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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon describes the occurrence of allergic reactions following bouts of viral, bacterial, or protozoal enteritis?

  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Food allergy
  • Allergic breakthrough (correct)
  • Eosinophilic enteritis

Which species is noted to have a higher prevalence of allergic colitis?

  • Cats (correct)
  • Pigs
  • Dogs
  • Cows

What is a common sign of allergic reactions in dogs?

  • Increased appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Excessive shedding
  • Facial swelling (correct)

In which condition are pruritic skin lesions localized and often occur in dogs?

<p>Atopic dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of allergic reaction is mediated non-IgE in nature?

<p>Urticarial reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about milk allergy in cattle is true?

<p>It is caused by an increase in intramammary pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fecal condition is often associated with allergic reactions in dogs?

<p>Loose, mucus-laden, bloody stools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual time frame for the resolution of urticarial reactions?

<p>Within 24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgG molecules in opsonization?

<p>They enhance the binding of macrophages to bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'opsonization' refer to?

<p>The coating of pathogens to promote phagocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are classified as antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>Macrophages and monocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the differentiation of B cells?

<p>They undergo transformation to plasma cells capable of producing immunoglobulins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of macrophages in the immune response?

<p>They phagocytose and process antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of complement receptors on macrophages?

<p>They enhance phagocytosis of opsonized pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do IL-1 producing cells primarily stimulate in the immune response?

<p>The proliferation of T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a significant role in making phagocytosis efficient?

<p>The binding of complement fragments and IgG to macrophage receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of localized anaphylactic reactions in cats?

<p>Food allergens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allergic dermatitis is associated with insect bites in horses?

<p>Sweet itch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic clinical sign of chronic allergic bronchitis in dogs?

<p>Hacking cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'wheal and flare' reaction indicate?

<p>A focal manifestation of the allergic state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment can be used locally for severe allergic reactions instead of methylprednisolone?

<p>Cyclosporine A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concurrent thrombocytopenia is most commonly associated with which condition?

<p>Type II reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rhinitis may be linked to exposure to molds and danders?

<p>Nonseasonal rhinitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other condition can precipitate attacks of hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia?

<p>Vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of complement components in the immune response to tumor cells?

<p>To opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the classical complement cascade get activated?

<p>Through binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>They primarily occur in response to specific environmental antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the alternative pathway of complement activation?

<p>Certain antigens such as lipopolysaccharides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complement-mediated mechanism causes lysis of target cells?

<p>Complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of IgE in immediate hypersensitivity?

<p>It binds to the Fc portion of mast cells or basophils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the consequences of complement activation?

<p>It can increase vascular permeability and blood flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between complement components and tumor cells?

<p>Opsonization by complement components can facilitate phagocytosis of tumor cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breed is commonly associated with a syndrome of meningitis and polyarthritis starting as young as 12 weeks old?

<p>Akitas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major source of maternal antibodies is critical for neonates?

<p>Colostrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition are affected dogs with hypogammaglobulinemia likely to experience?

<p>Slower growth and unthrifty appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes idiopathic (essential) hypogammaglobulinemia?

<p>Has not been diagnosed in animals other than humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can profoundly interfere with normal immunoglobulin synthesis?

<p>Tumors producing monoclonal antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a microorganism associated with granulomatous reactions?

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by chronic cell-mediated immune reactions?

<p>Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of failure to receive adequate maternal antibodies in neonates?

<p>Reduced growth rate and higher infection risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for the distemper virus?

<p>Through bites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breed of dogs is known to have a congenital deficiency of C3?

<p>Brittany Spaniels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection are Rottweiler puppies particularly prone to?

<p>Severe and often fatal canine parvovirus infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the Aleutian coat color mutation in mink?

<p>Chronic parvovirus infection leading to Aleutian disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of serum antibodies indicate in cats infected with the virus?

<p>There is a direct correlation with virus isolation from blood cells and saliva (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by?

<p>Selective immunoglobulin class deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is known to result from congenital thymic aplasia?

<p>DiGeorge syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about feline infections is true?

<p>Cats remain infected for life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Opsonization

The process of coating a pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis by macrophages.

Macrophage

A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.

IgG

A type of antibody that can trigger opsonization by coating pathogens.

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that process and present antigens to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response.

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Complement

A group of proteins in the blood that enhance the immune response by promoting inflammation and phagocytosis.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogens.

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B cells

Immune cells that produce antibodies.

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Immunoglobulin

A general term for antibodies, proteins produced by B cells.

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Complement Components

A group of proteins that work together in a sequence to trigger various immune responses, including opsonization for phagocytosis.

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Allergic Breakthrough

An allergic reaction triggered by a viral, bacterial, or protozoal enteritis.

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Urticarial reactions

Hives or angioedematous plaques, a less severe allergic reaction.

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Opsonization

The process of coating a pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins, making it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy it.

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Facial-Conjunctival Angioedema

Swelling of the lips, conjunctiva, and skin of the face, a type of allergic reaction.

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Phagocytosis

The process of a cell engulfing and destroying a pathogen or other foreign material.

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Complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity

The process by which complement components directly lead to the lysis (destruction) of a target cell.

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Atopic Dermatitis

A pruritic, chronic skin disorder in many species.

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Milk Allergy

Allergic reaction to milk components, specifically casein, that can be systemic or localized.

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Classical complement cascade

A part of the complement pathway that is triggered by the binding of antibodies (IgG, IgG2, IgG3, or IgM) to antigens.

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Alternative pathway

A complement pathway triggered by certain antigens like LPS, endotoxin, or zymosan, or by antigen-antibody complexes.

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Eosinophilic enteritis

Severe allergic intestinal disease.

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Type I hypersensitivity

An allergic reaction that occurs in response to an allergen.

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Allergic Colitis

Allergic inflammation of the colon, often more prevalent in cats.

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Food Allergy

Allergic reaction to specific foods.

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IgE antibody

An antibody involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions, binding to mast cells and basophils.

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Localized Anaphylactic Reactions

Allergic reactions that are restricted to a specific area of the body, often caused by food allergens in cats, or seasonal allergens in other animals.

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Allergic Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal passages due to allergens, characterized by nasal discharge and sneezing.

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Sweet Itch

Seasonal allergic dermatitis in horses, triggered by insect bites, especially from Culicoides.

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Chronic Allergic Bronchitis

A persistent cough, often triggered by exertion or pressure on the trachea, mostly affecting dogs.

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Pulmonary Infiltration with Eosinophilia (PIE syndrome)

A lung condition often seen in dogs, where inflammation in the lungs is characterized by a high count of a type of white blood cell called eosinophils.

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Type II Reactions

Immune reactions that target the body's own cells, often leading to conditions like hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia.

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Hemolytic Anemia

A condition where red blood cells are destroyed at a faster rate than they are produced.

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Thrombocytopenia

A condition resulting from a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, making clotting difficult.

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Summer Snuffles

A seasonal type of allergic rhinitis, common in Guernsey or Jersey cattle, occurring in late summer and early fall.

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Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia

A condition where the body doesn't make enough antibodies, often appearing in adolescent or young adult dogs of specific breeds. This can be due to insufficient maternal antibodies or conditions affecting active antibody production.

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Idiopathic Hypogammaglobulinemia

A rare condition, seen only in humans, causing a reduced production of antibodies due to excessive regulatory cell activity.

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Hypogammaglobulinemia Causes

A variety of conditions can impede antibody production, encompassing tumors, like plasma cell myelomas, interfering with antibody production, or cases where the body produces ineffective or excessive amounts of antibodies, as seen in tumors that affect immune cell composition.

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Granulomatous Reactions

Chronic immune reactions, often linked to microorganisms like mycobacteria, fungi, or, possibly viral infections.

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Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis

A viral infection in mice that damages the central nervous system due to immune cells attacking virus-infected cells in the brain.

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Canine Distemper

A viral disease affecting canines, transmitted via saliva.

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Complement Deficiency

A genetic condition where animals lack crucial complement proteins, leading to recurrent bacterial infections.

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C1 Inhibitor Deficiency

A rare condition causing recurrent facial swelling in dogs and humans.

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Selective Immunodeficiencies

Conditions where specific immune system components are deficient, leading to susceptibility to particular pathogens.

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Canine Parvovirus Infections

A severe and potentially fatal infection causing problems in Rottweiler puppies.

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Dermatophyte Infections

Fungal infections common in Persian cats, affecting the dermis.

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Aleutian Disease (Mink)

Chronic parvovirus infection in mink with a specific coat color mutation.

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Bovine Immunodeficiency-like Virus

A lentivirus affecting cattle, similar to the HIV, related to bovine leukemia virus.

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Dysgammaglobulinemia

A disorder resulting in a deficiency in one (or more) of the immunoglobulin classes (such as IgA)

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Congenital thymic aplasia

A disorder where the thymus gland is either missing or not fully developed, causing immune deficiency.

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Study Notes

Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials: Veterinary Microbiology & Public Health

  • Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health Review Outline:
    • IMMUNOLOGY: Introduction, Antigens, Antibodies, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Immunocompetent cells, Histocompatibility Antigens, Tumor Immunology, Complement System, Hypersensitivity Reactions, Developmental Immunologic Disorders, Autoimmune Disorders, Interferons, Cytokines and Mediators of Inflammation, Types of Vaccines.
    • VIROLOGY: Historical Background, Parts of a Virus, Origins of Viruses, Methods of Viral Diagnosis, Virulence, Viral Genetics and Evolution.
    • MICROBIOLOGY: Biochemical Test for Identification of Bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Members of Genus Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Species of Haemophilus, Members of Genus Bordetella, Helicobacter, Moraxella, Clostridium, Streptococci, Actinomyces, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae, Bartonella, Dermatophytes.
    • ZOONOSES: Types of Zoonoses, Groups at Risk of Zoonoses, Viral Zoonoses (Herpes Virus Group, Arbovirus Group, Hendravirus Group, Nipahvirus Group, Arenavirus Group), Bacterial Zoonoses (Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Anthrax), Fungal Zoonoses, Bacterial Zoonoses (Toxoplasmosis, Salmonellosis..)
    • FOOD HYGIENE: Microorganisms in Food, Classification of bacteria, Meat hygiene, Important Diseases, Meat Refrigeration, Fish Hygiene, Milk Hygiene, Food Preservation, Cleaning and Sanitation, HACCP.
    • EPIDEMIOLOGY: Introduction, Historical Developments, Epidemiological Approaches, Concept of Cause, Types of Epidemiological Studies, Measures of Disease Frequency, Patterns of Disease Occurrence, Risk factors, Environmental Determinants of Disease, Sampling Techniques, Host Factors: Susceptibility, Population and Sample Size Determination, Outbreak Investigation, Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests.
    • IMMUNOLOGY: Immunity, Immune System, Cellular and Molecular Components, Central and Peripheral Lymphoid Organs, Cells of the Immune System, Molecules of the Immune System.
    • IMMUNITY: Physiology of Immunity, Processing of foreign entities, Recognition of foreign entities, Development of the Immune System, Development of B and T cells and their function, Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), T-cell receptors (TCR), CD markers, B cells, Antibody Production (classes of immunoglobulins), Allotypes of immunoglobulins, and Antigen-Antibody Reactions.
    • IMMUNOLOGY: Histocompatibility Antigens, Tumor Immunology, Complement System, Immune-mediated cell cytotoxicity, Hypersensitivity Reactions, Types I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity mechanisms and examples of diseases.
    • CYTOKINES: Major cell source and major immunologic action of Interleukins and Interferons.
    • MICROBIOLOGY: Biochemical test for identification of bacteria, exotoxins, and endotoxins.
    • Important Animal Viruses, Viral Replication, and Viral Vaccines.
    • Important animal viruses in relevant families, and a summary of diseases.
    • Important animal viruses pertinent to different host groups

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