Nervous System - PowerPoint Presentation PDF

Topic 1. Nervous System Lesson 2 04/02/25  Do Now Activity 1 minute – think of a time where you were really scared 2 minutes – write down what made you scared & what you felt in that moment (this might be feeling warm / energized etc.) 1 minute – share with the person next to you...

Topic 1. Nervous System Lesson 2 04/02/25  Do Now Activity 1 minute – think of a time where you were really scared 2 minutes – write down what made you scared & what you felt in that moment (this might be feeling warm / energized etc.) 1 minute – share with the person next to you You may be required to share this with the class, so please consider this when thinking of your example.  Lesson Overview Learning To understand the nervous system as a whole. Intention To start to develop an understanding of the role of each individual component that makes up the nervous system. Success Criteria I can differentiate between the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous system. I can explain the additional sub-systems within each nervous system. 1 Branches of the Nervous System  Nervous System All living animals have nervous systems. Jellyfish have a very simple nervous systems containing only a few nerve cells - they have evolved to perform activities that lead to their survival (eating, breathing, move). Human beings need a more advanced nervous system to be able to perform complex activities such as problem solving, creative thinking, talking, playing football, engaging in relationships, or writing computer programs.  Branches of the nervous system The human nervous system is spread throughout the entire body. Although it is a single system, it is made up of different sub-systems, commonly referred to as ‘divisions’ The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all the other nerves Central Nervous System do(CNS) Controls everything, we think, feel and Brain Spinal cord Two major functions of the spinal cord are: 1. To receive sensory information FROM the body and SEND these messages to the brain 2. To receive motor information FROM the brain and SEND it to the relevant parts of the body Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The PNS has two branches: Voluntary responses 1. Somatic Carries sensory information to the CNS Motor information from the CNS to the muscles The SNS sends information about touch from the skin to your brain, resulting in you experiencing the sensation of touch. The motor function of the SNS is demonstrated whenever you voluntarily move a body part Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The PNS has two branches: 2. Autonomic The ANS regulates, or controls, the functioning of internal organs automatically, without you having to consciously think about it. The ANS regulates heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation and perspiration, actions that occur continuously and involuntarily without your conscious control. Further broken down into the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems Peripheral Nervous System The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two (PNS) branches: 1. Arouses the body when we experience an Sympathetic extreme emotion (i.e. feel threatened or experience sudden stress), such as when we are riding a roller coaster or are unexpectedly approached by a vicious-looking dog This system can very quickly arouse the body for an immediate response in an emergency. This is an adaptive reaction called the fight– flight–freeze response Peripheral Nervous System The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two (PNS) branches: 2. Parasympathet ic Helps to maintain the internal body environment in a steady, balanced state of normal functioning Generally, has the effect of counterbalancing the activities of the sympathetic nervous system It restores the body to a state of calm, once the need for sympathetic nervous system activation has passed Lesson 3 06/02/25  Do Now Activity In the activity section (remember you were meant to divide it, or designate a section at the back) of your book answer the following questions: How many lobes do you think there are in the brain? How many cortex areas do you think there are in the brain? How many language areas do you think there are in the brain? How many hemispheres do you think there are in the brain?  Lesson Overview Learning To be able to identify the lobes and cortex areas of the brain. Intention To understand the different roles and responsibilities each area within the brain has. Success I am able to label the lobes of the brain Criteria I can identify the cortex area that corresponds with each lobe I have participated in class discussions and contributed to a positive learning environment 1 Lobes of the Brain  Frontal Lobe It is the largest of the four lobes It is responsible for: ○ Planning ○ Judging ○ Initiating movement ○ Attention ○ Regulating emotions ○ Executive role in our thinking  Found in the Frontal Lobe 1.Primary motor cortex: Responsible for movement - initiates and controls voluntary movements Motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements on the right side of the body, and vice versa  Found in the Frontal Lobe 2.Broca’s area: Role in producing clear and fluent speech Located next to the primary motor cortex Frontal Lobe Test In partners (or 3’s). ○ One person = time-keeper ○ One person = participant ○ The time-keeper will start the timer, the participant will read the words on the following slide aloud as quickly as possible ○ Record the time in the activity section of your book once they have finished Red Yellow Green Green Yellow Yellow Blue Blue Red Red Red Green Blue Green Blue Green Blue Blue Frontal Lobe Test This time, the participant needs to say the colour of the word NOT the actual word. Time-keepers are to note down how many errors are made, as well as the time. Red Yellow Green Green Yellow Yellow Blue Blue Red Red Red Green Blue Green Blue Green Blue Blue  Why did it get harder? o Most people will take longer to do the color version than the black/white version - this is due to concentration. o It is much harder to say the color of the word and not the word itself as word processing is faster than colour processing. o The conflicting word information arrives at the decision process stage earlier than the color information, resulting in confusion. o This is known as the Stroop effect, after John ridley Stroop discovered this in 1935.  Parietal Lobe It receives and processes bodily information such as: o Touch o Temperature & sensations o Information about muscle movement  Found in the Parietal Lobe 1. The primary somatosensory cortex: Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from the skin and body Left lobe receives and processes information from the right side of the body, and vice versa  Occipital Lobe This lobe is almost exclusively devoted to the sense of vision However, some areas of other lobes also have important visual functions  Found in the Occipital Lobe 1. Primary Visual Cortex: Major destination for visual information The information comes in from the sensory receptors located on the retina of the eyes The left half of each eye receives sensory information from the right half of the visual field and sends information to the visual cortex in the left occipital lobe.  Temporal Lobe Primarily associated with hearing Also has an important role in memory Makes decisions about which features of environments we will remember Responsible for facial recognition  Found in the Temporal Lobe 1. Primary Auditory Cortex: Receives and processes sounds from both ears so we can perceive and make sense of the noise Different areas of the cortex are specialised to register different sounds  Found in the Temporal Lobe 2. Wernicke’s Area: Responsible for speech comprehension and interpreting human speech Very small role in speech production You cannot understand words until they have been processed here Lesson 4 13/02/25  Do Now Activity On your device, you are going to participate in a class Kahoot Quiz on ‘The Brain’  Lesson Overview Learning To understand how damage to particular areas of the Intention brain can result in the specific impairments Success I can confidently identify the cortex area that Criteria corresponds with each lobe I can use my pre-existing knowledge of the brain to consolidate my understanding of damage to certain brain areas I have participated in class discussions and contributed to a positive learning environment 1 Hemispheres of the Brain  Hemispheric Specialisation The left side of our brain specialises in: Language Analytical Logic Movement and sensation of the right side of the body  Hemispheric Specialisation The left side of our brain specialises in: Non-verbal Spatial Music & art appreciation Movement and sensation of the left side of the body Are you right- or left-brained? HYPOTHESIZE – Do you think you are a RIGHT brained person OR a LEFT brained person? Take the quiz & see: https://psycho-tests.com/test/left- right-brain 2 Brain Injury  What is brain injury? Brain injury refers to any brain damage that impairs, or interferes with, the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently. Most cases of brain damage occur after birth and in such instances are referred to as acquired brain injury. This type of damage can be caused by an accident, an intentional blow, violent shaking of the head, stroke, alcohol and other drugs, brain surgery, infection or a brain disease such as Parkinson’s Disease.  Frontal Lobe Damage – Case Study Phineas Gage, a construction foreman working on a new railway line in the US state of Vermont, was only 25 years old when he suffered a massive head injury that seriously injured his frontal lobes. Gage was supervising a crew of workmen in September 1848. To remove a large rock in the way of the track, Gage poured gunpowder into a deep, narrow hole drilled into the rock. The gunpowder was packed in tightly with an iron rod before a fuse was lit to ignite it. The rod was more than a metre long, 3.5 centimetres in diameter and weighed 6 kilograms.  Frontal Lobe Damage – Case Study As Gage was packing down the gunpowder, a spark from the rod ignited the gunpowder and blew the rod into his cheek and out through the top of his skull. After going through his skull, the rod is said to have landed somewhere between 20 and 50 metres away, depending on which report is read. Gage was pushed backwards and fell to the ground. His body began to shake uncontrollably, but he was still alive. Within minutes of the accident he is reported as sitting up and talking to people near him (Blakemore, 1977).  Frontal Lobe Damage – Case Study The doctor attending him was able to stop the bleeding and cleaned out loose bits of brain tissue and bone before dressing the wound. There was no immediate indication that Gage’s mental or physical abilities had been affected by the accident, despite injury to both his frontal lobes, including the prefrontal cortex. However, the once friendly, considerate and quietly spoken Phineas Gage is reported to have become impatient, crudely spoken, aggressive, irresponsible and hard to get along with. His friends and acquaintances said that he had changed so much he was no longer the person they had known. Twelve years later, at the age of 36 or 37, Phineas Gage died  Frontal Lobe Damage Biological changes Psychological changes Social changes Mostly involve Mostly PHYSICAL emotions, personality Mostly behaviours in Problems with and thinking social situations movement Lack of concern about Socially inappropriate Unable to move face anything Breakdown in properly to form facial Forgetfulness relationships expressions Reduced creating Increased risk of thinking unemployment Unable to plan Frontal Lobe Damage – Broca’s Aphasia Broca’s aphasia: damage to the Broca’s area in the left frontal lobe Cannot produce fluent speech Generally, only short sentences are used (< 4 words) Finding the right words is often a long process Watch the following video to see a case study  Parietal Lobe Damage Individuals are unable to notice anything either on their left or right side even though there may be no sensory loss. They tend to behave as if that one side of their world does not exist..  Spatial neglect is most commonly observed in stroke or accident Spatial victims who have injury to the Neglect parietal lobe of the right hemisphere. These patients mostly neglect the left side of their world. The extent of neglect among different individuals varies and depends on the severity and specific location of their brain injury.  Occipital Lobe Damage Partial Blindness Word blindness (inability to recognize written words) Can cause colour blindness  Temporal Lobe Damage Wernicke’s aphasia: damage to the Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe Cannot understand language and speech Can produce words fluently but they often do not make sense (aka word salad) Watch the following video to see a case study Index 1 Introduction 6 The synapse Parts of the 2 Response to stimuli 7 nervous system Activities performed by Interesting facts 3 8 the nervous system about the brain Function of the nervous 4 9 Brain health system 5 Neurons  1.Introduction Do you remember learning that all living beings perform three vital functions? Vital functions Nutrition These are essential functions necessary for life Reproduction The term "vital" comes from the word Response to "life" Stimuli In the next slide, we will explore the function of interaction, which is closely linked to the nervous system  Response to stimuli The world is constantly The stimuli we receive are constant, and changing, and so are we the responses we give to these stimuli are just as relentless Right now, I’m hungry. Then there’s a step to avoid, a call from a friend, a blinking But who is responsible for The light, the sound of the analyzing these stimuli and nervous refrigerator door opening.... producing those responses? system Our senses detect these stimuli and send them to the brain, which analyzes them and sends back the most appropriate response Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art 03 Activities performed by the nervous system What helps us think and read?  Yes! The brain is responsible Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art And what about playing soccer?  The brain is in charge of coordinating movements! Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art What helps you pick out your clothes? Exactly! The brain makes those decisions Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art  What is responsible for the happy feeling you get when you see someone you love?  The brain is responsible for experiencing those emotions Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art  3. Activities performed by the nervous system It’s not just the brain—together with the body, they form a great team The cerebrum The cerebellum The brainstem The nerves The senses Work together Let's take a closer look!  4. Function of the nervous system The nervous It is the collection of system specialized cells: Function: They are Facilitate communication Neurons interconnected and coordination of biological processes Put like that, it sounds very professional! Let's see what they look like 5. Neurons Cell body or soma Dendrites A neuron is a specialized cell that processes information Axon The brain has more than 80 billion neurons! Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art  5. Neurons The neuron is composed of: Cell body or Contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm soma These are branches of the cell body. Through them, neurons Dendrites communicate with one another A projection of the cell body that transmits information to other Axon neurons. The size of the axon can vary greatly, ranging from just a few micrometers (μm) to over a meter in length! The collection of neurons forms what we know as gray matter 6. The synapse Neurons communicate with each other through synapses. The axon of a neuron binds to the dendrites of other neurons to transmit information These synapses occur by means of electrical impulses-they are very fast! Synapses are activated for all brain functions: perceptions, movements, emotions, cognition, and thoughts Some axons are surrounded by white matter, which increases the speed of nerve signals. This white matter is found in neurons where rapid responses are essential, such as muscle neurons Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art  7. Parts of the nervous Central Nervoussystem Brain Cerebral cortex Responsible for System (CNS) thinking, memory, and decision-making Spinal Brain cord Cerebellum The brain is located in the Coordinates movement head and is protected by the and balance skull. It is the control center of the body. It processes Brainstem sensory information, makes decisions, and sends orders Controls vital functions to the rest of the body such as breathing and heart rate Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art  7. Parts of the nervous Central Nervoussystem System (CNS) Spinal Brain cord Spinal cord The spinal cord is an extension of the brain through the spinal column, which protects it. It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art  7. Parts of the nervous Peripheral system Nervous System (PNS) Sensory nerves There are two main Carry information from sensory Nerves types of nerves: organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) to the brain Nerves are long fibers made up of Motor nerves bundled axons from multiple neurons Send commands from the brain and They function like cables, extending spinal cord to the muscles and throughout the body to connect all glands parts to the brain and spinal cord 8. Interesting facts about the brainThe brain makes up about 2% of the 01 body, but it works so hard that it needs a lot of energy About 15% of the blood flows 02 through the brain to deliver oxygen and nutrients Approximately 750 ml of blood per 03 minute passes through it! Illustrations by Smart-Servier Medical Art 8. Interesting facts about the brain Our brain is similar to that of our parents Genetics play a role in the development of a child’s brain, influencing cognitive abilities such as memory, intelligence, and learning, making them similar to those of their parents. However, the environment also has an impact. Having plenty of books around is always a good idea! 8. Interesting facts about the brain The brain’s energy consumption varies throughout life: The brain creates new neurons, forms synapses, and Newborn 60% produces white matter to help information travel faster Most neurons are already formed, and the brain Adolescents 25% undergoes “synaptic pruning,” removing unused synaptic connections The brain continues to regulate and maintain bodily Adults 20% processes, requiring significant energy In all cases, it is an energy guzzler!  9. Brain health 01 Diet and nutrition Foods rich in antioxidants—such as fruits and vegetables— help combat oxidative stress that can harm neurons Foods rich in omega—like salmon or walnuts—support brain function and structure Vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B and magnesium, are essential for neurological health  9. Brain health 02 Physical exercise Exercise improves blood circulation, enhancing oxygenation and nutrient delivery to the brain It also helps reduce stress and anxiety 03 Mental stimulation Games and hobbies such as chess, puzzles, and learning new skills or languages keep the brain active  9. Brain health 04 Quality sleep During rest, the brain repairs itself, removes toxins, and consolidates memories and learning 05 Stress management Practicing relaxation techniques—such as yoga, deep breathing, or meditation—and maintaining healthy social relationships help reduce stress  Thanks Do you have any questions? 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