America as a World Power PDF 10.4-2

America as a World Power MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names The Russo-Japanese War, American involvement in Panama Canal Francisco the Panama Canal, and the con...

America as a World Power MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names The Russo-Japanese War, American involvement in Panama Canal Francisco the Panama Canal, and the conflicts around 1900 led to Roosevelt “Pancho” Villa Mexican Revolution added involvement in World War I and Corollary Emiliano Zapata to America’s military and later to a peacekeeper role in dollar diplomacy John J. Pershing economic power. today’s world. One American's Story Joseph Bucklin Bishop played an important role in the building of the Panama Canal as the policy advi- sor to the canal’s chief engineer. As editor of the Canal Record, a weekly newspaper that provided Americans with updates on the project, Bishop described a frus- trating problem that the workers encountered. A PERSONAL VOICE JOSEPH BUCKLIN BISHOP “ The Canal Zone was a land of the fantastic and the unexpected. No one could say when the sun went down what the condition of the Cut would be when [the sun] rose. For the work of months or even years might be blotted out by an avalanche of earth or the toppling over of a mountain of rock. It was a task to try men’s souls; but it was also one to kindle in them a joy of combat... and a faith in ultimate victory which no disaster could shake.” ▼ —quoted in The Impossible Dream: The Building of the Panama Canal Workers digging the Panama Canal The building of the Panama Canal reflected America’s new role as a world faced hazardous power. As a technological accomplishment, the canal represented a confident landslides and nation’s refusal to let any physical obstacle stand in its way. death from disease. Teddy Roosevelt and the World The assassination of William McKinley in 1901 thrust Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt into the role of a world leader. Roosevelt was unwilling to allow the imperial powers of Europe to control the world’s political and economic destiny. In 1905, building on the Open Door notes to increase American influence in East Asia, Roosevelt mediated a settlement in a war between Russia and Japan. America Claims an Empire 359  ROOSEVELT THE PEACEMAKER In 1904, Russia and Japan, Russia’s neighbor in East Asia, were both imperialist powers, and they were competing for control of Korea. The Japanese took the first action in what would become the Russo- Japanese War with a sudden attack on the Russian Pacific fleet. To everyone’s sur- prise, Japan destroyed it. Japan then proceeded to destroy a second fleet sent as reinforcement. Japan also won a series of land battles, secur- ing Korea and Manchuria. As a result of these battles, Japan began to run out of men KEY PLAYER and money, a fact that it did not want to reveal to Russia. Instead, Japanese officials approached President Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate peace negotiations. Roosevelt agreed, and in 1905, Russian and Japanese dele- gates convened in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The first meeting took place on the presidential yacht. Roosevelt had a charming way of greeting people with a grasp of the hand, a broad grin, and a hearty “Dee-lighted.” Soon the opposing delegates began to relax and cordially shook hands. The Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island, off the coast of Siberia, and a large sum of money from Russia. Russia refused. Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half the island THEODORE ROOSEVELT 1858–1919 and forgo the cash payment. In exchange, Russia agreed to Rimless glasses, a bushy mus- let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and tache, and prominent teeth made Korea. The successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Roosevelt easy for cartoonists to Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. caricature. His great enthusiasm As U.S. and Japanese interests expanded in East Asia, MAIN IDEA for physical activity—boxing, ten- the two nations continued diplomatic talks. In later agree- Analyzing nis, swimming, horseback riding, ments, they pledged to respect each other’s possessions and Effects and hunting—provided cartoon- A What were ists with additional material. interests in East Asia and the Pacific. A the results of Some cartoons portrayed PANAMA CANAL By the time Roosevelt became president, Roosevelt’s Roosevelt with the toy teddy bear negotiations with that he inspired. many Americans, including Roosevelt, felt that the United the Japanese and Roosevelt had six children, who States needed a canal cutting across Central America. Such Russians? became notorious for their rowdy a canal would greatly reduce travel time for commercial and antics. Their father once sent a military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic message through the War and Pacific oceans. (See Geography Spotlight, page 366.) As Department, ordering them to call off their “attack” on the early as 1850, the United States and Britain had agreed to White House. Roosevelt thrived share the rights to such a canal. In the Hay-Pauncefote on the challenges of the presi- Treaty of 1901, however, Britain gave the United States dency. He wrote, “I do not believe exclusive rights to build and control a canal through that anyone else has ever Central America. enjoyed the White House as Engineers identified two possible routes for the pro- much as I have.” posed canal. One, through Nicaragua, posed fewer obstacles because much of it crossed a large lake. The other route crossed through Panama (then a province of Colombia) and was shorter and filled with mountains and swamps. In the late 1800s, a French company had tried to build a canal in Panama. After ten years, the company gave up. It sent an agent, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, to Washington to convince the United States to buy its claim. In 1903, the president and Congress decided to use the Panama route and agreed to buy the French company’s route for $40 million. Before beginning work on the Panama Canal, the United States had to get permission from Colombia, which then ruled Panama. When these negotiations broke down, Bunau-Varilla helped organize a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. On November 3, 1903, nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present as Panama declared its independence. Fifteen days later, Panama and the United 360 CHAPTER 10  Science THE PANAMA CANAL Locks are used to raise and lower ships a total of 170 feet during the 51-mile trip through the Panama Canal. For example, ships from the Atlantic Ocean are lifted by the Gatún Locks to the level of Gatún Lake. The ships cross the human-made lake, then move through another waterway, the Gaillard Cut. The Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks then lower the ships to the level of the Pacific Ocean. Gold Hill Gaillard Cut 85 feet above sea level Continental Divide Pacific Ocean Gatún Lake Atlantic Ocean Miraflores Pedro Miguel Gatún Locks Locks Locks A ship enters a lock when the lower gates are open. When all gates are shut, water is let into ▼ the lock through a sluice (small gate). This photo shows a ship that has entered the canal from the Pacific Ocean side and is heading north through the Miraflores Locks. Ships and boats can also enter the canal through the Atlantic Ocean side and When the water has risen, the upper head south through the Gatún Locks. gates are opened, and the ship passes through the lock to the next level. States signed a treaty in which the United States agreed to pay Panama $10 mil- lion plus an annual rent of $250,000 for an area of land across Panama, called the Canal Zone. The payments were to begin in 1913. CONSTRUCTING THE CANAL Construction of the Panama Canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats. Builders fought diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria, and soft volcanic soil that proved difficult to remove from where it lay. Work began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and draining of MAIN IDEA swamps. By 1913, the height of the construction, more than 43,400 workers were employed. Some had come from Italy and Spain; three-quarters were blacks from Identifying Problems the British West Indies. More than 5,600 workers on the canal died from accidents B What or disease. The total cost to the United States was about $380 million. B problems did On August 15, 1914, the canal opened for business, and more than 1,000 canal workers merchant ships passed through during its first year. U.S.-Latin American relations, encounter in constructing the however, had been damaged by American support of the rebellion in Panama. canal? The resulting ill will lasted for decades, despite Congress’s paying Colombia $25 million in 1921 to compensate the country for its lost territory. America Claims an Empire 361  Analyzing “THE WORLD’S CONSTABLE” This cartoon, drawn by Louis Dalrymple in 1905, shows Teddy Roosevelt implementing his new world diplomacy. The cartoon implies that Roosevelt has the right to execute police power to keep the countries of Europe (shown on the right) out of the affairs of Latin American countries (shown on the left). SKILLBUILDER Analyzing Political Cartoons 1. How does the cartoonist portray President Roosevelt? 2. Why is "The World’s Constable" a good title for this cartoon? SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R24. THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY Financial factors drew the United States further into Latin American affairs. In the late 19th century, many Latin American nations had borrowed huge sums from European banks to build railroads and develop industries. Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their loans, Europeans might intervene. He was determined to make the United States the predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America. Roosevelt reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrine, which had been issued in 1823 by President James Monroe. The Monroe Doctrine demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations. Roosevelt based his Latin America policy on a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” In his December 1904 message to Vocabulary Congress, Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to corollary: an the Monroe Doctrine. He warned that disorder in Latin additional statement that America might “force the United States... to the exer- follows logically cise of an international police power.” In effect, the from the first one “ Speak softly and corollary said that the United States would now use force carry a big stick; you to protect its economic interests in Latin America. will go far.” DOLLAR DIPLOMACY During the next decade, the THEODORE ROOSEVELT United States exercised its police power on several occa- sions. For example, when a 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua left the nation near bankruptcy, President William H. Taft, Roosevelt’s successor, arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts. In return, the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs duties. The U.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaragua’s state-owned railroad system and its national bank. When Nicaraguan citizens heard about this deal, they revolted against President Adolfo Díaz. To prop up 362 CHAPTER 10  Díaz’s government, some 2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua. The revolt was put down, but some marine detachments remained in the country until 1933. The Taft administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. This pol- icy was called dollar diplomacy by its critics and was often used to justify keep- ing European powers out of the Caribbean. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy The Monroe Doctrine, issued by President James Monroe in 1823, had warned other nations against expanding their influence in Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted, in 1904, that the United States had a right to exercise interna- tional police power in the Western Hemisphere. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone. According to Wilson’s “missionary diplomacy,” the United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Prior to this policy, the United States recognized any government that controlled a nation, regardless of that nation’s policies or how it had come to power. Wilson’s policy pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments. Almost immediately, the Mexican Revolution put Wilson’s policy to the test. THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Mexico had been ruled for more than three decades by a military dictator, Porfirio Díaz. A friend of the United States, Díaz had long encouraged foreign investments in his country. As a result, foreigners, mostly Americans, owned a large share of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches. While foreign investors and some Mexican landowners and politicians had grown rich, the common people of the country were desperately poor. In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Díaz. Madero promised democratic reforms, but he proved unable to satisfy the MAIN IDEA conflicting demands of landowners, peasants, factory workers, and the urban mid- dle class. After two years, General Victoriano Huerta took over the government. Analyzing Motives Within days Madero was murdered. Wilson refused to recognize the government C Why did that Huerta formed. He called it “a government of butchers.” C President Wilson refuse to INTERVENTION IN MEXICO Wilson adopted a plan of recognize Huerta’s “watchful waiting,” looking for an opportunity to act ANOTHER government? against Huerta. The opportunity came in April 1914, when one of Huerta’s officers arrested a small group of American sailors in Tampico, on Mexico’s eastern shore. The P E R S P EC T I V E Mexicans quickly released them and apologized, but Wilson INTERVENTION IN MEXICO used the incident as an excuse to intervene in Mexico and Most U.S. citizens supported ordered U.S. Marines to occupy Veracruz, an important American intervention in Mexico. Mexican port. Eighteen Americans and at least 200 Edith O’Shaughnessy, wife of an American diplomat in Mexico City, Mexicans died during the invasion. had another perspective. After The incident brought the United States and Mexico touring Veracruz, O’Shaughnessy close to war. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in to wrote to her mother: mediate the conflict. They proposed that Huerta step down “I think we have done a great and that U.S. troops withdraw without paying Mexico for wrong to these people; instead damages. Mexico rejected the plan, and Wilson refused to of cutting out the sores with a recognize a government that had come to power as a result clean, strong knife of war... and occupation,... we have of violence. The Huerta regime soon collapsed, however, only put our fingers in each and Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became pres- festering wound and inflamed ident in 1915. Wilson withdrew the troops and formally it further.” recognized the Carranza government. America Claims an Empire 363  History Through ZAPATISTAS (1931) José Orozco, one of Mexico's foremost artists, painted these Zapatistas (followers of Zapata), to honor the peasant men and women who fought in the Mexican revolution. Orozco did many paintings in support of the revolution. What aspects of the image does the artist use to convey strength and unity? REBELLION IN MEXICO Carranza was in charge, but like others before him, he did not have the support of all Mexicans. Rebels under the leadership of Francisco “Pancho” Villa (vCPE) and Emiliano Zapata (D-mCl-yäPnI zE-päPtE) opposed Carranza’s provisional government. Zapata—son of a mestizo peasant— was dedicated to land reform. “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees,” Zapata told the peasants who joined him. Villa, a fierce nationalist, had frequently courted the support and aid of the United States. A PERSONAL VOICE PANCHO VILLA “ [A]s long as I have anything to do with the affairs in Mexico there will be no fur- ther friction between my country and my friends of the North... To President Wilson, the greatest American, I stand pledged to do what I can to keep the faith he has in my people, and if there is anything he may wish I will gladly do it, for I know it will be for the good of my country.” —New York Times, January 11, 1915 Despite Villa’s talk of friendship, when President Wilson recognized Carranza’s government, Villa threatened reprisals against the United States. In January 1916, Carranza invited American engineers to operate mines in northern Mexico. Before they reached the mines, however, Villa’s men took the Americans off a train and shot them. Two months later, some of Villa’s followers raided Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 17 Americans. Americans held Villa responsible. CHASING VILLA With the American public demanding revenge, President Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing and an expeditionary force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive. For almost a year, Villa eluded Pershing’s forces. Wilson then called out 150,000 National Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border. In the meantime, 364 CHAPTER 10  Mexicans grew angrier over the U.S. invasion of their land. In June 1916, U.S. troops clashed with Carranza’s army, resulting in deaths on both sides. Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops, but Wilson refused. War seemed imminent. However, in the end, both sides backed down. The United States, facing war in Europe, needed peace on its southern border. In February 1917, Wilson ordered Pershing to return home. Later that year, Mexico adopted a constitution that gave the government control ▼ of the nation’s oil and mineral resources and placed strict regulations on foreign investors. Pancho Villa directs a column Although Carranza had called for the constitution of 1917, he failed to carry of his troops out its measures. Instead, he ruled oppressively until 1920 when a moderate through northern named Alvaro Obregón came to power. Obregón’s presidency marked the end of Mexico in 1914. civil war and the beginning of reform. U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs provided a clear model of American imperialist attitudes in the early years of the 20th century. Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy, and the American government attempted to extend the reach of this economic and political system, even through armed intervention. The United States pursued and achieved several foreign policy goals in the early 20th century. First, it expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. Second, the United States built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad. Third, the United States exer- cised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America. 1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name below, write a sentence explaining its significance. Panama Canal dollar diplomacy Emiliano Zapata Roosevelt Corollary Francisco “Pancho” Villa John J. Pershing SUMMARIZING CRITICAL THINKING 2. TAKING NOTES 3. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING 4. EVALUATING DECISIONS In a two-column chart, list ways What do you think were the similari- In your opinion, should the United Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow ties and differences between States have become involved in the Wilson used American power around Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy and affairs of Colombia, Nicaragua, and the world during their presidencies. Wilson’s missionary diplomacy? Use Mexico during the early 1900s? evidence from the text to support Support your answer with details. Using American Power your response. Think About: Think About: Roosevelt Wilson the goal of each of these foreign the effect of the Roosevelt policies Corollary how the policies defined the role the results of dollar diplomacy of U.S. intervention in internation- the implication of Wilson’s mis- Choose one example and discuss al affairs sionary diplomacy its impact with your classmates. how the policies were applied America Claims an Empire 365  RAP HY E O G G T SPOTLIG H The Panama Canal: Funnel for Trade By the late 19th century, the U.S. position in global trade was firmly established. A glance at a world map during that time revealed the trade advantages of cut- ting through the world’s great landmasses at two strategic points. The first cut, through the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, was completed in 1869 and was a spectacular success. A second cut, this one through Panama, in Central America, would be especially advantageous to the United States. Such a cut, or canal, would substantially reduce the sailing time between ▼ the nation’s Atlantic and Pacific ports. INTERCOASTAL TRADE It took the United States ten years, from 1904 to The first boat through the canal heralded the arrival 1914, to build the Panama Canal. By 1999, more than of increased trade 700,000 vessels, flying the flags of about 70 nations, between the Atlantic had passed through its locks. In the year 2000, Panama and Pacific ports of assumed full control of the canal. the United States. San Francisco ▼ NUMBERS TELL THE STORY t o A s ia A ship sailing from New York to San Francisco by going around San Francisco New South America travels 13,000 York miles; the canal shortens the journey to 5,200 miles. 13,000 mi. 5,200 mi. ▼ OCEANGOING VESSELS Ships, like this one, must be of a certain dimension in order to fit through the canal’s locks. These container ships must be no more than 106 feet across and 965 feet in length, with a draft (the depth of the vessel below the water line when fully loaded) of no more than 39.5 feet. Each ship pays a toll based on its size, its cargo, and the number of passengers it carries. 366 CHAPTER 10  ▼ NEW YORK CITY New York City and other U.S. Atlantic ports accounted for about 60 percent of the traf- fic using the Panama Canal in the early decades of its existence. New York to Europe ▼ NEW ORLEANS to Afr Since its founding in 1718, New i ca Orleans has served as a major port New for the products of the areas along Orleans the Mississippi River. In 1914, the Panama Canal brought Pacific mar- kets into its orbit. THINKING CRITICALLY Panama is a narrow stretch 1. Analyzing Patterns On a world map, identify the route of land—or isthmus —that that ships took to get from New York City to San connects North and South Francisco before the Panama Canal opened. How did Panama Canal America. In building the canal, this route change after the opening of the canal? engineers took advantage of 2. Creating a Model Use clay to shape a model of a natural waterways. Moving cross-section of the Panama Canal as shown in the a ships through the mountains ric Science and Technology feature on page 567. For the me of the Continental Divide locks, use styrofoam blocks or pieces of wood which hA required the use of massive out you have glued together. Paint the model, and then locks. Locks allow a section to S of the canal to be closed off label each part of the canal. so that the water level can SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R31. be raised or lowered. IRESEARCH LINKS CLASSZONE.COM America Claims an Empire 367