9th Grade English Semester 1 Study Guide PDF

REVISED 4/23/2024 9th GRADE ENGLISH SEMESTER 1 - Study Guide DIRECTIONS (Important to read before starting): 1. Study guides MUST be handwritten (either printed and filled out or rewritten by hand); NO electronic copies will be accepted. 2. Study guides MUST be entirely f...

REVISED 4/23/2024 9th GRADE ENGLISH SEMESTER 1 - Study Guide DIRECTIONS (Important to read before starting): 1. Study guides MUST be handwritten (either printed and filled out or rewritten by hand); NO electronic copies will be accepted. 2. Study guides MUST be entirely filled out before students will be allowed to take the final exam. ONLY the optional graphic organizer may be left blank. 3. You may NOT have all sections of the study guide in your coursework (prescriptive tests may remove sections), but all study guide information is covered in the final exam; use Quizlet for missing sections. 4. All bold terms can be found in Quizlet. You may use your school email to sign into Clever.ccsd.net → Canvas → English → Pages → Study Guide → Quizlet. Alternatively, search “quizlette6386900” and choose your course number under “Study sets”. 5. Create a FREE account (click on “continue to free quizlet”); use drop down menu next to “Terms in this set” to rearrange order of terms from original to alphabetical. MYTHOLOGY Introduction to Mythology (1) Select the definition on the right that best defines the word on the left. B plot ____ A. The customs and beliefs of a group of people. ____ A culture B. The events and conflicts that make up a story D myth ____ C. A statement of the central ideas of a text in one’s own words F phenomenon ____ D. A traditional story that explains a belief system, a natural phenomenon, or a worldview of a group of people C summary ____ E. A struggle between two opposing forces E ____ conflict F. An event or occurrence that defies easy explanation summarize the key ideas from beginning, middle, and end of the story Define final summary: _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Compare and Contrast Myths and Cultures (2-4) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (transitions, central, important, key points, extra words, central ideas) central A summary is a statement of the _______________________ ideas of a text in your own words. To write a summary, follow these steps: important Step 1: Identify _______________________ words and phrases. extra words Step 2: Eliminate _______________________. Step 3: Restate _______________________and key points central ideas _______________________. Step 4: Connect ideas with _______________________. transitions Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (phenomenal, culture, weather, religious) As you read a myth, think about how mythical elements connect to the _______________________, culture or those people’s customs and beliefs. Traits of the supernatural characters or powerful beings might show what the culture sees as phenomenal _______________________ or supernatural traits. The natural phenomena that are explained might show what the climate, ______________________, weather or surroundings are like. The interactions between people and supernatural powers might reveal cultural superstitions or religious _______________________ beliefs. Page 1 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (specific, conclusion, details) conclusion An inference is a _______________________ made on the basis of unstated or stated details _______________________. specific Values are ideas or qualities that are _______________________ to a group of people. child-rearing, religion, work ethic, equality, gender roles, Values of a culture can include: ______________________________________________________________peace vs. war, freedom, etc. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Compare and Contrast Myths and Cultures (Continued) (5-6) to examine similarities between subjects Define compare: __________________________________________________________________________ to examine differences between subjects Define contrast: __________________________________________________________________________ a structure that compares two subjects one point at a time Define point-by-point comparison: __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (explanation, concluding, topic, illustration) Point-by-point comparison paragraph structure: topic 1. _______________________ sentence explanation 2. Point + illustration (evidence) + _______________________ (analysis) illustration 3. Point + _______________________ (evidence) + explanation (analysis) concluding 4. _______________________sentence Improving Vocabulary with Word Parts and Context Clues (7-11) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (antonym, example, synonym, explanation, infer, hints, definition, meaning) hints Context clues are _______________________ meaning to a word’s _______________________ that are found in the text around the word. _______________________ definition clues occur when the text itself defines a difficult word. _______________________ clues occur when examples of the difficult word are provided. example synonym _______________________ clues occur when the text uses a word that has a similar meaning. _______________________ antonym clues occur when the text uses a word that has an opposite meaning. _______________________ explanation clues provide a description or explanation that you can use to _______________________ infer the most likely definition of the word. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word or phrase from the word bank: (beginning, affix, meaning, end) meaning A word root is the part of a word that shows its central _______________________. An _____________________ affix is a word part that is added to a word root to make a new word. It can be: beginning ○ A prefix, or word part that is added to the _______________________ of a word root. ○ A suffix, or word part that is added to the _______________________ end of a word root. Match the meaning on the right with the common prefix on the left. b a- or im- ____ A. between, among c ex- ____ B. not, without a inter- ____ C. out Match the meaning on the right with the common suffix on the left. b -cy ____ A. filled with c -ic or -ous ____ B. a state or condition a -ful ____ C. having the quality of something ____ d -ist D. someone who does something ____ e -less E. without Page 2 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 For each of the following words, underline the root word circle the prefix (where necessary) box the suffix (where necessary) Example: impersonal uncommon beautiful biology instruct endless THE EPIC HERO’S QUEST Using Reference Resources (12-15) Select the definition on the right that best defines the word on the left. b context ____ A. a category of words with a similar grammatical function ____ e antonym B. the surrounding environment; words that help explain another word’s meaning d homophone ____ C. a word whose meaning is the same as or similar to that of another word a ____ part of speech D. a word that sounds the same as another word, but has a different spelling c synonym ____ E. a word that means the opposite of another word Homophones: Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently: Spell-check programs will not catch an improperly used homophone because the word is not spelled incorrectly. Common homophones: Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (also, number, too) To / two / too To shows direction. ○ Example: I’m going to the store. number Two is a _______________________. ○ Example: I have two books. also Too means “_______________________” ○ Example: I like pasta. I like pizza, too. _______________________ Too can also mean “very” or “to an excessive extent.” ○ Example: My little brother is too attached to his teddy bear. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (ownership/possession, they are, location) There / their / they’re There shows _______________________. location ○ Example: The book is over there. Their shows _______________________. ownership/possession ○ Example: They hung up their coats in the closet. They’re is a contraction of _______________________. they are ○ Example: They’re going to the store. Page 3 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (contraction, possessive, you are, possessive) Its / it’s Its is _______________________. possessive ○ Example: The cup lost its handle. It’s is a _______________________ contraction of it is. ○ Example: It’s a beautiful day. Your / you’re Your is _______________________. possessive ○ Example: Put on your coat. You’re is a contraction of _______________________. you are ○ Example: You’re a nice guy. by/buy/bye, flower/flower, hear/here, die/dye List some other common homophones: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ INDIVIDUALITY AND CONFORMITY Introduction to Individuality and Conformity: “Initiation” (16-19) the way a character is presented and developed Define the term characterization: ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (complex, indirect, direct) _______________________ Direct _______________________ Indirect _______________________ Complex characterization is when the characterization is when the characters are three-dimensional author uses specific details to tell author uses actions, thoughts, and characters who grow and change the reader about a character. speech to show the reader who a throughout a story. character is. Define the term conflict: a ____________________________________________________________________ struggle between a character and an opposing force. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (technology, self, nature, character, society) Internal conflict: self Character vs. _____________________. (Example: every morning when the alarm goes off the character wants to push snooze and keep sleeping but they know they need to be responsible and go to work so they make themself* get out of bed) External conflicts: society Character vs. _____________________. (Example: the character feels pressured by their culture to get married and have children even though they would rather be single and travel the world) character Character vs. _____________________. (Example: the character is in an ongoing struggle with a coworker) nature Character vs. _____________________. (Example: the character is lost in the woods in the snow and there are wolves howling in the distance) Character vs. _____________________. technology (Example: the character is up against robots that have gained sentience and are trying to take over the world) Page 4 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Create your own examples: themself overcoming their fears Character vs. self: _________________________________________________________________________ Character vs. nature: ______________________________________________________________________ themself pushing through a blizzard themself being cyberbullied Character vs. technology: ___________________________________________________________________ themself being forced into an arranged marriage Character vs. society: ______________________________________________________________________ Character vs. character: ____________________________________________________________________ themself being bullied by a peer *Note: Use of “themself” is an example of how language is a matter of usage, can change over time, and is sometimes contested. See the following definition from Oxford Languages: them·self /T͟Həmˈself,ˌT͟Hemˈself/ pronoun used instead of “himself” or “herself” to refer to a person of unspecified sex. "the casual observer might easily think themself back in 1945"  used instead of “himself” or “herself” to refer to a person whose gender identity does not correspond to the traditional binary opposition of male and female. "Mendez is genderqueer, which the Asian American studies student defines for themself as embodying all genders" Word Choice and Extended Metaphor in a Poem by Maya Angelou (20-21) not literal Define figurative meaning: _________________________________________________________________ Example: I’m so tired I could sleep for a year. (You can’t actually sleep for a year, but it’s understood that the speaker is extremely tired.) actual meaning of a word or phrase Define literal meaning: ____________________________________________________________________ Example: I’m so tired I could take a two-hour nap. (The speaker is still communicating extreme exhaustion, but one could actually sleep for two hours.) a comparison of two things without using the words "like" or "as" Define metaphor: _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Example: Her smile is a glittering diamond. (Not really, but it implies that she smiles brightly) That dog is her child. (Not really, but it implies that the dog is deeply loved and treated extravagantly) Create your own: mom's laughter is a warm fireplace __________________________________________________________________________ a metaphor that extends over several lines in a poem Define extended metaphor: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Viewpoint in “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” (22) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (true, real, inferences, made-up, autobiography, words) autobiography An _______________________ is a text about a writer’s own life and is a _______________________ true story real with _______________________ people, settings, and events. Fiction is a _______________________ made-up story with fictional characters, settings, and events. Define the term personality trait: a____________________________________________________________ quality that contributes to who a person is and makes them different from other people ________________________________________________________________________________________ inferences To make _______________________ about personality traits, look at the character's thoughts, words _______________________, and actions. Page 5 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT Summarizing Central Ideas and Purpose: The Hot Zone (23-25) Define jargon: ____________________________________________________________________________ special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand ________________________________________________________________________________________ Underline the examples of jargon in the following sentence: Of all of the life forms indigenous to the surface of the planet on which she lived, of those classed not as animals, or fungi, or unicellular microorganisms, this one -- the fleshy ovoid she held in her hand, the edible product of a tree, containing seeds, deriving its deep red color from water-soluble vacuolar pigments named anthocyanins -- this one made the most pleasantly sharp crunch when she bit into it. Defining Words Based on Context: Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (clues, define) Context refers to words in a sentence or paragraph that can help you define _______________________ the meaning of a nearby word. To determine the definition of the word culture in a sentence, use context clues _______________________ along with the dictionary. the author's most important ideas in text, supported by key details Define central idea: _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (supporting, central idea, topic) topic _______________________ supporting + _______________________ central idea details = _______________________ Define author’s purpose: __________________________________________________________________ the reason the author has for writing Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (central idea, text, feel) Questions that help identify the author’s purpose: text What kind of _______________________ is this? central idea What is the _____________________________? How does the text make the reader _______________________? feel Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (author, objective, title, feeling, fact, paraphrasing) Summarizing a text: Identify the type of work, the _______________________, title author the _______________________, and the central idea. Include key supporting details in your own words (called _______________________) paraphrasing Write an _______________________ objective analysis of the text fact An objective summary is based on _______________________, NOT influenced by feelings or opinions. feeling Words that express _______________________ or opinion indicate that a statement is subjective. Identify the following sentences as either objective (O) or subjective (S): _____ O It is 80 degrees and sunny outside today. _____ S The weather is beautiful today. S Amanda is wickedly funny and has a great sense of humor. _____ O Jenna is a straight-A student and a member of the student council. _____ Page 6 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Comparing Argumentative Texts: Silent Spring and “A Case for Waawaatesi” (26-28) The purpose of an argument is to ___________________________________________________________ convince readers to believe or do something Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (arguments, feelings, ethos, pathos, credibility, logos) Types of rhetorical appeals: _______________________ logos are appeals to reason; they include reasons and evidence and logical arguments _______________________. _______________________ ethos are appeals to character; they include authority and credibility _______________________. _______________________ pathos are appeals to emotion; they include values and _______________________. feelings Simple Sentences: Sentence Parts, Verb Tense, and Verb Voice (29-32) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (complete, predicate, subject, simple) Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. subject The _______________________ is the “who” or “what” of the sentence and the _______________________ predicate is what is said about the subject or what the subject does. simple _______________________ subjects contain a noun or pronoun (or may be a group of words if it is a compound subject). complete _______________________ subjects include all of the words that tell about the subject. Underline the simple subject of the following sentences: Tacos are sushi are my favorite foods. Pippa likes to judge the dogs at the dog park. Underline the complete subject of the following sentences: The colorful English classroom is in a portable building. The amazing student services teachers helped all the students. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (complete, verb, predicate, thought, period, time, capital) verb A simple predicate, or _______________________, tells what the subject is or does. complete A _______________________ predicate contains all the words that tell about what the subject is or does. Complete simple sentences: Contain one subject and one _______________________ predicate Express a complete _______________________ thought Begin with a _______________________ letter capital End with a _______________________ period time Verb tense is the quality of a verb that shows the _______________________ of the action; the three basic verb tenses are past, present, and future. Sort the following verbs into the appropriate tense box: (underwhelm, hike, will go, am experiencing, felt, arose, will skip, shall see, imposed, issuing) Past tense: Present tense: Future tense: felt _______________________ _______________________ hike will go _______________________ arose _______________________ underwhelm _______________________ will skip _______________________ imposed _______________________ _______________________ am experiencing shall see _______________________ issuing Page 7 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Writing an Argumentative Essay about Fire Prevention (33-39) *Note: Students may not be required to write an argumentative essay, but must know the following material for the final exam. Define claim: ____________________________________________________________________________ a statement that shares a writer's viewpoint on an issue, a stated idea or opinion that not everyone believes is true ________________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (evidence, reasons, rebuttal, opinions, objective evidence, counterclaim) Claims must be supported by _______________________ reasons (statements that support the claim) and should be backed up by _________________________________ evidence (details, statistics, and relevant facts). A claim that supports the opposing viewpoint is called a _______________________, counterclaim which should be included in an essay so that the writer can give a _______________________ rebuttal that explains why the writer’s claim is stronger. Define evidence: _________________________________________________________________________ statistical evidence such as data (most effective), testimonial evidence such as expert opinion or authority, anectdotal evidence such as personal stories (less effective). ________________________________________________________________________________________ To evaluate claims and arguments, a reader should look for _______________________ objective evidence (evidence that can be proven, such as facts or statistics). _______________________ opinions are NOT effective evidence to support claims or counterclaims. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (opinion, reasons, topic, matters) Introductory paragraph: Briefly introduce the _______________________ topic matters and state why it _______________________. Briefly state the difference of _______________________ about this topic. opinion State the claim and list the main _______________________ reasons to support it. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (claim, reason, evidence, topic) Body paragraphs include: A _______________________ topic reason sentence giving a _______________________ _______________________ evidence supporting the reason Connection back to the _______________________ claim Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (objectively, evidence, counterclaim) One body paragraph should include a rebuttal: counterclaim Choose the strongest _______________________. objectively Address the counterclaim _______________________. Provide _______________________ evidence against the counterclaim. Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (call to action, disagreement, claim, reason) Conclusion: Restate the _______________________. claim Sum up the _______________________ reason that support the claim. Sum up the _______________________ disagreement with the counterclaim. End by making a judgment or a _______________________. call to action Define conclusion: ________________________________________________________________________ restates the claim, summarizes the connections made between ideas and evidence throughout the essay: does NOT introduce new evidence ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 8 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Define transitions: ________________________________________________________________________ words or phrases that signal relationship between ideas Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (difference, conclude, similarity) Show Show Sum up or similarity _______________________ _______________________ difference _______________________ conclude Similarly However Therefore In fact In contrast As a result In addition Conversely To summarize For example Although Finally Specifically Compared to In conclusion MAKING A DIFFERENCE Writing an E-mail about an Important Issue (40-42) Define formal language: language that follows certain rules and is appropriate for important and serious topics and purposes. ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (complex, vocabulary, avoids, tone, grammatical) Formal writing uses a formal _______________________, tone or attitude, toward the subject. Characteristics of formal language:  Uses specific _______________________ vocabulary  Often uses _______________________ complex sentence structures  Follows standard _______________________ structures grammatical  _______________________ avoids slang and contractions Communicating a Viewpoint in an E-mail: Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (importance, viewpoint, solution, problem) The first body paragraph:  clearly expresses a _______________________ viewpoint (the perspective on the topic)  explains the _______________________ problem and some effects The second body paragraph:  proposes a clear _______________________ solution  sums up the _______________________ importance of solving the problem Define author’s purpose: the __________________________________________________________________ reason the author has for writing. (ex.) to inform, pursuade, express or entertain ________________________________________________________________________________________ Optional Writing Assignment Graphic Organizer *The following section is designed to help you brainstorm IF your Edgenuity coursework includes Writing an E- mail about an Important Issue. **IF you coursework includes this section, you will type your assignment directly into Edgenuity. ***We grade every essay personally; please DO NOT PLAGIARIZE. Writing prompt: Write an e-mail to a government or school official in which you propose an effective solution to a problem in your community or school. Make sure to express a viewpoint, explain the problem and its effects, and propose a solution in an objective and respectful manner. Page 9 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 I. Introduction and Thesis: Identify the problem in your community. Dear (government or school official), I am writing in regard to (state the problem)_____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ II. Body Paragraph 1: What is the main reason this is a problem for the community? Who does this problem affect? Give an example to support your statement. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ III. Body Paragraph 2: How do you suggest that this problem be addressed? What needs to be done? Who can help? Provide details about what you are proposing. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ IV. Conclusion: Restate your thesis and challenge the recipient, the person you are writing to, by name. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Sincerely, (your name) Speaking and Listening: Effective Group Discussions (43-46) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (audience, topic, purpose) topic Group discussion formality is determined by the _______________________ (what is being discussed), the audience _______________________ (who is watching), and the _______________________ purpose (reason for the discussion). For each participant action, identify if the discussion is formal (F) or informal (I): ____ I Participants use language that is suitable for casual conversation, including slang ____ F Participants use sophisticated vocabulary and standard grammatical conventions ____ F Participants prepare for the discussion and follow procedures to keep the discussion organized and productive ____ I Participants do not need to prepare for the discussion Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (opinions, listen, facts, evidence, speak, perspective) In a formal group discussion, participants discuss their viewpoints on a topic and share both facts and opinions. facts _______________________ are objective, unchanging, and accurate; a speaker uses them to provide _______________________. evidence opinions _______________________ are subjective, changeable, and personal; a speaker uses them for perspective _______________________. In group discussions, effective participants must be prepared to both _______________________ speak and _______________________. listen Page 10 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 List some qualities of prepared speakers: _____________________________________________________ has read and reviewed the material, responds to questions thoughtfully, brings notes. ________________________________________________________________________________________ List some qualities of unprepared speakers: focuses __________________________________________________ on one viewpoint, does not bring notes, ignores or dismisses questions. ________________________________________________________________________________________ For each of the following phrases, identify if the example is effective (E) or ineffective (I) speaking: ____ I “That’s total nonsense, and I won’t respond.” ____ “I appreciate your viewpoint; however, I’d like to counter with…” E ____ E “I personally feel like…” ____ “I’d like to present the following research in support of the argument…” E CARING Content and Style in Emily Dickinson’s Poems (47) Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (figurative, literal) literal When _______________________ language is used, words mean exactly what they say. figurative When _______________________ language is used, words express something beyond their ordinary meaning. Match the figurative language term on the left to the definition on the right: B Personification ____ A. a metaphor that extends over multiple lines of a poem ____ C Simile B. the lending of human qualities to animals, objects, or abstract concepts ____ D Metaphor C. a comparison that uses like or as A Extended metaphor ____ D. a direct comparison of unlike things the dictionary meaning of a word Define denotation: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ what the word suggests beyond its literal meaning; can be positive or negative. Define connotation: _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Example: Denotation of basement: a room underground Connotation of basement: a dark and dirty place Define mood: ____________________________________________________________________________ the athmosphere or emotions that a text creates Define tone: _____________________________________________________________________________ he attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or character. Define style: _____________________________________________________________________________ the way the author puts words together and makes their writing distincitve from that of other writers. ________________________________________________________________________________________ FIGHTING FOR EQUALITY Writing Coherent Sentences (48-50) Define parallel elements: anytime __________________________________________________________________ there are multiple elements in a sentence, such as a list, all elements need to be parallel, or same part of speech. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Rewrite the following sentence to make all elements parallel: We spent the summer laying in the sun, swimming in the water, and kayaked the lake. We spent the summer laying in the sun, swimming in the water, and kayaking on the lake. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 11 of 12  REVISED 4/23/2024 Fill in the blanks below with the correct word from the word bank: (compound-complex, compound, complex, subordinating, coordinating) compound A _______________________ sentence is a sentence that has two independent clauses that are related and equally important. There are two ways to create compound sentences:  Independent clauses can be combined by using a comma AND a _______________________ coordinating conjunction (sometimes referred to as FANBOYS- for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so) Example: I wanted to go to the movies, but I had to stay home and clean my room.  Another way to join (related) independent clauses is with a semicolon. Example: I love going to the movies; comedies are my favorite genre. Combine the following sentences to create a compound sentence using a comma and an appropriate coordinating conjunction (FANBOY): We went to the store to buy ingredients to make cookies. The store was out of chocolate chips. ________________________________________________________________________________________ We went to the store to buy ingredients to make cookies, but the store was out of chocolate chips, ________________________________________________________________________________________ Combine the following sentences to create a compound sentence using a semicolon: My friend Bill has six brothers and sisters. My friend Bill grew up in a very loud house. My friend bill has six brothers and sisters; my friend Bill grew up in a very loud house. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ complex A _______________________ sentence is a sentence that joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. subordinating Dependent clauses begin with a _______________________ conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions show relationships between clauses (examples: while, after, if, because, whenever, as though, although, etc.)  When the dependent clause comes first, the clauses will be separated by a comma. Example: Because I forgot to set my alarm, I was late for work.  No comma is needed when the dependent clause comes after. Example: I was late for work because I forgot to set my alarm. compound-complex A _______________________ sentence combines two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Examples: When it’s time to go, Karen will get the bags, and Asher will lock the door. The surprise party that we planned for Mary will be at my house, but you can bring some extra plates. For each of the following overused words, come up with an example of a more precise or vivid choice: Pretty Tasty Bad Sad Gorgeous __________________ Savory __________________ Disgusting __________________ Aloof __________________ Beautiful __________________ __________________ Delicious Atrocious __________________ Dismal __________________ Page 12 of 12