Managing course online is difficult.  Misuse of technology 3. What precautions are required to ensure that ICT use is safe? Ans: Use of ICT refers to the use of Information and Communication Technology. By keeping the use of ICT safe, we need to make sure that we do not overuse it. Almost every type of content is available on the internet these days, but we need to avoid getting manipulated with violent, pornographic or harmful content, and make best use of useful content. Before giving smartphones and laptops to your children, also keep a watch on what they are viewing and how they are using them. 4. What are the four main sub-sectors in the IT-BPM (Business Process Management) industry? Ans: The four main sub-sectors in the IT-BPM (Business Process Management) industry are: (a) IT Services (b) Business Process Management (BPO) (c) Software products (d) Engineering Research and Development 5. Give examples of use of IT in everyday life. Ans: In our daily life, we use washing machines, microwave oven, air conditioners and many other products using which have embedded software. We can store all the information about our important work, appointments schedules and list of contacts in a computer. Computer is, therefore, playing a very important role in our lives. 6. How is IT used in libraries? Ans: Nowadays many libraries are computerized. Each book has a barcode associated with it. This makes it easier for the library to a keep track of books and the availability of a specific book. Computer software is used to issue and return the book. 7. What are the various processes of education where IT is used? Ans: Computers and Information Technology are extensively used in education for teaching-learning and assessment. The learning becomes easy and accessible through IT. A lot of teaching resources are available for teachers to teach in a better way. (a) ICT in the classroom There are many ways in which the ICT is used for education in the classroom, such as e-learning classrooms; smart-board presentations; videos on experiments; creation of images and video; desktop publishing of magazines, letters and documents; educational games; learning using the CD-ROM media; and gathering educational information on the Internet. (b) Education — anywhere anytime There are a variety of websites and mobile apps to access educational resources on any topic. You can also contact a teacher or a trainer via Internet to use WBT (Web-based Training). (c) Teaching aids and media ICT is used mostly as a teaching aid in schools to use pictures, animations and audio-visuals to explain subjects that are difficult to explain. make the lessons interesting using presentations. organise lessons using the computer. obtain the information relevant to the subjects. (d) Learning Management System (LMS) A Learning Management System (LMS) is being used by many countries to manage school systems. A student or teacher can register himself/herself on the official website to access LMS learn lessons anytime and anywhere. submit queries, getting replies and submit comments through forums. participate in the co-curricular activities via video. monitor the progress of their children (by parents). 8. Which software are used in digital communication? Ans: The Networking and Communication software is used in digital communication. Communication is used to convey messages and ideas, pictures, or speeches. A person who receives this must understand clearly and correctly. Modern communication makes use of the computer system. We use computers for email, chatting, file transfer and video conferencing. 9. For what purpose is IT used in business? Ans: Computers are used in business organizations for payroll calculation, budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, managing and maintaining stocks. A lot of business transactions happen through Internet called e- commerce. IT facilitates marketing, customer visit, product browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax and shopping, receipt and process order. 10. Which are the prominent areas where IT is used in science and engineering? Ans: Scientists and engineers use computers for performing complex scientific calculations, Computer Aided Design (CAD) or Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) applications. Computers are used for storing large amount of data, performing complex calculations and for visualizing 3- dimensional objects. Complex scientific applications like rocket launching, space exploration, etc., are not possible without the computers. 11. List the various uses of IT in a banking system. Ans: The various uses of IT in a banking are:  The customer’s data and transactions are recorded by computers.  Recurring deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfer from one account to another (NEFT, RTGS), online transactions are done using Internet.  Bank customers use Automated Teller Machines (ATM) for cash deposits and withdrawal, or to view current balance.  Every activity of a bank is now online. 12. Which are the different areas of healthcare where IT is used? And how? Ans: IT is used in the health sector in numerous ways.  Hospital Management System is used to maintain and manage patients’ records as well as various activities pertaining to hospital administration.  The computerized machines are used for ECG, EEG, Ultrasound and CT Scan.  Expert system is used for diagnosis.  Computers are an integral part of laboratories and dispensaries. They are used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. 13. List any 5 websites of the Indian government which provide IT enabled services to the people. Ans: The websites of the Indian government which provide IT enabled services to the people are as follows:  https://uidai.gov.in (this website is related to Aadhar card)  https://indiapost.gov.in (this website is related to Post office)  https://portal1.passportindia,gov.in (this website is for Passport related working)  https://www.epfindia.gov.in (this website is related to Provident Fund)  https://www.irctc.co.in (This website is related to railway ticket booking) Chapter 2: Data Entry and Keyboarding Skills 1. Discuss the various types of keys available on a computer keyboard. Ans: A computer keyboard contains the following types of keys: Alphanumeric keys: All of the alphabet (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) on the keyboard. Punctuation keys: All of the keys associated with punctuation, such as the comma (,), period (.), semicolon (;), brackets ([ ]), and parenthesis ({ }) and so on. Also, all of the mathematical operators such as the plus sign (+), minus sign (-), and equal sign (=). Alt key: Short for Alternate, this key is like a second control key. Arrow keys: There are four arrow keys to move the cursor (or insertion point) up (↑), down (↓), right (→), or left (←). Arrow keys can be used in conjunction with the Shift or Alt Key to move the cursor in more than one position at a time. Backspace key: Deletes the character just to the left of the cursor and moves the cursor to that position. Caps Lock key: It is a toggle key, which when activated, causes all alphabetic characters to be uppercase. Ctrl key: The control key is used in conjunction with other keys to produce control characters. Delete key: The Del key deletes the character at the current cursor position, or the selected object, but does not move the cursor. Enter key or Return key: It is used to enter commands or to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. Esc key: The Escape key is used to exit (or escape) from programs and tasks. Function keys: Special keys labelled F1 to F12. These keys have different meaning depending on which program is running. 2. Differentiate between Home Keys and Guide Keys. Ans: Home Keys Alphabets A S D F are home keys for the left hand and J K L ; (semi-colon) for the right hand are known as Home Keys. With the help of Home keys, the fingers are trained to make the correct movement to other keys Guide Keys On a computer keyboard, keys ‘F’ and ‘J’ are called guide keys for left and right hand, respectively. Both contain a small raised tangible mark with the help of which the touch typist can place the fingers correctly on the home keys. 3. What and how does Mouse or Pointing Device function? Ans: Mouse is a pointing device used to point a particular place on the screen and select to perform one or more actions. It can be used to select menu commands, resize windows, selecting actions from screen icons, etc. A mouse primarily comprises of three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. 4. Explain the role of typing ergonomics. Ans: Typing ergonomics provides the logistic support for efficient and effective typewriting. They are important to attain and maintain accuracy and speed. Some of these factors included are: Sitting posture: While operating the computer keyboard, sit straight, slightly bending your neck forward. Touch both the feet to the floor. Position of hands: Put your forearms at level with the keyboard and palms down. Keep your wrists straight and hang your elbows Monitor placement: Do not bend your neck while working on the monitor and keep the upper border of screen at eye level. Keep an approximate distance of about 60–65 cms for 17 inches’ screen. Mouse and keyboard placement: Keep the keyboard and mouse together at an approximate distance of 20 cms, which will help in smooth and effortless operation of keyboard Chair and table placement: Adjust computer chair and table to an optimal height. The computer table should also have sufficient space for your legs. Placement of matter to be typed: Place the matter for typing to the left or right side of the keyboard preferably on a Copy Holder which has a sloping surface. 5. Why the use of various typing software is common now-a-days? Ans: Nowadays there are users of various typing software, the main reason behind this is because of the situations where people are getting their confidential credentials stolen when they type anything on the keyboard because those keystrokes are recorded and afterward that is used for hacking. 6. Mention the finger allocation of keys of the Home and Bottom Row of computer keyboard. Ans: Allocation of keys to fingers on the first row (bottom row) After learning how to operate keys on Home Row and Third Row, the next step is to learn how to operate keys on the First Row. Keys Z, X, C, V, B, N, M, Comma, Full Stop and ‘/’ sign is located on this row. Allocation of keys to fingers on the second row (home row) Place four fingers of each hand on Home Keys as shown in Figure 2.9. The remaining two keys ‘g’ and ‘h’ on the second row are operated by the forefingers (Index Finger) of left and right hand, respectively. 7. How to type the following? Ans: Typing capital letters To type capital letters, switch ON the Caps Lock by pressing the key before typing. To switch it off, tap on the Caps lock key before typing. Typing symbols Press and hold the key and then press the key with the required symbol. The Shift key is used to access the top symbols that are one of the keys with two characters. Typing sentences To get space between typed words, press the space bar once and then type the next word. Creating new lines and spaces between paragraphs The Enter or return key is used to create new lines and spaces between paragraphs.  Chapter 3: Digital Documentation Some important Shortcut keys with Key in computer: S. No Name of Command Function Performed 1 Ctrl + A Select All 2 Ctrl + B Bold the Selected Text 3 Ctrl + C Copy the items 4 Ctrl + F Find 5 Ctrl + G Goto to a line of text 6 Ctrl + H Replace the Text 7 Ctrl + I Italics the Selected Text 8 Ctrl + N New File 9 Ctrl + O Open a File 10 Ctrl + P Print 11 Ctrl + S Save the file 12 Ctrl + U Underline the Selected Text 13 Ctrl + V Paste the Copied or Cut Item 14 Ctrl + X Cut the Item 15 Ctrl + Y Redo 16 Ctrl + Z Undo Last step 17 Alt + F4 Close Applications and Shut Down Computer 18 F1 For Help 19 F2 Rename Folder/ File 20 F5 Refresh window or document 1. What do you mean by word processing? Ans: Word processing is the use of computer software to enter, edit, format, store, retrieve and print the document. The document can be a letter, notice, report, business correspondence, etc. 2. What is Word Processor? Write some Popular Word processing Software. Ans: Word Processor is a computer application software that is used in the business, home, and education, for writing documents such as, articles, letter, resume, report, poem and also making posters. Some of the most popular Word Processing software are:  OpenOffice – Write  LibreOffice - Writer  MS-Word  Google Documents  Notepad 3. Write some features of word processing software. (Write any 6) Ans: Some of the features provided by word processors are:  Create, edit, save, retrieve and print the document  Select and move the text from one place to another in the document  Copy the text to other places within the document  Move or copy a selected text from one document to any other document  Change the font size, font style of the text in the document  Format paragraphs as well as pages  Check spelling and grammar  Create table, modify the size of the rows, columns or cells  Combine one or more documents  Insert pictures or graphs within the document  Print the selected text or selected pages of the document 4. How to start LibreOffice Writer? Ans: “LibreOffice Writer” is a word processing software. There are different ways to start LibreOffice Writer. To start LibreOffice Writer in Windows, double click LibreOffice Writer shortcut. Or click on the Start or Windows button, select LibreOffice → LibreOffice Writer from application window. Or Using the Search command, type the word ‘writer’ in the search field, and select LibreOffice Writer from the offered results. 5. How to Create a new Document in LibreOffice Writer? Ans: To Create a new Document in LibreOffice Writer, follow the steps: 1. Open LibreOffice Writer, Now Click on File Menu → New → Text Document. 2. The Blank Document will be created. 6. How to Save a Document in LibreOffice Writer? Ans: To Save a Document in LibreOffice Writer, follow the steps: 1. Open LibreOffice Writer, now save the file by clicking on the File Menu → Save. Or by using shortcut command (CTRL + S) to save a document. 2. Give the name of the file. By default, the file is saved in.odt format. To save file with another Name: 1. It is possible to make another copy of the file by saving it with another name using the File Menu → Save As option. 7. How to Close a Document in LibreOffice Writer? Ans: After finishing the work, we need to close the file. To Close a Document in LibreOffice Writer, follow the steps: 1. Go to File → Close option, or Click on “x” (cross symbol) present on top right corner with Left mouse button. The File will be closed. 8. Write the parts of LibreOffice Writer window? Ans: The various parts of the Writer window are:  (a) Title bar: Title bar is located on the top of Writer window. It shows the title of the currently opened document. (b) Menu bar: It appears below the Title Bar. It shows the menu items File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tables, Tools, Window and Help. On selecting a menu item, its submenu will open. (c) Toolbars: The tool bar appears below Menu Bar. By default, the Standard Tool Bar and Formatting Tool Bar will appear. (d) Standard toolbar: It contains commands in the form of icons. (e) Formatting toolbar: It contains the various options for formatting a document. (f) Status bar: This is positioned at the left bottom of the Writer window and displays the number of pages, words, zooming, etc. (g) Scroll button and scroll bar: It is used to scroll the document. (h) Zoom: It allows to change the scale of the text and pictures in the document only for view. 9. What do you mean by Cut and Paste? Write steps to cut and paste the items. Ans: Cut and Paste: It is used to move a selected text from one place to another. The steps to Cut and Paste the item are as follows: 1. Select the text and click on Edit → Cut option or press CTRL+X 2. Place the cursor where the text has to be moved. Click on Edit → Paste option or press CTRL+V 10. What do you mean by Copy and Paste? Write steps to Copy and Paste the items. Ans: Copy and Paste: It is used to make a duplicate copy of selected text. The steps to Cut and Paste the item are as follows: 1. Select the text and click on Edit→ Copy option or press CTRL+C 2. Place the cursor where the text has to be duplicated. Click on Edit→Paste option or press CTRL+V 11. What are the different ways to select text? Ans: To select the text in Writer, there are several ways as follows: What To select How to Select To select a single word at a time Position the mouse pointer anywhere on that word and double click. To select a complete sentence at a time Position the mouse pointer anywhere in the sentence and triple click. (Triple click means quickly click the left mouse button three times.) To select a complete paragraph at a time Position the mouse pointer anywhere in the paragraph and quadruple click (Quadruple click means quickly click the left mouse button four times.) A document Press Ctrl + A on the key board. Drag the mouse pointer till you see a right arrow which is white. Then click it thrice. 12. How to find and replace a text? Ans: This feature is used to search for a text and replace it with other text. 1. Select Edit → Find & Replace, the dialog box will open. 2. Type the text to find in the Find box. 3. To change the text with different text, enter the new text in the Replace box. 4. Now click on Replace if you want to change only first occurrence of it and use Replace All to replace all the matching occurrences. 13. How to Print a document? Ans: To print the document, 1. Use the Print dialog (File → Print or Ctrl+P). A Print dialog box will appear. 2. From the Print dialog, you can choose options as per your requirement. The options are Printer, Properties, Print Range, Copies and Options. 3. Then Click Print Button to Print the Document. 14. What are the different types of elements can be inserted in Writer? Ans: The different types of elements that can be inserted in Writer are: Images, Shapes, Objects, Chart, Symbols, Special Character, Tables, Header and Footer, Page Numbers, Columns, WordArt. 15. In a document all the occurrences of word “this” have to be changed to “these”. Which option is suitable for this and what is the shortcut command used for it? Ans: Find & Replace is suitable for the change of occurrences from “this” to “these”. Shortcut command used is CTRL + H. 16. What is Mail Merge? Which two documents are essential for mail merge? Ans: Mail Merge is a very important feature of word processor. Mail merge is the process of merging the main document (letter or certificates) with the mailing address of various persons. The two documents essential for mail merge are: The main document and The mailing address. 17. Write difference between a text editor and a word processor software. Write the name of any text editor or word processor available in market. Ans: The text editor is used to write and edit text. You can copy, cut, paste, redo and undo. Mostly text editors are used for programming languages. Example of text editor is “Notepad”. The word processor allows you to edit text in addition to multiple other functionalities such as text formatting (italics, bold, underline, etc.). We can use themes and templates in word processor. Example of word processor is “Writer”. 18. List the various components of LibreOffice suite. Explain each component in one line. Ans: The various components of Libreoffice suit are as follows: 1. Writer (word processor): it is used for creating letters, books, blogs and also reports. 2. Calc (spreadsheet): It is used for financial and mathematical functions. 3. Impress(Presentation): It gives a multimedia facility. It gives special effect animations as well as a drawing tool. 4. Draw (vertical graphics): It is a vector drawing tool that can produce everything from a simple diagram or flowchart. 5. Base (Database): It helps us to create edit forms, reports and queries and also a relation. 6. Math (formula editor): It can create complex equations as well as characters. 19. Compare the features of manual typewriter, electronic typewriter and word processing software. Ans: The features of manual typewriter, electronic typewriter and word processing software are: Manual Typewriter: 1. In case of any typing error, the whole sheet is required to be typed again. 2. Typewriter does not have all the required characters or symbols. It is not possible to type all the characters using the typewriter. Electronic Typewriter: 1. In electronic typewriter, it is possible to make changes in the content, make multiple copies with minor changes. But it has very small size screen to display the contents. Its screen can view only one or two lines. Word Processing Software: 1. In this software the document can be navigated, edited, formatted and printed. 2. Word processing software not only provides basic ability to enter and modify the text but also provides efficient text manipulation functions. 20. Explain the different views to display a document. Ans: Single Page view (Normal View): It is the default document view setting. You will be able to see how the document will look when it gets printed. Multipage view: This Page view is used to view multiple pages of a documents and their formatting styles or contents. Book View: The Book view is used to check that how the document will look in the form of pages in a book. Web view: It shows how the document will appear in a web browser. In this view the document looks like a web page. 21. What are the special characters? How can you insert them in a document? Ans: The Non-Alphabetic and Non-Numeric characters are called as special characters. For example: +, *, &, ^, %, @, etc. To insert Special Characters in a document, Press the Left or Right Shift key and the Special Character key simultaneously. 22. How will you count the total words of a document? Ans: When we type in a document, Writer automatically counts the number of pages and words in document and displays them on the status bar at the bottom of the workspace. 23. What is the default extension assigned to the document in Writer when you save it? Ans: ODF: Open Document Format, is the extension assigned to the document in Writer. For Example: ABC.odf in this.odf (dot odf) is the extension of file “ABC”. 24. What is the importance of password in the document? How will you protect the document using password in Writer? Ans: The password is very important in the document for proper authorization. We can protect the document using the password. Only authorized users can open their documents using the password option. No other person will open, read or modify it. To protect the document using password in Writer, do the following: 1. Open an existing document or create a new document. 2. Then go to File option and click on Save As. 3. Then on the Save As dialog box, check the “Save with password” box. 4. This will allow us to enter a password to protect the document. 25. What are Tables? Write the advantages of table. Ans: Table: Table is the arrangement of rows and columns. And the intersection of rows and columns is called as Cell. The advantages of tables are: 1. Tables are used to organize and present information. 2. It makes the information easily readable. 3. We can arrange different types of numeric data for calculation in tables easily. Chapter 4: Electronic Spreadsheet 1. What do you mean by spreadsheet software? How is it useful? Ans: Spreadsheet application software is tool which is used to perform all kinds of calculations easily and accurately. Spreadsheet is a long sheet of rows and columns on the computer screen to do data analysis and calculation. It is also called as Electronic Spreadsheet. A spreadsheet software can also store, manipulate and create graphical representations of data. Spreadsheet is used for the following purposes:  Managing financial and accounting documents,  Creating data reports,  Generating invoices,  Data analysis from researches,  And for doing a variety of calculations on data. 2. Write some common spreadsheet software. Ans: Some of the most popular spreadsheet software are:  MS-Excel  LibreOffice – Calc  Google Documents  Open office- Calc, etc. 3. What activities we can perform in Spreadsheet? Ans: LibreOffice Calc is used to perform the following activities accurately and efficiently.  Tabulation of data   Simple mathematical calculations  Complex calculations using formula and functions  Arranging data in ascending and descending order (sorting)  Filtering the required data  Check the validity of data  Protection of data using passwords  Saving for future use 4. How to start LibreOffice Calc? Ans: “LibreOffice Calc” is a spreadsheet software. There are different ways to start LibreOffice Calc. To start LibreOffice Calc in Windows, double click LibreOffice Calc shortcut. Or click on the Start or Windows button, select LibreOffice → LibreOffice Calc from application window. Or Using the Search command, type the word ‘Calc’ in the search field, and select LibreOffice Calc from the offered results. 5. What are the steps to create a new spreadsheet? Ans: To Create a new Spreadsheet in LibreOffice Calc, follow the steps: 3. Open LibreOffice, Now Click on File Menu → New → Spreadsheet. 4. The Blank Spreadsheet will be created. 6. What do you call the document created in a spreadsheet application? Ans: The document created in a spreadsheet application is called as spreadsheet or excel sheet. 7. What is the difference between spreadsheet, worksheet and sheet? Ans: Spreadsheet: Spreadsheet software allows user to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations on the data. Worksheet: The rows and columns in a spreadsheet collectively called as worksheet. Sheet: A sheet is a single page that contains its own collection of cells to help organize your data. Note: The worksheet and spreadsheet both are same as there is no such difference. 8. What is the default name of the worksheet? How can it be renamed? Ans: The default name of worksheet is “Sheet1”, “Sheet2”, “Sheet3” and so on. It can be renamed by: 1. Firstly, go to “Sheet Tab” and Right Click on it and select the option Rename Sheet. 2. Then give any name to the sheet as required. The sheet will be renamed. 9. Write the steps to insert and delete the worksheet in Calc. Ans: The steps to insert and delete the worksheet in Calc are as follows: To insert the Worksheet in Calc: 1. Click on Plus (+) symbol present in the bottom left of the worksheet. The new sheet will be created.  Or Right click on the Sheet Tab and select the Insert Sheet option to insert the new sheet. To Delete the Worksheet in Calc: Right click on the Sheet Tab and select the Delete Sheet option to delete that sheet. 10. What is an active cell? How to delete the contents of an active cell? Ans: Active Cell: This is the cell on which the cursor is currently placed. It is outlined by a dark border. Data is always entered in the active cell. To Delete the contents of active cell, we just need to press the Delete Key or back space key. 11. What is relative and absolute cell address in the spreadsheet? Ans: Relative Cell Address: When we drag any formula in any row or column in any direction, the formula gets copied in the new cell with the relative reference. Hence, it is called as Relative Cell Address. For example, if we copy the SUM formula from one cell to another then it added the numbers accordingly. Absolute Cell Address: In Absolute referencing, a $ symbol is used before the column name as well as row number to make it constant in any formula. For example, $C$12, $D$5, etc. 12. Explain any two operations performed on data in a spreadsheet. Ans: The functions and formulae are the two main operations on data in a spreadsheet. Formulae: Any expressions that begins with an equals ‘=’ is treated as formula. For example, To write the addition formula in a cell, we type =Sum(Cell names) and then press enter. Functions: Any expression or content on which we apply different commands like cut, copy, paste or apply formulae are treated as functions. 13. How do formulae work in a spreadsheet? Ans: Formulae: Any expressions that begins with an equals ‘=’ is treated as formula. In the expression, the ‘=’ followed by values, cell address and functions are called as formula. When a formula is entered in a cell in a worksheet the value of the equation is displayed in the cell and the formula is shown in the formula bar. LibreOffice Calc uses standard operators for formulae, such as a plus (+), minus (-), multiplication (*), a division (/) for arithmetic operation. 14. Can you include more than one mathematical operators in a formula? Ans: Yes, we can include more than one mathematical operators in a formula. 15. How to make visible the desired toolbar a spreadsheet? Ans: To make the desired toolbar visible in a spreadsheet, do the following: 1. Open the Libreoffice Calc, and click on View Tab. 2. Select the toolbar from menu and then select any option that we need to view on the spreadsheet screen. 16. Give the syntax and example of any three mathematical functions in spreadsheet. Ans: The syntax and example of any three mathematical functions in spreadsheet are as follows: 1. Addition formula: Syntax: =Sum(Cell Range)  Example: =Sum(A2:A6) 2. Multiply ( * ): Syntax: =Cell Name 1 * Cell Name 2…….so on Example: =A2*A3*A4*……..so on. (Depending on the numbers we have) 3. Divide: Syntax: =Cell Name 1/ Cell Name 2…….so on Example: =A2/A3/A4……..so on. (Depending on the numbers we have) 17. Give the syntax and example of any three statistical functions in spreadsheet. Ans: The syntax and example of any three statistical functions in spreadsheet are: 1. Average formula: Syntax: =average(number1, number2………so on) Example: =average(B3, B4, B5,………..so on) 2. Count formula: Syntax: =count(Cell Range) Example: =count(A2:A6) 3. Minimum Number formula: Syntax: =min(Cell Range) Example: =min(C4:C11) 18. Give the syntax and example of any three decision making functions in spreadsheet. Ans: The syntax and example of any three decision making functions in spreadsheet are: 1. IF condition formula: Syntax: =if(Test, Then Value, Otherwise value) Example: =if(A1>A2, A1, A2) 2. AND formula: Syntax: =AND(Logical value 1, Logical value 2, Logical value 3, ………so on) Example: =AND(10>20) then the answer will be “FALSE” 3. NOT formula: Syntax: =not(logical value) Example: =not(True) then the answer will be false 19. Give the syntax and example of any three date and time functions in spreadsheet. Ans: The syntax and example of any three date and time functions in spreadsheet are: 1. Date: Syntax: =date(year, month, day) Example: =date(1990,05,30), This provide internal number of given date.  2. DATEDIF: Syntax: =DATEDIF(Start date, End date, Interval) Example: =DATEDIF(4/18/2009, 6/23/2016, d) this will provide the no. of days between these dates. 3. WEEKSINYEAR: Syntax: =weeksinyear(Date) Example: =weeksinyear(23/12/2001) this will return the no. of weeks occurred in the year. 20. Explain the advantages of drawing a chart in Calc. Ans: Charts in Calc is easy to comprehend, compare, analyse or present data and it’s not that much easy when they are represented as numbers than charts. When data are presented in the form of charts they become an effective tool to communicate.  21. Explain in one line each the various types of charts. Ans: Column Chart, Bar Chart and line Chart Comparing classes of data items in group. Group comparison Pie Chart Comparing classes of data items as percentage. XY Scatter Chart Comparing data in pairs 22. Write the steps to insert a chart in Calc. Ans: Follow the steps given below to create charts. Select the range of data required to create chart. Click on Insert tab → Chart Select the type of chart. For example, Select the Column Chart  Click finish Chapter 5: Digital Presentation 1. What do you mean by presentation? Ans: Presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, inspire, motivate to present a new idea. 2. What is digital presentation? Ans: It is same as normal presentation but with some computer skills for preparing presentation on computer and the demonstrate to the audience digitally (means with the help of digital devices such as computers, projectors, etc.) 3. Write some fields where we use presentation? Ans: Some fields where we use Presentation are:  Presentation is used to present the project proposal in business organisations.  Presentation is highly used in teaching and training.  The concepts that are difficult to explain, can be easily presented to the audience in a simple way using any presentation software. 4. List the possible multimedia contents that are included while creating a presentation. Ans: A presentation includes the following multimedia contents:  Regular text  Lists items  Table  Graphics elements  Sound and Video  Animation 5. Write some presentation software. Ans: Some of the most popular presentation software are: MS-PowerPoint Open Office – Impress Google Documents 6. What are the characteristics of a good presentation? Ans: A good quality presentation is required to convey the message clearly to the audience. The following are the points for preparing a good quality presentation: (a) Number of lines: On one page or slide try to include 5 to 8 lines. (b) Font-size: While preparing the presentation, we need to take care of the room size, distance between the screen and the audience. Accordingly, the font size of the texts may be decided. (c) Correct use of grammar and language: The grammar and language should be correct in your presentation, because if you make a mistake that will replicate to the number of persons in the audience. (d) Inserting images, drawings, tables or graphs: Try to avoid inserting more than two graphics (images, drawings, tables or charts) in any slide. (e) Use of colours: Try to use dark colours, bold letters with different fonts to highlight certain points. Use fair or silent background colours and dark colours for fonts. (f) Animation and videos: Do not include more than one animation or video in one slide. (g) Pay attention to target group: While creating the presentation, give attention to meet the requirements of the target audience. Focus on the contents, sequence of the topics. 7. What are the advantages of using a presentation? Ans: Presentations can be used for a variety of tasks. For example:  Creating slides to display information. Slides may contain text, pictures, shapes, sound and video. A collection of slides is called a presentation.  Present the information in an attractive manner.  Show the presentation using a computer, or display it using a data projector or take paper printouts.  A digital presentation is a useful method to show or explain a concept to an audience. 8. How to Start LibreOffice Impress? Ans: To start LibreOffice Impress in Windows, double click its shortcut icon on the desktop. Or click on the Start or Windows button, select LibreOffice → LibreOffice Impress from application window. 9. How to Close LibreOffice Impress? Ans: To close the Impress application directly, select the manipulation button Close (×), or select the File Menu→Exit command or use the keyboard shortcut Alt+F4 or Ctrl+Q.  10. How to create a presentation in Impress software? Ans: To create a new blank presentation, 1. select the File Menu→New or click on the icon New or use Ctrl+N keys. 2. A window ‘Select a Template’ will appear. Choose a template as per your choice by clicking on it. 3. The selected template appears on the screen ads Title Slide, now enter the title text in this slide. 11. How to run a slideshow in Presentation? Ans: To run the slide show,  Click Slide Show→Start from First Slide on the main menu bar Or Click the Slide Show icon on the Presentation toolbar or the Slide Sorter toolbar or Press F5. The slide show starts to run.  By clicking the mouse button, you can move to the next slide. Or you can use the arrow keys on the keyboard to go to the next slide or the previous one. 12. How to Insert new slide in presentation? Ans: To insert a new slide, use any of the following way. (i) Select from menu bar Slide → New Slide. Or, right-click on a slide and select New Slide from the menu. Or, right-click in an empty space in the Workspace and select Slide → New Slide from the menu. Or, click the New Slide icon in the Presentation toolbar. Or, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+M. (ii) Now insert the new slide into the presentation by using one of the options given in the ‘Insert new slide’. 13. What objects can be inserted to slides in Impress? Ans: Following are the objects that can be inserted to slides in Impress:  Regular text  Lists items  Table  Graphics elements  Sound and Video  Animation 14. What are the steps to add picture or object to the slide? Ans: The steps to add picture or object to the slide are: 1. To insert an image into presentation, select Insert → Image on the menu bar. The Insert Image dialog opens. 2. Select the required image/picture from the desired directory or folder. 3. The image will appear on your slide. 15. What are headers and footers in presentation? Ans: Headers: Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They usually contain important information such as company or department name, logo, page numbers, name of the author, etc. that are repeated in all slides. Footers: Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and may repeat in all slides. 16. How can text be added to header or footer on the sliders? Ans: Following are the steps to add text in header and footer on the sliders: 1. Open Impress software and select the slide and create presentation as required. 2. Click on Insert Tab and then select Header and Footer option. 3. Then under Slide tab we can enter footer. 4. And under Notes and handouts tab we can add both Header and Footer in our presentation 17. What do you mean by template? Ans: Templates refer to a pre-defined structure that we use for same purposes or sample fill-in-the-blank document that can help in saving time. Usually templates are customized that may have sample content, themes, etc. 18. Write the steps to create a template. Ans: The steps to create a template are as follows: 1. Open a presentation software (Impress). 2. Create a template or structure of presentation as per your requirement, by selecting themes, font style, colour, etc. 3. Click on File Menu, click on Save As… and the save the template with any name. 4. Type Select the Design Template from Save as type: Dropdown menu. 5. Click on Save button. 19. What do you mean by Slide Transition in presentation? Ans: A slide transition is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a presentation. By default, one slide simply replaces the previous one on screen, just like a slide show of photographs. 20. Write down the steps to add slide transition in your presentation. Ans: The Steps to add slide transition are as follows: 1. Open Impress Software, and create a presentation. 2. Click on View Tab and then select Slide Transition option, a window will appear on the right side of screen. 3. Now select any transition as per your choice. 4. Now run the slide show to check the slide transition. 21. How will you add the slide number at the bottom of each slide? Ans: To add the slide number at the bottom of each slide, do the following: 1. Open Impress Software, and create a presentation. 2. Click on Insert Tab and then select Header and Footer Option, a window will appear. 3. Now under Slide tab option, Check mark the Slide Number Option. 4. Click on Apply to All, the number will appear on all slides. 22. How will you insert a company’s logo (picture) in first slide of your presentation? Ans: The steps to Insert a company’s logo (picture) in first slide of your presentation are: 1. Open Impress software  2. Click on View Tab and then select Slide Master option. 3. Now Click on Insert Tab and Select Image option and choose company logo required in presentation. 4. Now you can adjust the Picture of Company’s logo in your slide. 5. Click on View Tab and select Normal option to leave the Master Slide. 23. How will you add the name of the company on the top of each slide? Ans: To add the company’s name on top of each slide, do the following: 1. Open Impress Software, and create a presentation. 2. Click on View Tab and then select Slide Master option. 3. On Drawing toolbar select the Text icon. 4. Click once and drag in the master page and then type the text you want as header. 5. Click on View Tab and select Normal option. 24. Write down the steps to create a table in a presentation. Ans: The steps to create a table in presentation are: 1. Tables are inserted by selecting the Table icon on the Standard toolbar OR By selecting the Table command on the Insert tab. 2. In the Insert Table dialog box, the Number of columns and the Number of rows are specified. 3. The table with specified number of rows and columns will be created. 25. Write down the steps to insert a chart in slide. Ans: The steps to insert a chart in slide are: 1. Open Impress Software. 2. Click on Insert Tab and then select Chart option. 3. A submenu will open and we can select any type of chart as required. 4. After selecting the chart, we can add titles in X-axis and Y-axis. 5. This way we can inert chart and prepare it. 26. What are the five views of presentation? Ans: The five views of presentation are: (a) Normal view: It is the main view for working with individual slides. This view is used to format and design and to add other objects. (b) Outline view: It contains all the slides of the presentation in a sequence. It shows each slide in the outline format. Only the text contained in each slide is displayed. (c) Notes view: It is used to add notes to a slide for the information of presenter. It is not seen by the audience while showing the presentation. (d) Slide Sorter view: It contains all of the slide thumbnails. It is used to sort or rearrange slides with the ‘drag and drop’ method. (e) Slide Master: It is the master for all slides in the presentation. The slide master controls the overall formatting and object placement for the presentation