Biology Chapter 1 PDF - Punjab Textbook Board 2023

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: **Image 1** The image is the front cover of a biology book with waterfall, stags, and forest landscape illustration along with the following text. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ (In the Name of Allah, the Mo...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: **Image 1** The image is the front cover of a biology book with waterfall, stags, and forest landscape illustration along with the following text. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ (In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.) # BIOLOGY Based on Revised National Curriculum of Pakistan 2023 PUNJAB CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD, LAHORE **Image 2** This image shows the table of contents from the textbook. # BIOLOGY ### Table of Contents **Chapter 1- THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY** * 1.1- Biology and its Branches 6 * 1.2- Relation of Biology with Other Sciences 8 * 1.3- Careers in Biology 10 * 1.4- Quranic Instructions to Reveal the Study of Life 12 * 1.5- Science as a Collaborative Field 13 * 1.6- Scientific Method 14 * 1.7- Theory and Law/Principle 16 * 1.8- Malaria -An Example of Biological Method 17 **Chapter 2- BIODIVERSITY** 25 * 2.1- Biodiversity 25 * 2.2- Classification 26 * 2.3- Taxonomic Ranks 27 * 2.4- History of Classification 29 * 2.5- Domains of Living Organisms 31 * 2.6- Classification of Domain Eukarya 33 * 2.7- Status of Virus in Classification 34 * 2.8- Binomial Nomenclature 36 **Chapter 3- THE CELL** 41 * 3.1- Cell 42 * 3.2- Structure of Cell 42 * 3.3- Structural Advantages of Plant and Animal Cells 53 * 3.4- Cell Specialization 54 * 3.5- Stem Cells 57 **Chapter 4- CELL CYCLE** 63 * 4.1- Cell Cycle 63 * 4.2- Mitosis 65 * 4.3- Meiosis 69 * 4.4- Comparison between Meiosis and Mitosis 73 **Chapter 5- TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS** 79 * 5.1- Levels of Organization 79 * 5.2- Organs and Organ Systems in Plants 82 * 5.3- Organs and Organ Systems in Humans 85 * 5.4- Homeostasis 87 **Image 3** This image shows additional contents from the textbook. **Chapter 6- BIOMOLECULES** 93 * 6.1- Biomolecules 93 * 6.2- Carbohydrates 95 * 6.3- Proteins 98 * 6.4- Nucleic Acids 99 * 6.6- The Working of DNA and RNA 101 **Chapter 7- ENZYMES** 109 * 7.1- Metabolism 109 * 7.2- Enzymes 110 * 7.3- Mechanism of Enzyme Action 112 * 7.4- Factors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 113 * 7.5- Enzyme Inhibition 115 **Chapter 8- BIOENERGETICS** 119 * 8.1- ATP: The Cell's Energy Currency 119 * 8.2- Photosynthesis 120 * 8.3- Cellular Respiration 121 **Chapter 9- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY** 124 * 9.1- Nutrition in Plants 133 * 9.2- Transport in Plants 134 * 9.3- Transpiration 136 * 9.4- Transport of Water and Salts in Plants 138 * 9.5- Translocation of Food in Plants 140 * 9.6- Gaseous Exchange in Plants 141 * 9.7- Mechanisms for Excretion in Plants 142 * 9.8- Osmotic Adjustments in Plants 144 **Chapter 10- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS** 146 * 10.1- Types of Asexual Reproduction 151 * 10.2- Artificial Propagation 151 * 10.3- Sexual Reproduction in Plants 156 **Chapter 11- BIOSTATISTICS** 158 * 11.1- Introduction of Biostatistics 167 * 11.2- Mean, Median, and Mode 167 * 11.3- Bar Chart 169 Glossary 171 **Image 4** This image depicts the first page of the first chapter and has the text: # Chapter 1 ## THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY After studying this chapter, students will be able to: * Define Biology. * State that the Holy Quran instructs to reveal the study of Life. * Define major fields of Biology as Botany, Zoology and Microbiology. *Define the sub-fields of Biology. * Relate that Biology connects with other natural sciences. Distinguish in terms of the broad subject matter the fields (Biophysics, Biochemistry, Computational Biology, Blogeography, Biostatistics, Biotechnology, Bio-economics). Identify the careers in Biology. * Explain with examples how Biology is a subset of the natural sciences and of the life sciences. * Justify with examples that science is a collaborative field that requires interdisciplinary researchers working together to share knowledge and critique ideas. * Describe the steps of the scientific method. Evaluate the terms 'hypothesis', 'theory' and 'law' in the context of research in the natural sciences. Ever wondered how plants grow or why animals behave the way they do? **Science** is all about exploring these mysteries! It's a systematic way of studying the natural world through observation and experimentation. To make it easier to learn, science is divided into different branches like Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. In this chapter, we will dive into the fascinating world of Biology that's the study of living things. We will see how biologists use scientific method to solve biological problems. 5 **Image 5** This image includes: ## 1.1- BIOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES Biology is the science of life. The word "Biology" comes from two Greek words i.e., "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). It explores the structures, functions, and interactions of living organisms. Understanding Biology helps us to address issues related to health, food, and the environment. Biology offers a fascinating journey of discovery from the microscopic world of bacteria to the vast ecosystems of our planet. ### Major Fields of Biology Biology is a vast field that explores the incredible diversity of life on Earth. To better understand this complexity, scientists have divided Biology into three main fields: #### Zoology: It is the study of animals, including their structure, function, behaviour, and diversity. #### Botany: It is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and interactions with their environment. #### Microbiology: The study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and microscopic fungi is called microbiology. It includes the study of the structures, functions, habitats and reproduction of microorganisms, and their impacts on health and environment. ### Branches or Sub-Fields of Biology Biology is divided into different branches to better understand the aspects of life. #### Morphology Is the study of the form and structure of organisms. Morphology studies the outward appearance (shape, colour, pattern, etc.) as well as internal structures, like organs. #### Anatomy Is the branch of Biology that explores the internal physical structure of organisms, particularly humans. It helps in disease diagnosis, medical device development, and improving quality of life. It is the study of the organs of the digestive system. 6 **Image 6** This image includes: ### Physiology Is the branch of Biology that deals with the functioning of body parts. For example, how the blood circulatory system transports vital substances throughout the body. ### Histology Is the microscopic study of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar functions, Tissue examination helps in disease diagnosis, drug studies, and understanding organ structure and function. ### Cytology Is the study of cells i.e., the building blocks of life. Cytologists unravel the fundamental structures of cells and their organelles. They also study the mechanisms of cell division. >The human body contains over 30 trillion cells. Various types of cells possess unique structures. ### Molecular Biology Deals with the study of biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Molecular biologists also study fundamental life processes, develop drugs, and create genetically modified organisms. ### Embryology Is the study of the process of development of organism from fertilized egg. In this branch, scientists study tissue and organ formation, identify birth defects, and develop medical treatments. ### Genetics Is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring. In Genetics, scientists also study the causes of genetic disorders, and develop better varieties of plants and animals. ### Palaeontology Is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of fossils. The examination of fossils helps scientists to know the evolutionary history of organisms. For example, dinosaur fossils provide evidence of giant reptiles that roamed the Earth millions of years ago. >Fossils are the remains of plants and animals that were preserved in rocks and other geological formations. >The oldest known fossil is a Cyanobacterium, estimated to be 3.5 billion years old. ### Taxonomy Is the branch of Biology that deals with: the classification of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and differences. Classification of organisms helps to organize and understand the diversity of life, identify new species, and study evolutionary relationships. 7 **Image 7** This image includes: ### Ecology Is the branch of Biology that deals with the relationships between organisms and their environment. Ecology helps to conserve biodiversity and address environmental problems. The food chain for instance, illustrates the interconnectedness of organisms for energy and nutrients. ### Marine Biology Is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of life in oceans. It helps to understand ocean biodiversity, discover new species, and address marine conservation issues. For example, coral reefs support a wide variety of marine life. ### Pathology Is the study of diseases, their causes, and effects. Pathology helps in disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. For example, pathologist studies how the uncontrolled division and spread of cells causes cancer. ### Immunology Is the branch in which we study the components of the immune system and their role against diseases. Immunologists study to develop vaccines, treat autoimmune diseases, and improve immune responses to infections. ### Pharmacology Is the branch in which we study drugs and their effects on the body. This helps in the development of new drugs. For example, new antibiotics are developed that are used to kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections. These are just a few of the many branches of Biology. Each branch offers unique insights into the fascinating world of life, contributing to our understanding of the complexity and beauty of our planet. ## 1.2- RELATION OF BIOLOGY WITH OTHER SCIENCES Biology is closely linked with other natural sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, and Earth Sciences. These connections help us understand life processes, environmental interactions, and the complexities of living organisms. The following are a few examples of how Biology is connected with other sciences. ### 1. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the structure and reactions of different chemical substances present in living systems. The study of the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and respiration are examples of Biochemistry. 8 **Image 8** This image includes: ### 2. Biophysics It deals with the study of the principles of Physics, which apply to biological processes. For example, in Biophysics we study the rules of lever and motion for understanding the function of muscles, bones and joints. ### 3. Computational Biology In Computational Biology, scientists use Mathematical models, algorithms, and computer simulations to understand biological systems and relationships. It involves analysing biological data, such as sequence of amino acids in a protein. ### 4. Biogeography It deals with the study of the distribution of living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. The influence of climate change on the distribution of organisms is also studied in Biogeography. ### 5. Biostatistics It deals with the principles of statistics to analyse and interpret data related to living organisms. Biostatistics plays a crucial role in biological research, healthcare, and public health etc. ### 6. Biotechnology It deals with the use of living organisms or their components to develop beneficial products or processes for various fields, including healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management. For example, Biotechnologists use bacteria for the production of insulin to treat diabetic patients. | | | | :------------------------- | :---------- | | | Chemistry | | | Biochemistry | | Economics | | | Bio-economics | | | | BIOLOGY | | Maths | | | Computer | | | Computational Biology | | | | Biophysics | | Physics | | | Biotechnology | | | | Geography | | Biogeography | | | Statistics | | | Biostatistics | | | | | | | | | Many sciences | | **FIGURE 1.1: Relation of Biology with other sciences** 9 **Image 9** This image includes: ### 7. Bio-economics It deals with the study of organisms from economical point of view. In bio-economics, scientists calculate the cost and profit of the biological projects e.g. production of new variety of crops. ## 1.3- CAREERS IN BIOLOGY The students of Biology get a comprehension of the various phenomena of life. After their FSc with Biology, they can select further studies for diverse careers, for example: ### 1. Medicine and Surgery | Career | Major Job | |Veterinary Medicine|Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in animals and surgeries in animals| |Environmental Science|Solving issues related to pollution and natural resources| |Microbiology|Research on microorganisms to understand their impact| |Genetic Counselling|Providing support to people on genetic conditions and testing| |Nutrition and Dietetics|Advising on proper dietary habits to promote health.| |Public Health|Improving the health of communities through education, policy-making, and research.| Biomedical Engineering|Designing and making medical equipment to improve patient care.| Bioinformatics|Analysis of biological data by using computational tools| 10 **Image 10** This image includes: Bachelor of Studies (BS) degree in Pharmacy or Doctor of Pharmacy (D. Pharm) degree is required. #### 4: Physiotherapy It is the therapy that is used to restore movement and physical function of body that has been impaired by disease or injury. physiotherapists use physical exercise and physical modalities(such as massage) to improve patient's physical movement. To become a physiotherapist, a 4- year BS degree in physical Therapy or physiotherapy is needed #### 5: Fisheries and wildlife fisheries and wildlife Departments also offer jobs to the biologists after a BS and Master of Studies (MS) Degree in zoology, fisheries or aquaculture. #### 6: Agriculture agricultural scientists improve farming practices, crop production, and sustainable agriculture techniques. A 4- year BS degree in agriculture is required #### 7: Animal Husbandry this field involves breeding and caring for livestock to improve their quality and productivity. For it, students can pursue a 4 year BS degree in animal husbandry. #### 8: Horticulture horticulturists cultivate fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. A 4 year BS degree in horticulture is required for it . #### 9: Forestry Foresters manage and conserve forests and wildlife. For this profession, a four year BS degree in forestry is necessary. #### 10: Farming The professionals of farming prepare farms e.g. animal farms, poultry farms, fruit farms. In such farms, they grow crops and raise animals for food and other products. A four year BS degree in Agriculture or specific farming courses required for this profession. 11 **Image 11** This image includes: #### 11: Biotechnology Biotechnologists biological processes to develop products and technologies in medicine, agriculture, and more. A four -year BS degree in Biotechnology required for this #### 12: Forensics Forensic scientists analyse physical evidence from crime scenes in criminal investigations . A 4- year BS degree in Forensic science is needed for this ## 1.4 QURANIC INSTRUCTIONS TO REVEAL THE STUDY OF LIFE In the holy Quran, there are several verses that highlight the study of life. Here's a few Quranic guidelines that encourage exploring reflecting on, the study of life: وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيْ "We made every living thing from water.", Sura: Al-Anbiya, Verse: 30 The Quran mentions in multiple verses that all living things were created from wate water is described as a divine blessing from Allah. The average water content in different organism ranges between 60% to 90 %. The above versus hints at the common origin of all living things in the water. خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ صَلْصَالٍ كَالْفَخَارِ "He made man from clay like the potter." (Sura: Al-Rehman, Verse: 14). By the hints given in both these verses, we can find the events that occurred in the creation of human beings. We are advised to think over the possible way through which such events might have occurred. Allah also hints on the method of the development of animals includes human beings. مُّضْغَةً Com تَطْفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْعَلَقَةَ 12 **Image 12** This image includes: "Then fashioned We the drop a clout, then fashioned we the clue a little lump, then Fashioned we the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh." “Sura Al-Mominoon, Verses 14,com Quran also describes the common origin an modification of animals. وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَ كُلَّ دَابَّةٍ مِن مَّاءٍ ۖ فَمِنْهُم مَّن يَمْشِي عَلَىٰ رِجْلَيْنِ وَمِنْهُم مَّن يَمْشِي عَلَىٰ أَرْبَعٍ ۚ يَخْلُقُ اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ "All hath created every animal from water, then some of them creep up all over their bellies, others walk on Two legs, and authors on four. Allah create what he pleases surely, Allah is most capable is everything." ( Sura. Al-Nur, Verse: 45) This verse explains that Allah created early life in water (fishes) and then animals with lips were evolved. Among such animal some were created who creep all over the bellies. And then some were created who walk on Too. And some. And some on for legs ## 1.5 - SCIENCE AS A COLLABORATIVE FIELD.com Science has a collaborative for it, which researchers for various disciplines (fields ) work together to solve complex problems. Interdisciplinary team can tackle problems more efficiently by leveraging the strength is an expertise of each discipline. It often lead to quicker and sustainable solutions. Let's discuss a few example of interdisciplinary collaboration in science: #### Human Genome project The Human Genome Project aimed to sequences and map the entire human genome design. this project was completed in2003. It involved researchers from various discipline, including molecular biology, genetics, informatics and computer science. #### Climate Change Research Climate change requires collaborations among many. Discipline. Such atmospherence science, geology, , economic and socio 13 **Image 13** This image includes: Medical Research Medical research often depends on interdisciplinary collaboration. For example, cancer research involves oncologists (cancer consultants), biologists, biochemists, geneticists, pharmacologists, and statisticians. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) The field of Robotics and Al is highly interdisciplinary. It involves computer science, engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, and psychology. This collaboration has led to significant advancements in robotic systems, autonomous vehicles, machine learning and natural language processing. Space Exploration Organizations like NASA and the International Space Station (ISS) involve scientists from various fields, including astrophysics, planetary science, engineering Biology, and medicine. These collaborations enable scientists investigate the cosmos. ## 1.6 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Kiduny Scientists take specific steps for doing scientific work or research. These steps are called the scientific method. For biological research, these steps are called biological method. The following steps are involved in scientific method: 1. Recognition of a scientific problem 2. Observation 3. Hypothesis 4. Deduction 5. Experiments 6. Results ### 1: Recognition of a Problem The first step involves identifying defining a scientfic problem WWW The recognition of a problem specific issue or phenomenon. That scientist wants to invest. Such problems either asked why someone or comes in biologist's mind by himself. For 14 **Image 14** This image includes: Example, a biologist notices that plants in an area are going taller than usual he develops a scientific problem what factors are responsible for the increase growth of these plants?" This problem the starting point for scientific inquiry ### 2; observation scientists make observations about the problem, they lose five senses for making observation, they also read and study the previous researches on the similar or related problems, observations may be qualitative or quantitative. quantitative observations with observations that cannot be measures with numbers for example, the colour and texture of the flowers. quantitative observations involve measurements or numerical data that can be expense in terms of of quantity. For example, The number of birds in a tree,. quantitative observations are more accurate than qualitative because qualitative observations a invariable. ### 3; Hypothesis on the bases of scientists develops a statement that the medical the scientific problem under study. such tentative and said the scientific problem problems It is a proposed statement to answer the problem it may be it always matches with valuable observations it may be can be tested to experiments. there is always a way to disapprove the hypothesis. ### 4: Deduction scientist develop logical result from their hypothesis. results of their hypothesis, are called deductions. scientists some that " what might be the results .For example: 15 **Image 15** This image includes: * **Hypothesis:** "Leaf discoloration and stunted growth of plant are caused by a deficiency of iron in the soil." * **Deduction:** "If iron deficiency is causing the symptoms, then adding iron to the soil will improve the colours of leaves and promote plant growth." 5\. Experiments It is the most basic step of the scientific method. Scientist perform experiments to test all hypotheses. In a successful experiment, one hypothesis is proved correct and alternative hypothesis are proved in correct. The incorrect hypothesis are rejected and the prove one is accepted. scientist make new deductions from their test results, the perform further experiments and confirm the corectness of hypotheses. Experimental Group and Control Group When scientists do experiments, they arrange two settings one settings is called experimental group and other is controled group" For example , want to do experiment to test the necessity of carbon dioxide for photosyntensis arrange too similar plants. You will not provide carbon dioxide to one experiment group while. while you provide carbon dioxide to the control group. ##### 6. Results Scientist gather data from their experiments. They use statistical analysis and graphs etc. to summarize the results. Scientists also include all of the references sources of information, scientist publish their finance in scientific journals and books , they also share the findings with other scientist. Forthis pourpose the create a scientific report and give presentation in National and ınternational meetings and seminars. 1.6 - LAW AND THEORY Kidunya.com When experiments prove a hypothesis, science use such hypothesis for for may making further hypotheses. 16 **Image 16** This image includes: experiments, the original hypothesis becomes a theory. A theory is supported by extensive evidence and is repeatly validated by multible .researchers. For xample theory of evolution explains how species over time through selection. Scientist keep testing theory be doing experiments. They try to disapprove theory and and it again law be constant fact of nature, The examples of biological laws and Mendel's laws of inheritance : Flowschart of Sciencific method 1. MALARIA EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL METHOD malaria in human history, it has any solved the the scientific problem biological.Problem.what is the cause of malaria? This disease ancient to physiccians 2000 ago observation century 17 **Image 17** This image includes: **Plasmodium was seen in the blood of malarial patients.** In 1878, a French army physician Laveran did research, on "the cause of malaria". He took the blood from a malarial patient and examined it under microscope. He notices some microorganisms in the blood, then the microorganism was given a name - Plasmodium. 2\. **Hypothesis :** Biologists thought on these observations and discoveries and developed a hypothesis i.e. "Plasmodium is the cause of malaria". 3\. **Deduction :** They developed a logical result (deduction) by taking this hypothesis as true. Samples of *100 malarial patients and 100 healthy* .malaria patients were the experimental group while the healthy person under microscope. The following was the healthy results persons were the control group. * Most of the malarial patients had Plasmodium in their blood. * The result proved that the hypothesis "Plasmodium is the cause of malaria" was true. * **Biological Problem 2: How plasmodium gets into the blood of man.** The next biological problem was to learn about "How plasmodium gets into the blood of men". Biologists were having following observations: * Malaria is associated with marshes. **Not cause malaria** When we consider observations, they thought the plasmodium not wasn the marsh"S" what 18 **Image 18** This image includes: 1.\_\_Observations In 1883, a physician, A. listd observatiome important observations of KIng were": are more" * People who slep outdoors had for chances to get malaria than those in sleep indoors: * people who Slept under fine mosquito nets. Has. For malaria the use Such Nets. .Individuals who slept near smoky do not get malaria. 2." **What Is Transmate ...."** What is transmate plasmid. Following .deduction May hypothesis. 3:: 4. test the. deduction," Ronalds experiments what and Was .. 19 **Image 19** This image includes: Plasmodium multipled in the walls of the Mosquito's a. Then moved inal.some.Mosquitoes bite and Sparrows, And then When He found in .so involved So Sparrow Healthy Culex Man Sparrow