Indian Constitution (9-12) PDF

OUR PRIDE INDIAN CONSTITUTION FIRST EDITION (for Class 9 to 12) Collected by : MUKESH BHARDWAJ DHANHARI PUBLICATION 20-C, AD Block, Power Appartment Pitam pura, Delhi-110034 Tel.: 9411452470 (1) ...

OUR PRIDE INDIAN CONSTITUTION FIRST EDITION (for Class 9 to 12) Collected by : MUKESH BHARDWAJ DHANHARI PUBLICATION 20-C, AD Block, Power Appartment Pitam pura, Delhi-110034 Tel.: 9411452470 (1)  Index 1. National Pledge...........................................................................3 2. National Anthem..........................................................................3 3. National Song..............................................................................4 4. Fundamental Rights....................................................................5 5. Fundamental Duties....................................................................6 6. Introduction..................................................................................7 7. Preamble of Original Indian Constitution..................................14 8. Present Preamble of Constitution.............................................15 9. Preamble of The Constitution...................................................16 10. Explanation of The Pictures Engraved on The Constitution.....18 11. How The Constitution of India Is A Living Document?.............30 12. History And Development of Glorious Education System........36 13. Samvidhan Song.......................................................................57 (2)  INDIAN NATIONAL PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country and am proud of its vast and varied heritage. I will always strive to be worthy of it. I will respect my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy. I pledge to remain loyal to my country and my countrymen. My happiness lies only in their welfare and prosperity. ⁄UÊc≈˛UªÊŸ ¡Ÿ ªáÊ ◊Ÿ- ÁœŸÊÿ∑§ ¡ÿ „ ÷Ê⁄Uà ÷ÊÇÿ ÁflœÊÃÊ! ¬¥¡Ê’ Á‚㜠ªÈ¡⁄UÊà ◊⁄UÊ∆Ê º˝ÊÁfl«∏ ©à∑§‹ ’¥ª Áflãäÿ Á„◊Êø‹ ÿ◊ÈŸÊ ª¥ªÊ ©ë¿‹ ¡‹Áœ Ã⁄U¥ª Ãfl ‡ÊÈ÷ ŸÊ◊ ¡Êª, Ãfl ‡ÊÈ÷ ÊÁ‡Ê· ◊ʪ, ªÊ„ Ãfl ¡ÿªÊÕÊ ¡Ÿ ªáÊ ◊¥ª‹ŒÊÿ∑§ ¡ÿ „ ÷Ê⁄Uà ÷ÊÇÿ ÁflœÊÃÊ! ¡ÿ „, ¡ÿ „, ¡ÿ „, ¡ÿ ¡ÿ ¡ÿ ¡ÿ „H (3)  ⁄UÊc≈˛UËÿ ªËà ‚È¡‹Ê¥ ‚È»§‹Ê◊˜ ◊‹ÿ¡‡ÊËË◊˜ ‡ÊSÿ‡ÿÊ◊‹Ê◊˜ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊˜– ‡ÊÈ÷˝íÿÙàFʬȋÁ∑§ÃÿÊÁ◊ŸË◊˜ »È§À‹∑ȧ‚ÈÁ◊ÃŒ˜L§◊Œ‹‡ÊÙÁ÷ŸË◊˜ ‚È„ÊÁ‚ŸË¥ ‚È◊œÈ⁄U ÷ÊÁ·áÊË◊˜ ‚ÈπŒÊ¥ fl⁄UŒÊŸ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊˜H ‚åÃ-∑§ÙÁ≈U-∑§á∆-∑§‹-∑§‹-ÁŸŸÊŒ-∑§⁄UÊ‹ Ám‚åÃ-∑§ÙÁ≈U-÷ȡҜθÃ-∑˝§∑§⁄UflÊ‹, fl‹Ê ∑§Ÿ ◊Ê ∞à flÊ‹ fl„Èfl‹œÊÁ⁄UáÊË¥ Ÿ◊ÊÁ◊ ÃÊÁ⁄UáÊË¥ Á⁄U¬ÈŒ‹flÊÁ⁄UáÊË¥ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊˜H ÃÈ◊ ÁfllÊ, ÃÈÁ◊ œÁ◊¸ ÃÈ◊ NÁŒ, ÃÈÁ◊ ◊◊¸ àfl◊˜ Á„ ¬˝ÊáÊÊ— ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ’„ÈÃ ÃÈÁ◊ ◊Ê¥ ‡ÊÁÄÃ, NŒÿ ÃÈÁ◊ ◊Ê¥ ÷ÁÄÃ, ÃÙ◊⁄UÒ ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ª…∏Ë ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U-◊¥ÁŒ⁄UH àfl◊˜ Á„ ŒÈªÊ¸ Œ‡Ê¬˝„⁄UáÊœÊÁ⁄UáÊË ∑§◊‹Ê ∑§◊‹Œ‹Áfl„ÊÁ⁄UáÊË ÁfllÊŒÊÁÿŸË, Ÿ◊ÊÁ◊ àfl◊˜ Ÿ◊ÊÁ◊ ∑§◊‹Ê◊˜ ◊‹Ê¥ ÃÈ‹◊˜ ‚È¡Ê‹Ê¥ ‚È»§‹Ê◊˜ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊˜H flãŒ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊˜ ‡ÿÊ◊‹Ê◊˜ ‚⁄U‹◊˜ ‚ÈÁS◊ÃÊ◊˜ ÷ÍÁ·Ã◊˜ œ⁄UÁáÊ¥ ÷⁄UÁáÊ¥ ◊ÊÃ⁄U◊H (4)  FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Part 3 of the Constitution (Articles 12-35) describes the Fundamental Rights. These are also called the ‘Magna Carta of India’. We should know that ‘Magna Carta’ was a kind of agreement and was executed and signed in 1215 between the King of England and the factory workers regarding their working conditions. By this document certain better facilities in workers service conditions were recognized and agreed by the King. In this document, first time, the written principle came that the King and his government was not above the law. Since, we were also under the direct control and supervised by the successors of same King (British Rulers) and therefore, the principles accepted by the Rulers were by and large somewhere accepted by our Constituent Assembly for the citizens of this country. Those principles have now been known as Fundamental Rights. Initially, Seven Fundamental Rights were given to every citizen of this country, which are as follows: 1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) 2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22) 3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24) 4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) 5. Right to Culture and Education (Articles 29-30) 6. Right to Property (Article 31) 7. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) Note: By 44th Constitutional Amendment, 1978, The Right to Property (Article 31) was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights and declared as a legal right. (5)  FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES In order to ensure that every citizen respects the values of this country, fundamental duties have been included in the constitution along with fundamental rights. These are as follows: 1. Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the national flag and the national anthem. 2. Cherish and follow the high ideals which inspired the national movement for freedom. 3. Protect and preserve the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. 4. Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 5. Develop a sense of harmony and equal brotherhood amongst all the people of India which is beyond all kinds of discrimination based on religion, language, region or class, and renounce practices which are derogatory to the dignity of women. 6. Understand and preserve the glorious tradition of our composite culture. 7. Protect and enhance the natural environment which includes forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and have compassion for all living creatures. 8. Develop humanism and the spirit of acquiring knowledge and reform from a scientific point of view. 9. Protect public property and abjure violence. 10. Strive to excel in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation can progress and rise to new heights of achievement. 11. Provide educational opportunities to their children between the ages of six and fourteen years. (6)  INTRODUCTION For the smooth functioning of the government of any country, the citizens have to follow certain rules, regulations and principles. Such principles are legally called the Constitution (Rule Book). It may be either written or unwritten. Before handing over the rule of this nation to the countrymen the British Government wanted to prepare a rule book for this country which will fully acceptable for all the citizens of this country. Ultimately they formed an assembly/committee comprising some intellectuals from all the states of this country, which is known as the ‘Constituent Assembly’. The Constituent Assembly prepared a framework of rules, regulations and principles keeping in mind the needs and necessity of this country and to transform this country from developing to developed State. They drafted the Constitution (Rule Book) for the government and the citizens of this country. In this document, an attempt was made to beautifully explain the powers of all the three organs of governance (The Executive, The Legislature and The Judiciary), Rights of the Citizens and the Directives Principles for States and with the objective to provide Justice (Social, Economic and Political) to the citizen. An attempt has also been made to create a system to develop qualities and values (Freedom, Equality and Fraternity) in them. The Constituent Assembly has also tried to prepare the Constitution in the light of ancient knowledge system, glorious past and developed civilization so that the citizen of this country develop the faith, devotion and respect for the Constitution. During the discussion in the Constituent Assembly it was made available to them that according to establish and popular beliefs, the first constitution was made for the welfare of the entire human race by ‘Adi-Purush Manu’ himself. The same is known as ‘Manusmriti’. It has 12 chapters and 2684 verses. It is also an admitted fact that after the Vedas, ‘Manusmriti’ has the highest recognition in the world. The Manusmriti describes the personal conduct and behavior of the entire human race, the framework for fulfilling the needs of human life. It also describe the expansion of the role of the state in the formation of society, as well as topics from the creation of the universe to society, religion, caste system, ashram system, duties of the king, punishment law, duties of men and women, karmaphala law, previous birth etc. The members of the Constituent Assembly were of the view that due to (7) this socially and universally accepted system, this great nation was known as Vishwaguru and Sone ki Chidiya (The Golden Bird). The basic idea of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (Earth is one family) has been given in Manusmriti and it was accepted by the entire world. It is well known fact that this great nation was ruled by various invaders for a long time. We spent around one thousand and five hundred years in Mughal slavery and around one hundred and fifty years in Britishers rules. It is also an admitted fact that both the rulers tried to break the beautiful, natural and well designed social system completely. They also changed the ancient public welfare systems as created on the basis of Manusmriti or any other sacred texts. For protecting their vested interests and empire they created their own system. We must remember that initially the Mughal rulers attracted to see the prosperity and grandeur of this country and ultimately they settled here. They created their independent cultural, political and religious system. It is pertinent to mention here that this is the time when various sects (Jain, Bodh, and Sikh) had born over here. All of them were working in and for the welfare and safeguard the ancient values and morals of this nation. The mughals are also included in these sects. Now, at this time the Hindu, Muslims, Sikhs, Jain and the Bodh were the prominent sects in this country. However, there was a difference of working or opinion among all the above stated sects. This was the time when every sect was treated itself as the best and the thought of supremacy was inculcated among them. Another invader i.e. The East India Company also arrived here for the business purpose. They have stayed here become the rulers. The East India Company took full advantage of differences in the above stated sects by following the policy of “Divide and Rule”. They have not only looted the resources of this country but also destroyed the cultural and social structure of this country Because of the dividing policy of the British rulers the most drastic development among the said sects was that they diverted from the nationalism. They created their own systems, thoughts, values and traditions. However, one good situation was that all the above sects jointly fought for the freedom of this country with the British Rulers. Finally, with the collective efforts of every citizen of this country, the historic day came when the British government was forced to hand over the rule of this nation to the hands of countrymen. The British government felt that the people (8) of this nation lacked governance skills and pretending to show their tolerance, they formed ‘The Constituent Assembly’. The constituent assembly has completed its function and ultimately drafted an acceptable legal document for this country. Essential information related to the Constituent Assembly and its functions can be easily understood from the following table: 1 Name of the House Constituent Assembly 2 First meeting of the assembly 09 December 1946 3 Chairmanship Shri Sachchidanand Sinha 4 Permanent Chairperson Dr. Rajendra Prasad 5 Permanent Chairperson 11 December 1946 Dr. Rajendra Prasad 6 When was the objective resolution 13 December 1946 presented in the Assembly 7 Original draft objective resolution was Shri Jawaharlal Nehru presented by whom 8 When Objective Resolution was accepted 22 January 1947 9 The objectives were laid down Sovereign Democratic in the constitution Republic 10 The Constituent Assembly completed 2 years 11 months and its work 18 days 11 Total number of sittings in completing 166 meetings the Constitution 12 How much did it cost in total Rs. 63,96,729/- 13 When did the Constituent Assembly sign 24 November 1949 14 The constitution was Passed and adopted 26 November 1949 15 The last meeting of the Constituent 24 January 1950 Assembly convened 16 Indian Constitution came into force 26 January 1950 (9) 17 The constitution was written by Shri Prem Bihari Narayan Raizada 18 The constitution was beautified and Shri Nandlal Bose, Shri decorated Vyavahar Ram Manohar Sinha 19 The first page of Constitution State Emblem 20 Preamble have the Photos of Nandi, Elephant, Horse, Lion and Lotus Flower 21 Total images on 22 parts of constitution 25 22 How many parts, articles and schedules Part 22, Article 395, were kept in the original Constitution Schedule 8 23 How many parts, articles and schedules Part 25, Article 470, are there in the Constitution Schedule 12 24 Amendments to the Constitution 106 amendment 25 What is written on the main gate of ‹Ù∑§ Œfl¥⁄U¬òÊÊáʟȸ ¬‡ÿ◊ àfl¥ √ÿ¥ fl⁄UÊ Parliament 26 Which Shloka written on the main ÿ¥ ÁŸ¡— ¬⁄UÙflÁà ªáÊŸÊ ‹ÉÊÈøÂÊ◊˜– entrance of Central Hall ©ŒÊ⁄UøÁ⁄UÃÊŸÊ¥ ÃÈ fl‚Èœfl Ò ∑ȧ≈UêÈ ’∑§◊˜H 27 Chairman of Procedure Committee, State Dr Rajendra Prasad Committee, Sukanu Committee and National Flag Ad-hoc Committee 28 Chairman, Advisory Committee on Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Fundamental Rights, Minorities, Tribals and Excluded Areas 29 Chairman of constitution drafting Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar committee 30 Total members were there in drafting 7 committee? 31 Chairman of the assembly committee Pattabhi Sitaramayya 32 Chairman of the Language Committee Moturi Satyanarayan (10)  The Constituent Assembly has also tried to draft the constitution according to the ancient knowledge system and traditions of this nation for the reason that this is very sacred document and every citizen of this country maintained the faith, devotion and respect to the constitution. To give more respect to the Constitution, it has been decorated with various symbols/pictures of Sanatan thoughts, civilization, culture and glorious history of this great nation. The very purpose behind this decoration may be that they wanted to convey more and confined information about our ancient geographical position, spiritual and religious beliefs, strong welfare system, educational and political system, and valorous tales of the brave freedom fighters to all the citizen of this country. These symbols/pictures are also giving a glimpse of glorious history as well as depicting the real condition of this great nation at that time and giving an idea of beautiful future of this country. The member of the constituent assembly presented a beautiful depiction of the present and future, agitated by the ups and downs of glorious history of this nation. They were, definitely, of the view that the citizen of this country, by taking inspiration from these pictures, can take a pledge that they will overcome the challenges as discussed in the constitution and take this nation again to the pinnacle of progress. It was presumed by the then parliamentarians that the motives and objectives of those pictures should be reached to every citizen very soon of implementing the constitution. However, unfortunately, the vision of the member of the constituent assembly could not reach to the citizen till now for the reasons best known to them. It can be said that the citizen of this country was never allowed to develop the thought or feeling of keeping the interests of the country paramount by taking inspiration from the Constitution and the pictures engraved on it and perhaps this is one of the reasons for developing various problems (linguistic, regionalism, casteism and religious fanaticism etc) in this country. It is no exaggeration to say through these pictures the members of the Constituent Assembly wanted to make this country a new and self-respecting country like the ancient times. It may be remember that only by getting out of all these problems from the society, the objective of establishing this country as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic will be developed. Here we are discussing the pictures engraved on the Original Constitution. (11)  IMAGES ENGRAVED ON THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION S Part Picture 1 First pages National Emblem 2 Preamble Nandi, Elephant, Horse, Lion and Lotus Flower 3 Part-1 Image of a Zebu bull (used as a seal during the Indus Valley Civilization). 4 Part-2 Picture of a Gurukul of the Vedic period. 5 Part-3 A picture of Maryada Purushottam Shri Ram, the biggest pillar of Indian culture, returning to Ayodhya with Mother Sita and Lakshman in Pushpak Viman after conquering Lanka 6 Part-4 Picture of Shri Krishna and Arjun preaching the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita 7 Part-5 Picture of Mahatma Buddha preaching to his disciples at Sarnath 8 Part-6 Portrait of Mahavira Swami, founder of Jainism 9 Part-7 Picture of Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire 10 Part-8 Image of Kubera, the god of wealth, indicating economic and natural prosperity 11 Part-9 State seal depicting a scene from the court of King Vikramaditya 12 Part-10 The seal of the University of Nalanda and a beautiful picture of the buildings in use at that time. 13 Part-11 Portrait of Emperor Bharata with a horse 14 Part-12 Picture of Lord Shiva’s form Nataraja and the sacred symbol of Sanatan tradition Swastika 15 Part-13 Picture of King Bhagirath bringing Mother Ganga to earth 16 Part-14 Portrait of Mughal Emperor Akbar (12)  17 Part-15 Portrait of Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji and the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji. 18 Part-16 Portrait of Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and Tipu Sultan 19 Part-17 Portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. 20 Part-18 Mahatma Gandhi’s photo after Noakhali riots 21 Part-19 Photo of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose taking salute. 22 Part-20 View of open sky and mighty Himalayan mountains 23 Part-21 desert scenery 24 Part-22 Pictures of two boats in the ocean To see and realize the above mentioned pictures the students will be able to develop the required emotional values as well as the qualities emerging from the above pictures such as truth, honesty, sacrifice, dedication and patriotism. Ultimately it can be said that on one hand the members of the Constituent Assembly made arrangements for rules and regulations to govern the country and on the other hand they tried to give information or knowledge about ancient Sanatani values to every citizen with the objective of giving a self-respecting place to this country in the world. The Constitution is decorated with the symbols of Sanatan ideology, civilization, culture and history and on this basis every citizen of this country has to feel proud by considering this Constitution as his pride. Maintaining these feelings, I have named this book as Our Pride: The Constitution of India. (13)  PREAMBLE OF ORIGINAL INDIAN CONSTITUTION WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN DEMO- CRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Note: The words Socialist, Secular and Integrity were added to the preamble through the 42nd Constitutional amendment. (14) PRESENT PREAMBLE OF CONSTITUTION WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty- sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. (15)  PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION To understand and explain any subject, there is a content in which brief introduction of the subject (context and main objectives) is discussed. The objectives/principles of the constitution of this country have been given and discussed in its Preamble. According to the Preamble, every citizen of the country should get Justice (Social, Economic and Political). They should get Equality with personal freedom (freedom of thought, expression, belief, worship and prayer) and they should not be discriminated on the basis of caste, religion, gender or any other reason. They can promote brotherhood among all while maintaining the national unity and integrity. Initially it has been declared that this country would be a Sovereign, Democratic Republic State but in 1976 our parliamentarian felt that according to the needs and necessity of this country some changes are required in the Preamble. Therefore, by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment the Preamble was amended and the words “Socialist, Secular” and “Integrity” were added to it. To achieve the basic objectives and principles of the Constitution, some prominent symbols of ancient Indian civilization (Nandi, Elephant, Horse and Lion and a Lotus Flower) have been engraved on the Preamble. These four animals and the inverted Lotus Flower are actually the representatives of Lord Shankar, Lord Ganesh, Lord Vishnu, Lord Surya and Goddess Maa Shakti. You must know that in the Sanatan values above named 5 Gods were worshipped prominently. Nandi is considered to be the vehicle of Lord Shiva and a symbol of power and hard work as well as loyalty and true devotion to the master. It is trying to give a massage to all the citizens that every citizen of this country should develop the true devotion towards this country like Nandi. For the reason it has been given a prominent place in the preamble. The Elephant is the representative of Lord Ganesha. The elephant is considered to be the most powerful animal on earth. It is a symbol of strength, peace, spontaneity, collectivism, justice and belief in the spirit of live and let live. The Lion is considered to be the vehicle of Maa Durga. The Lion is considered to be a symbol of qualities like strength, freedom, fearlessness and self-confidence. The member of the constituent assembly expected from every (16) citizen to maintain his freedom like the lion and treat everyone equally. The horse is considered to be a symbol of brotherhood. It is famous for its freedom and mobility as well as strength, courage and loyalty. It has also been considered the basis of economic and social prosperity in this country for centuries. All citizens have to contribute to the development of this country by maintaining brotherhood among each other and without any discrimination. The Lotus is the symbol of Lord Vishnu. The Lotus Flower also has special significance in Sanatan Dharma. The lotus flower gives the message of maintaining purity and originality even while living amidst evil or filth. It expected that similarly all the citizens of this country should develop a sense of originality and purity in their nature and behavior towards the country. These five pictures engraved on the preamble are depicting the glorious spiritual, splendid culture, advanced civilization and society-oriented knowledge system of this country. On the basis of all these pictures, it can be said that the members of Constituent Assembly have seen a big vision of establishing this country as a welfare state. So, now it is our moral and collective responsibility to adopt Constitutional Values positively and to establish the nation again as a glorious, prosperous and welfare state in the world. (17)  EXPLANATION OF THE PICTURES ENGRAVED ON THE CONSTITUTION The Constitution of this country has been drafted and prepared with a great care to realize the dream of a beautiful future for this country. The golden history, ancient knowledge system and social conditions of this country have been shown and engraved through various pictures. By just looking at these pictures, one can feel the developed ancient civilization, contemporary universally accepted thoughts and world-wide knowledge system of this nation. The brief description of the pictures engraved on the Constitution in sequence is as follows: The first page of the Constitution has been decorated with the Ashoka Pillar. This pillar is in three parts. On the top of the Pillar there are four Lions. Out of four, at one point of time only three are being shown. They are the representatives of Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, Lord Mahesha and Goddess Durga. They are also the representatives of power, courage, confidence and pride. In the second part of this Pillar, there are four different animals shown and in the last part ‘Satyamev Jayate’ has written in Devnagari language. The members of the Constituent assembly have made every effort to tell the citizen of this country about the best governance system and the characteristics of the state during the period of the great, Emperor Ashoka, through pictures. The Ashoka Pillar has been declared the National Emblem also. The Preamble of the Constitution has also been decorated with pictures of Nandi known as Lord Shiva’s vehicle, Elephant the most powerful animal, running Horse, and the Lion, king of the forest along with the Lotus Flower. All these symbols are helpful in making every citizen experience the spiritual knowledge, thought and culture of this country. You must know that the Elephant, Lion and Lotus Flower have been declared the national symbol of prides for this country. The first part of the constitution is titled “The Union and its Territory”. It explains the name and geographical area of this country. This part of the constitution has a picture of a Zebu Bull which was used as a government seal during the famous ancient ‘Indus Valley Civilization’. The bull is considered a symbol of prosperity, courage, strength and devotion to work etc. and in Sanskrit it is called Vrishabha. By this picture the member of the assembly wanted to (18) give the information about the ancient expended boundaries of this country to all the citizen with the objective they will always remember as to why we are shrinking and couldn’t retain our boundaries. They wanted that every citizen of this country becoming a more vigilant and emotional citizen. The second part of the constitution is titled “Citizenship”. It provides the provision related to citizen and citizenship. A picture of an ancient ‘Gurukul’ has been engraved over there. In this picture four sages are shown doing their activities in different types of postures. It is well known fact that in the ancient era, the educational system was run by and through the Gurukuls only. In Gurukuls the child was taught all kind of education for all types of aspects of life for the purpose of attaining salvation by enlightening the society with the acquired knowledge. To develop this thought, an attempt has been made to convey the message, through this picture, that every citizen can re-establish the pride of this country by getting ideally and cultured education. They will get the value based education and developed their character as per the need and necessity of this country. The third Part of the Constitution is known as “Fundamental Rights”. Everyone should know that at the initial stage of constitution, Seven Fundamental Rights were given to the citizens for their developments. Later on the Right to Property was shifted from the list of fundamental rights and added as a legal right. Now, there are six fundamental rights are available to all the citizen of this country. Through the fundamental rights, the members of assembly have tried to provide an environment to the citizens to develop themselves in a respectful and proud manner. This part of the Constitution has been decorated with the picture of the most popular leader of ancient culture, Maryada Purushottam Shri Ram while returning to Ayodhya with Maa Sita and Lakshman in Pushpak Viman after conquering Lanka. We all are aware of the fact that Shri Ram has been considered as the protector of human rights in the then ancient social system. He did everything possible for the respect of the citizens during his rules. As per my understanding the intentions of placing Shri Ram’s picture on this part that the members of the assembly must have been trying to convey the message that after completing his education, the child will fulfill or discharge his duties as a citizen by developing the feeling of protecting the rights of the other persons of the society like Shri Ram. Only then peace and harmony in the society can be established. (19)  The fourth part of the Constitution is named as “Directive Principles of State Policy”. Through these principles, the governments have tried to provide basic facilities (Education, Health, Food, Medical facilities etc) to the citizens without any kind of discrimination. In this part of the Constitution, a picture of Lord Shri Krishna giving the preaching of Shrimad Bhagavad Gita to Arjun has also been engraved. Lord Krishna gives the knowledge of doing karma to the disappointed and hopeless Arjun. One meaning of placing the picture of Shri Krishna on this part can also be that when governments or the citizens get rights, they should not become autocratic. Therefore, they will have to take care and discharge their duties equally and properly. Lord Shri Krishna is the best symbol to strike a balance between the rights and the duties. The fifth Part of the Constitution is known as “Union”. In this part the provisions related to the appointment, duties and rights of the Chief Officers of the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary (The President, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Comptroller and Auditor General etc.) have been explained and prescribed. The picture of the founder of Buddhism, Lord Mahatma Buddha, has been inscribed on this part in which he is trying to satisfy the curiosity of his disciples in Sarnath. Everyone should know that the main function of this part is to create policies for the common citizen of the country, to implement them and to execute them properly and without any kind of discrimination. When all the organs of the government make/execute/or implement the policies for the development and welfare of citizens with a calm mind, then the path is paved for the establishment of a welfare state. The title of sixth Part in the original Constitution was given as ‘State in Part (A) of the First Schedule which was ruled by the former Governor of British India’. Later on it was changed to ‘State’. In this part provisions about the State executive (Governor of the states, formation of the legislature, appointment of the Speaker, Deputy Speaker or other officers of the Legislative Assembly, special powers of the Governor, formation of the High Court, appointment of the Judge, allowance and jurisdiction as well as the formation of local courts, appointment of judges and their jurisdiction) have been given. We must know the fact that before independence, this country was divided into 9 British provinces and more than 600 princely states by the British rulers for the purpose of smooth and controlled governance. After independence, all (20) those 9 British provinces and 542 princely states were merged in to the present Bharat and formed new independent and sovereign country, while the remaining princely states were constitute to form Pakistan. After adopting the Constitution in 1950, the then British provinces and princely states were formed ‘A’ to ‘D’ category states, which were as follows: ‘A’ category states: 10 states in this category were formed by combining 9 provinces of British-India and 216 princely states, (Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, United Province, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh). ‘B’ Category States: 275 princely states were combined to form 8 ‘B’ category states (Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab states Union), Rajasthan, Saurashtra and Travancore-Cochin). ‘C’ Category States: 61 princely states were combined to form 10 ‘C’ category states (Ajmer, Bilaspur, Bhopal, Durg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh). ‘D’ Category States: Andaman and Nicobar Island was kept in this fourth category as declared Union Territory. It may be noted that the Andaman and Nicobar Island was declared Union Territory by the British rulers also. By the 7th Constitutional Amendment, 1956 the Part ‘A’ and Part ‘B’ category states merged into each other and the “States” Total 14 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Mysore, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), were created whereas Part ‘C’ and Part ‘D’ states were merged and converted into ‘Union Territories’ and 6 Union Territories (Delhi, Lakshadweep- Minicoy and Amandua Islands, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura) were created. The picture of Lord Mahavir Swami, the founder of Jainism, has been inscribed on this part of the Constitution. Everyone should know that the basic principles of Jainism are Non-violence, Non-attachment and the truth. It comes to mind that one of the objectives behind this could be that the member of the assembly wanted to give the message that only through truth, non-violence and non-attachment (without any discrimination on the basis of caste, gender, religion and language) the state can prepare and implement the welfare schemes (21) for its citizens. Along with constantly connecting with higher consciousness, the state should also make policies for the welfare of all living beings. The seventh part was “States of Part ‘B’ of the First Schedule which were former princely states or groups of princely states and were governed by a Rajpramukh and had an elected legislature”. The Part ‘B’ was completely abolished by the 7th Constitutional Amendment by merging with the states of Part ‘A’. Hence Part ‘B’ states was deleted from the Constitution as it become irrelevant. On this part, a beautiful scene of the reign of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire has been shown. The main reason, for putting this picture on this part, may be that the member of the Constituent Assembly wanted to give information about the glorious history of this country to every citizen. The period of Ashoka is also considered as the ‘Golden Age’ of this country. The eighth Part of the Constitution was - “States in Part (C) of the First Schedule which were provinces governed by Chief Commissioners and some princely states”. In this part, provisions related to the administration of Union Territories, Legislatures or Councils of Ministers have been given. On this part of the Constitution, a dynamic picture of Kuber (the God of Wealth) along with a picture of lush green trees has been engraved. They may be indicated the economically and natural prosperity of this country. In the Sanatan system, Mother Lakshmi and Kuber are also considered as the harmony of nature and man. Just as the Central Government gives its due co-operation to preserve and enhance the cultural, economic and geographical heritage of the Union Territories, similarly, nature has also been the guiding and motivating force of man. The man has always come forward and given his due co-operation in preserving and enhancing nature with a noble spirit. The idea behind showing the picture of lush green trees along with Kubera on this part must have been that the Central Government should distribute proper and required money to the Union Territories as per their need and necessity and also provide economic prosperity to the Union Territories. The Ninth Part of the Constitution was given - ‘Territories in Part ‘D’ of the First Schedule and other Territories which are not mentioned in the First Schedule’. The only state in this category was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (22)  On 1 November 1956, a new Union Territory was formed by combining the States of category “C and D” and this part also became irrelevant. However by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment part 9-A and 9-B was also added. The scene of the court of King Vikramaditya is shown on the top whereas in lower part the picture of state seal is inscribed. The intention of the members of the Constituent Assembly to put the picture of King Vikramaditya on this part must have been that they wanted to give a clear warning to the governments and their heads that they should develop the Union Territory in a manner and by showing their wisdom and doing the welfare of the state and the citizens. The tenth Part of the Constitution is “The Provisions for Scheduled and Tribe Areas”. According to this, some places have been marked as “Scheduled Areas” which provides for the management and operation of tribal areas. On this the seal and building of most famous university Nalanda have been shown. We should be proud of the fact that Nalanda University was the most important and prominent among the ancient educational centers of the world where students from the country and abroad came to get education. The credit for its establishment goes to the Gupta ruler Kumargupta-I. It was the first residential university in the world. The message of this picture on this part is that the development of human nature and the culture of the country will be through education only. The Education will build the national character. By putting the picture of Nalanda University on this part, the members of the Constituent Assembly might have been trying to give the impression that equal opportunities for education should be provided to the citizen of this country without any discrimination and only then they will be able to develop along with the rest of the society and ensure their positive role in nation building. The eleventh Part of the Constitution is titled “Legislative Powers”. It explains the legislative powers and administrative relationship between the Union and the states. This part of the Constitution has a picture of the ancient emperor Bharat with his controlled horse. We get to know that this country was named Bharat after King Bharat. He was an inquisitive, religious, renunciant, sacrificial and courageous boy. He became the king after King Dushyant and expanded the boundaries of his kingdom to the entire Aryavarta. He performed the maximum number of Ashvamedha Yajnas during his reign, due to which he was called the (23) “Chakarvarty” the King of the world. The attempt behind placing this picture here would have been to give the message that just as Bharat has controlled the horse bravely, in the same way the Union (Central Government), which is a symbol and representative of powerful horse will lead the country towards development by keeping all the states safe and under proper control in a natural manner. The Part 12 of the Constitution is titled “Finance, Property, Contracts and Behavior”. This part is related to the formation of the Finance Commission, division and making welfare schemes for the citizens. This is the part where the provisions related to the Right to Property of the citizens were added. This part is decorated with photo of Nataraja (Dance form of Lord Shiva) and a sacred symbol of ancient Sanatan ‘Swastik’. Everyone should know that Nataraja is a beautiful form of Lord Shiva. It is also learnt that Lord Shiva is considered the biggest symbol of justice and public welfare. The dance of Lord Shiva is called Tandava. It has two forms which are known as Rudra Tandava and Nataraja. The idea behind depicting Nataraj here must have been that wealth should be created through the sacred means only. So that the evils spread in the society can be eradicated. The second picture engraved on this part is appears to be an Vaamvarti Swastik. In the Sanatan tradition, two types of Swastik (Dakshinavarti and Vaamvarti) are prevalent. We can say in simple words inverted and straight Swastika. Both Swastikas have their own characteristics. Inverted Swastika is a symbol of inauspiciousness, destruction and aggressive power whereas Dakshinavarti Swastika has been considered a symbol of auspiciousness, construction and positiveness. By putting the picture of inverted Swastika on this part, the learned members have tried to indicate that if the central and state governments do not fulfill their responsibilities properly in the interest of the citizens (Moral, Social, Constitutional and Economic) then their downfall is definite. Both the government should try to maintain financial purity. They should also make the policies to create positive wealth by positive means, so that the welfare of maximum number of citizens can be done. The thirteen Part of the Constitution is “Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory”. Through this part an opportunity has been provided to the citizen that he has the full freedom to do business in the (24) whole of the country without any kind of problems or restrictions. On this part, the scene of Maa Ganga descending on earth by King Bhagirath has been depicted in a very charming and sacred manner. It is well known fact that in the Sanatan tradition, Maa Ganga has been considered as a sacred river and mother. One of the intentions of putting this picture here may also be that the welfare of the individual, society and nation can be done only with pious money like Ganga water. Therefore, the government should provide the best conditions to its business class in every way so that they can earn money with honesty and purity. We should also remember that all the welfare schemes in the country are also implemented with the money coming in the form of taxes. If the money coming to the government is earned from pure means, only then the citizens will get its benefits positively. The fourteen Part of the Constitution is “Services under the Union and the States”. It contained provisions for the definition of services of the Union or the States, tenure, conditions, appointment and dismissal, along with provisions for the formation of Public Service Commission, tenure of members, appointment and other conditions or powers of service. The members of the Constituent Assembly have placed a picture of the court of Muslim ruler Akbar on this part. Akbar was the third ruler of the Mughal dynasty of the Timurid lineage. He established the religion called Din-e-Ilahi. The aim of the member of the constituent assembly was to develop an independent country in which the rule of law is established without any kind of discrimination. You must know that the Akbar has appointed and selected his court based on the court of emperor Viramaditya. He also appointed 9 famous persons which are known as ‘Navratna’. Akbar’s picture must have been selected on this part to display the same feeling in government services as well so that the responsibility of handling the administration can be given to citizens on the basis of their ability and not on the basis of their religion etc. The fifteenth Part of the Constitution is “Elections”. This part provides the formation of an Election Commission, giving it the power to superintend, direct and control elections to the offices of the President and Vice-President and powers related to elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Assemblies. This part of the Constitution has a picture of the Maratha ruler and founder of the Hindu empire Chhatrapati Shivaji and 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Govind Singh (25) Ji Maharaj. This part of the Constitution is related to the electoral system of the country. We should keep in mind that elections hold a very important role in democracy. All the head (Union and State) of the executive will have to elect though elections only. The pictures of both the great warriors have been put as a symbol of qualities the citizens should look for in a public representative and what should be the criteria for them. In this background, it becomes easy to understand the meaning of the pictures of Shivaji and Guru Govind Singh Ji put here in the Constitution. Through these pictures, the members of the Constituent Assembly are trying to develop the criteria for the selection/election of public representatives should be their expression of feelings of sacrifice and patriotism towards the country and citizens along with their other legal qualifications. Only those persons whose main objective is to serve the nation should get the right to rule. Therefore, such people should be elected for whom national interest is paramount not on the basis of caste, religion or community. The sixteen Part of the Constitution has been titled “Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes” in which provisions have been made for representation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies as well as for the formation of a commission for their welfare. Pictures of ‘Jhansi ki Rani Laxmi Bai and Tipu Sultan’ have been inscribed on this part of the Constitution. By looking at the pictures of both of them, it is understood that both of them were heroes of special classes in the first freedom struggle with the British. Laxmi Bai was the first and last woman ruler among the then rulers, whereas ‘Tipu Sultan’ was the first and last ruler of the Muslim community. Both of them were martyred while fighting against the British. By giving place to these two fighters in this part of the Constitution, an attempt has been made to give the message that this country will recognize the contribution of each and every martyr, irrespective of their religion, caste or gender. The seventieth Part of the Constitution is titled “Official Language”. This part has provision for the official language to be used in the Union, States, (26) Judiciary and inter-governmental communication. According to this part, Hindi language will be used as the official language in government, administrative and business work. Its script will be Devanagari. A picture of Mahatma Gandhi has been shown on this part. It is well known fact that there is no one who is not familiar with Gandhiji’s role in the freedom struggle. Gandhiji led freedom movements of the country for a long time. The purpose of placing Gandhiji’s picture on this part must have been to show Gandhiji’s contribution in the development of Hindi. The Part eighteenth of the Constitution is titled “Emergency Provisions”. According to this part, in case of any constitutional failure in the country, the President will have the power to declare an emergency in the country until the situation is under control. This part explains three kinds of emergency (National Emergency, President’s rule and Economic Emergency). National Emergency can be declared only in dire circumstances. Like, it was ordered by the Government during the Corona epidemic. President’s Rule means when the political and constitutional system of a state fails or a state is unable to follow the instructions of the central executive, then the President can declare an emergency in that state. Economic Emergency means when the credibility of the country also seems to be in danger along with the economic threat, then the President can declare an economic emergency. This part of the Constitution has a picture of Mahatma Gandhi’s visit after the Noakhali riots. In these riots, terrible massacres, mass rapes, kidnappings, forced conversion of Hindus and looting and arson of Hindu properties were done, the majority Hindu society had strongly opposed it. The idea behind placing this picture on this part must have been that any kind of atrocities can be opposed only by uniting. This picture gives the message to the future generation to stand together united and fight against all kinds of atrocities jointly and together. The Part nineteenth of the Constitution is titled “Miscellaneous”. It contains topics related to some person, place, post, action declared by the President, Governor, Rajpramukh or the Government. A picture of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose taking the salute of Azad Hind Fauj has been placed here. Subhash Chandra Bose is a symbol of enthusiasm (27) and revolution in the young generation of this country. The countrymen fondly remember him as Netaji. Netaji had formed Azad Hind Fauj during the Second World War. Slogans like “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” and “Jai Hind” are still the most popular national slogans of this country. We all should also know that the blood of many fighters was shed for the freedom of this country. To get independence, the leaders of the moderate and extremist groups were fighting in their own ways. As a result of which this country got independence. Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the main leaders of the extremist group. By putting his picture on this part, the members of the Constituent Assembly wanted to give the message that the fighters who have sacrificed their lives for the freedom of the country should always be remembered. The Part twentieth of the Constitution is titled “Amendments to the Constitution”. This part tells about the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for it. According to this part, it is necessary to make changes in the Constitution as per the need and the necessity of the nation or in the welfare of the citizens. However, they tried to make a mechanism that the basic spirit of the Constitution should remain intact. The view of the open sky and the mighty Himalayan mountains have been inscribed on this part of the Constitution. Through this, the members of the Constituent Assembly wanted to convey the message that the government and the citizens will have to jointly shoulder the responsibility of preserving, enhancing and protecting such a beautiful natural, spiritual and captivating earth. For this, even if some sections of the Constitution have to be amended, the government should fulfill this responsibility by following the proper and prescribed procedure. The twenty one part of the Constitution is titled “Temporary and Interim Provisions”. In this part, there are provisions related to the special conditions and circumstances of some subjects of the states. This part makes arrangements for temporary provisions which can be changed or removed according to the interests of the country and society when the situation arises. Section 370 related to Jammu and Kashmir (which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir) was also kept in this part. In this part, a picture of the desert is seen in which a huge army is seen going on some camels. A person sitting on a camel is holding a trident and a religious flag hanging with it. By printing the picture of a camel on this part, the (28) members of the Constituent Assembly are trying to give the message that the adverse circumstances will have to be given more time and it will be better to solve them only when the right time comes. Through this picture, the government has been inspired to adopt qualities like patience, stability, humility and hard work. The person holding the Dharmadhwaja and Trishul on the back of the camel is giving the message that special circumstances will also have to be faced with patience. When we study the basic provisions given in this part, it is known that many changes have been made in their basic nature till now. The patience and wisdom with which the Central Government has recently abolished the most discussed Article 370 is indeed a commendable effort to realize the expectations of the parliamentarians. The last part twenty two of the Constitution has been titled “Short title, commencement and repeal”. According to this part, the short name of the constitution is ‘Constitution of India’, some provisions of which came into force as soon as it was signed and the rest came into force from 26 January 1950 and all the previous act (Government of India Act 1935, the Indian Independence Act 1947 and all its provisions and all the provisions of the Privy Council) were considered to be abolished. From the day the constitution came into force, only the laws accepted or made by the Government of this country will be applicable in this country. In the last part of the constitution, pictures of two boats have been engraved inside the ocean. In the first picture, a normal boat is visible while in the second picture, a boat is shown swaying in the storm. It will also be necessary to understand here what message these two pictures are trying to give. The boat swaying in the storm is trying to give the message that at the time of independence, the boat of this country surrounded by storms (Hunger, Unemployment, Religious Fanaticism, Casteism, Linguisticism) can be made a happy, prosperous and strong nation only by taking it out very carefully. The boat moving at normal speed must be trying to convey the message that this part is not the last part of the constitution but the most important part. A new nation is also starting from here. (29)  HOW THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA IS A LIVING DOCUMENT? Some legal experts considered that the Constitution of this country to be a living document. According to them, in this constitution changes can be made easily and as per the need and necessity of the country and countrymen. Thus, it is a living document. To some extent, this thought may also be accepted. But this is the only reason for considering that the Constitution is a living document is not acceptable. It leads some doubts. We may assess the content and concept of the constitution and then comes to the conclusion as to whether or not it is a living document. So let us try to understand those things on the basis of which it can be concluded whether the Constitution of India is actually a living document or not. The member of the constituent assembly considered this nation like a newborn baby and also performed its naming ceremony. They believed that as a republic this is the new birth of this nation. They were also of the view that earlier this country may have been a piece of land in cultural and geographical terms, but there was no single ruler who had control all over the whole of India. While drafting the constitution the members of the Constituent Assembly declared that the Preamble is the soul of the Constitution but it will not be a part of the Constitution. The Constitution will complete its work by taking inspiration from the Preamble. They believed that just as the soul is considered separate entity despite being a part of the physical body, similarly the Preamble should be considered separate entity from the Constitution despite being a part of it. It is an admitted fact that a living being cannot achieve its objectives without a soul. Similarly, the Constitution will not be able to achieve its objectives without the Preamble. Most of the members of the Constituent Assembly agreed that any kind of change in the Preamble is not permitted. Making changes in it means changing the basic structure of the Constitution. This view was also adopted by the Supreme Court of this country in many of its judgments. However, later on when parliamentarian felt needed that in the largest interest of the country the changes are required to be made to the Preamble and words like ‘socialist’, ‘Secular’ and ‘Integrity’ were added. This change was also accepted by the Supreme Court and after that, in some decisions of the Supreme Court, the Preamble (30) was also considered a part of the Constitution. According to Supreme Court, the Preamble and the other parts together form the complete Constitution. Both are complementary to each other. Similarly, it is also an admitted fact that the birth of every living being is made from the union of the body and the soul. A child is born only when the soul enters in a body and in the same way, as soon as the soul leaves the body, it becomes dead. In other words, it can be said that the body and soul complement each other. One cannot exist without the other. The soul, despite being the most important part of the body, is not its permanent part. It is not possible for human to make any change in it. The first part of the Constitution explains the name and geographical area of this country. It has also prescribed the process of change in the status of geographical areas of the respective states. Through the symbols on this part an attempt has been made to give overview about the then geographical boundaries of ancient nation. Everyone must know that on this part a picture of Zebu Bull has been engraved. The Zebu Bull was used as a Seal in Indus civilization. So it is a symbol of long and expended geographical boundaries of this country. When we are talking about the normal life of a child, the adopted and prevailing practices are that child should be given the information about his ancestors, family, thoughts, civilization and rituals of the family. It is expected from him that he should keep all the thoughts, rituals or cultures as maintained by the forefather or ancestors. The provisions related to citizenship have been discussed in Part 2 of the Constitution. It is a fact that when the child grows up a little then arrangements are made to educate him. He can develop him as a civilized citizen and obey and follow the thoughts, ideas, values and rituals of the family. You must know that in ancient times, education was arranged in Gurukul. In Gurukul itself, a child was made a sensitive citizen by giving him socially oriented and practical education along with literacy. In other words we can say that in Gurukul a child supposed to develop his character as per the need and the necessity of the family as well the country. For this reasons, may be, symbolically the picture of Gurukul has been inscribed on this part as it was a place of building the characters. In the third part of the constitution, for the holistic development of a citizen, (31) the fundamental rights have been arranged. In normal life also, when a child enters in the family life after completing his education, he automatically gets some rights. By using those rights, he tries to do good for himself, family and society. Part four of the constitution motivates and advices the Union and State governments to make the policies for the welfare of the citizens. So that peace, harmony and brotherhood can be established in the society. In normal life also a person with authority also has to perform or discharge some social duties. He has to co-operate in the welfare of the family by discharging his duties as per the need and necessity of the family. He should maintain the peace and harmony in the family. Part five of the constitution gives provisions related to the appointment of heads of the major organs of the Union government. The meaning of saying is that when a person has to strike a balance between rights and duties, what kind of discretion should he exercise? An attempt has been made to give such a message through the picture of Mahatma Buddha in this part. Lord Budhha has given a massage that a powerful man has to exercise his powers in very kind and smooth manner. By taking inspiration of Lord Buddha a person must discharge his duties in a peaceful manner. Part six gives provisions regarding the appointment of various organs of the State government. It tries to tell that the state, being a basic unit, has an important place and a plan of independent governance should be made for it. On the other hand, when a person forms a family, he has to coordinate with his family and members of the society (parents, wife and children). Everyone’s needs have to be taken care by him without any kind discrimination among the members and he should fulfill his duties towards each other with simplicity. Part Seven of the Constitution was completely abolished after the 7th Amendment of the Constitution. Through this, an attempt was made to give the message that a person makes a lot of plans to organize his family and business, but due to some reason he has to either change those plans or leave the places completely. This is the basic phenomena of the life and everyone should feel it. Part eight provides the provisions for Union Territory. It is just like when a person makes some changes in his old place or business or leaves it and goes to another new place, then his attachments with that new place begins. He develops that place so that he can use it peacefully. Along with this, he has to (32) follow certain rules to live in that place and he also controls it for its protection and security. Part 9 of the Constitution was abolished by merging it with Part 8. Later on two parts were added to it considering its utility. This is also similar to the way a person leaves one place and develops another place for some time, but when required, he also uses the old place as much as possible for the welfare of the family. Part 10 of the Constitution contains provisions related to some special areas. According to this part, the President of India has the right to change the boundary of any scheduled area, i.e. add or reduce it, after consulting the Governor of any state. Similarly, a person, while expanding his family and business, reaches a time when he has to take measures to secure some places. That place is for a special context - like a place of worship, bedroom or office etc. These places are given special facilities and protection. The head of the family also has the right to make changes in these places as per the need of the family but with the consent of all the other members and according to time, period and situation. In all these arrangements, he got the consent of everyone but only the decision of the head of the family is final and valid. Part 11 of the Constitution related the legislative powers and administrative relationship between the Union and the states. In the normal life, when a person handling the situation bravely he will win over those situation. Part 12 of the Constitution is related to the formation of Finance Commission, distribution and making welfare schemes for the citizens and their right to property. It is noted that every point of time in the life wealth i.e. money is considered an important part of life. Most of the works of the nation, society or individual are accomplished with money. The member of the constituent assembly wanted to motivate all the citizens of this country to earn money by using fare means. Provisions related to freedom of trade-commerce and intercourse have been given in Part 13 of the Constitution. Freedom to do business has been talked about in this part. A person fulfills all the needs of his family with the money he earns through business for the maintenance of his family. While doing business, he has to follow all kinds of purity and also keep in mind the rules and regulations declared by the government. Part 14 of the Constitution of India states the provisions of services under (33) the Union and the States. When a person completes his education, he needs money to live. To earn money, he does a job or business. Extensive provisions have been made so that he does not have to face any kind of discrimination in the job. Part 15 of the Constitution makes provision for a free and fair election system in the country. In a democratic system of governance, a person has been given the right to elect a representative to formulate welfare policies for himself. While casting his vote he has to make up his mind as to what kind of leaders he wanted. Part 16 of the Constitution talks about the welfare of certain special classes. While living in a society a person deals with the persons of various classes. It is not easy for a person that he can avoid those classes. In his lifetime, a person comes in contact with some such persons or communities who, for some reason, have not received due respect in the society, but such persons or communities have a great contribution in the society. They also need special care and protection. With a little care and protection, such persons or communities give amazing results, which strengthens the feeling of unity, fraternity and brotherhood in the society. Part 17 of the Constitution provides for the official language to be used by the Union, States and the Judiciary and in inter-governmental communication. Language is the identity of any person or society. We see in the society that a person speaks in his national language or mother tongue most of the time and when he is at work, he uses the prevalent language of that place. In Part 18 of the Constitution, provisions have been made regarding the situations during emergency. Such situations are not faced only by the nation or country. Many times, such situations arise in front of an individual also, which require the use of intelligence and discretion to correct them. Only then they can be dealt with. In Part 19 of the Constitution, topics related to some person, place, post, action declared by the President, Governor, Rajpramukh or the government have been kept. It should be understood in such a way that when a person achieves a respectable position in his family, social and political life, then many achievements, titles, relationships or connections are associated with him and to handle all these, he has to make some arrangements. Part 20 of the Constitution provides the power of the Parliament to amend (34) the Constitution and to follow the proper procedure for it. Even if a person earns a lot of money, respect, fame and glory from his business or work and achieves success in life, he should still learn from the mountain the practice of facing difficult situations very wisely and peacefully. The citizens after achieving a place in the society, one should keep his mind stable. Part 21 of the Constitution of India prescribes temporary, transitional and special provisions. Sometimes such situations come in front of a person in life on which he is unable to take any decision at that time, so he postpones them for some time thinking that a decision will be taken about it at the right time and when his situation improves, he takes a decision on them according to the time. Part 22 of the Constitution is titled - Short title, commencement and repeal and on this part, pictures of two boats inside the ocean have been engraved. After getting all kinds of happiness, means, luxury, wealth and status in life, a person finally completes his life cycle, this is the rule of the earth. At that time, he has to keep his fickle mind under a lot of control because he has handed over the reins to his next generation. He should remain calm like the sea and spend the rest of his life in social welfare. On the basis of the above discussion, it can be said that the Constitution of this country is considered to be a living document not only because it can be amended according to time but also because its pictures and parts have been arranged in such a way that it shows the life of a person in a concrete form. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that the Constitution of India is a living document. (35)  HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GLORIOUS EDUCATION SYSTEM Education has emerged along with the creation of the universe. The history of Indian education is also starts with the history of ancient civilization. Along with the development of society, education has also developed continuously. Since ancient times, all sections of society were included in the mainstream of education. There was no discrimination among them. However, there were separate arrangements for education for some special communities. The education system created in ancient society was more advanced and excellent than the education system of the contemporary world, due to which this great nation was considered as the ‘Vishwa Guru’. The ancient education was completely based on spirituality and sustainability because it was used as a means of liberation and self-realization. According to the then education system, education is the source of light and it illuminates our path in various stages of life. According to the belief, just as light is the only means to remove darkness, similarly education means to remove all the doubts and confusions of a person. It gives a person the true vision of life and makes him capable of crossing the obstacles of the world and finally achieving salvation. Education in ancient time was provided by the various sages, scholars and Muni’s from their residences like ‘Gurukul’ or ‘Acharyakul’ and ‘Guru Griha’ etc. This was the residence of a student also. By living here, students were taught subjects like Vedas, education, Kalpa, grammar, verses, astrology and Nirukta while observing celibacy. Gurus used to build the character of the students. In this period, students used to enlighten themselves and the society by receiving society-oriented education. The people prepared through this education system are placed the high standards in every field of life. During this time, such texts were created which are unanimously accepted by the whole world even today. In this education system, a clear imagination of the welfare of all living beings was presented. The traditions of that time are great and glorious. The ancient Sanatan culture has been emphasizing on the sacred idea of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, enjoyment with sacrifice, coordination, acceptance, collectivism, humility, hospitality, service to parents, etc. Sometime this system was continued till the (36) British rulers came to this country. When the British took control of the governance of this country from the Mughals, they made many changes in the education system to fulfill their interests. They opened many educational institutions to impart education in the English language. The basic idea behind that common man of this country could be diverted towards English education and could be distanced from their original education system. They have started the placement of English educated people in government jobs. Thus, inclination of the people towards English education started increasing. Due to education in English language, the mother tongue started getting neglected, as a result of which the level of education started declining. Because of the mentality of slavery and greed of government jobs, the moral values have been declined in society and started to be seen due to English education. Every person got entangled in personal interests in such a way that social and national interests started becoming secondary. The biggest blow to this ancient culture and education system was given by Lord Macaulay by ending the Gurukul system. Macaulay felt that as long as the animosity between Hindus and Muslims and the caste based unity of society based is not broken, the British rule will not be strong. Keeping this in mind, Macaulay created the current education system. The only goal of this education system was to establish the dominance of English by breaking the dominance of Sanskrit and popular local languages. His aim was to prepare native Englishmen to run the government and the country. He was successful in this plan and today this country is perhaps the only country in the world that considers its mother tongue or native language to be second class in comparison to English. Today every citizen of this country not only feel proud in speaking in English but also make a false pretense of connecting themselves with the global world. Some thinkers of this great country are using the slogan of globalization. It is an admitted fact that all the countries of the world are educating their citizens in their mother tongue and when we compare their progress with this country we see that they are far more progressive and advanced than us in the world. One of the ill-effects of this English education system was on the cultural heritage of the country. Due to which the citizen of this country started suffering from pleasure-filled, selfish, attachment-filled and corrupt mentality. We started (37) distrusting ourselves and our ancestors and started seeing virtues in foreign civilization. We have adopted pleasure instead of sacrifice, exploitation instead of tapping and market mentality due to which the basic nature of this nation seemed to be disappearing. The organizations working in the field of education understood this and tried that education should be at least in one’s mother tongue or local language up to a certain level. Movements were also carried out for this. The organizations demanding reforms in the field of education also believed that the nation will change only by changing education. The root of all the problems that the country is facing today is somewhere western culture inspired education system. The effect of those movements was that the Union Government has also tried to adopt the standards of ancient education while making the National Education Policy 2020. Through the new National Education Policy 2020, the government has once again made a successful attempt to establish the Gurukul system in a new form for the need and necessity of this country. In this new education policy, an attempt has also been made to give the freedom to choose subjects according to his interest by eliminating the compulsion of subjects. Along with this, the child has also been encouraged to study with his mother tongue or local language for some years. It can be hoped that the citizens prepared and developed by this education system will give priority to the national interests and will ensure their meaningful contribution in establishing this country as a world leader once again and will once again get rid of all the problems and regain its position. Bharat has always been known as a great nation in the world. The traditions of this great country have also been great. All these traditions were established by the great spiritual personalities, sages and saints. With the experiences and knowledge of all these personalities, the universally accepted scriptures like ‘Ramayana (book based on sacrifice and dedication) and ‘Shrimad Bhagavad Gita (an epic to make humans aware of all kinds of duties) were written. On the basis of their experiences, the grate sages had not only divided time and human life but also divided the eras. They divided the human life in four ashrams wherein a child firstly took education for him, family and society and then attains salvation by discharging/fulfilling all the responsibilities with his efforts. (38)  This time the education was given the children to enhance an understanding as to how a man will carry out his efforts. The Gurukul was the place where entire education system was developed. In Gurukul system, all kind of knowledge (subject and practical) was also provided to the child. The basic aim of this Gurukul education system was to build the national character. In Gurukul, the child was given the education for humanity and society oriented. It is no exaggeration to say that due to this education system, this great country was known as ‘Vishwaguru’. Students from all over the world used to get education from here and feel proud. The citizen/students trained in this education system enlightened every part of the society with his knowledge and behavior. On one hand new universities were established where, for giving the proper and new direction to the world, various discoveries were also made in every field (Science, Mathematics, Grammar, Medicine and Weapons) of the life. There was a time when Bharat was known as the Golden Bird and its prosperity started being discussed all over the world. On one hand, students from all over the world came here to gain knowledge whereas on the other hand, some invaders were also attracted from the prosperity of this country. Many invaders (Shaka, Hun, Portuguese, Dutch, Mughals and British etc.) attacked and looted this country. Among these, the Mughal invader looted the wealth for about 1500 long years and ultimately decided to expand its empire and settled here. They tried to change the advanced social, economic and educational system of this nation. The bad effect of this new social system was shown and various social discrimination (child marriage, purdah system and casteism) were started in the society. There are various emperors of the different parts of this country tried to save the civilization, culture, thoughts and knowledge from these plundering rulers. Every citizen of this country must know about these dynasties and the same are as follows: MAURYA EMPIRE: The Maurya Empire, established in 322-185 BC by Chandragupta Maurya and his minister Chanakya. It was a powerful dynasty of India who ruled this country for 137 years. They created its capital at Pataliputra. By 316 BC, the Maurya dynasty controlled North-Western India, Sindh, and Punjab. Chandragupta Maurya’s empire stretched from Iran in the Northwest to Bengal in the east and from Kashmir in the North to North Karnataka in the south. (39)  The Ashoka the grandson of Chandragupta’s ruled the entire Indian subcontinent. He is regarded as one of the world’s greatest rulers. Under the Maurya dynasty, this great country saw National political unity for the first time, with strong centralization of power. The rulers were protectors of the people and the monarchical system strengthened during this period. EMPIRE OF VIKRAMADITYA: Maharaja Vikramaditya of Ujjain, born about 2300 years ago. He was known for his knowledge, bravery, justice, and generosity. The Vikram Samvat calendar is started after him. The idea of Navratan was conceived during the reign of Vikramaditya. Navratan means the cabinet of nine persons/ministers, which help the King in the general administration of the rule. GUPTA DYNASTY: Gupta Dynasty was founded by Chandragupta I around 320 AD. The Gupta dynasty ruled until 510 AD. Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were two famous kings who re-established the unity of Sanatan culture. Most of the Gupta kings were the followers of Sanatan Dharma, except Nrisinghgupta Laditya. Sh. Nrisinghgupta adopted Buddhism. Skandagupta was the last ruler who defended his kingdom against the Huns. HARSHA EMPIRE: The Harsha Empire was very big empire of this nation. Emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj expanded his kingdom from 590 AD to 647 AD. He has given political stability to the nation after the fall of the Gupta Empire. CHALUKYA DYNASTY: The most powerful king of this dynasty was Pulakeshin II. He was reining his dynasty between 609-642 AD. He took the title of Shri Prithivallabh Satyashray. He defeated Rashtrakuta King Govind, Laat, Malwa and Gurjars of Bhrigukachchha and took over their territory. He also took control of Puri, the capital of Konkan. After defeating Pallava King Mahendravarman he expanded his empire up to Kanchi. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas also accepted his suzerainty. He established his rule over all the regions from the banks of Narmada to Kaveri. He ruled over a large area of the south. PALLAVA EMPIRE: The Pallava dynasty began with Simhavishnu. The great philosopher Bodhivarman lived in this kingdom. The Capital of Pallawa Empire was Kanchi (now Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu). They had conflicts with the Chalukyas. The Pallava army bravely defeated the Chalukyas in the battle of Pullalur and save their region. EMPIRE OF EMPEROR MIHIR BHOJ: The Gurjar Pratihara dynasty was (40) founded by Lord Nagabhatta in 725 AD. These Gurjars played very crucial role in keeping this country safe from Arab invaders about 300 years. The most glorious king of this dynasty was Bhoj-I, who is also known as Mihirbhoj. Emperor Mihir Bhoj was the emperor of Kannauj for a long period of 49 years. Mihirbhoj defeated Narayan Lal son of Bengal’s king Devpal, and merged North Bengal to his empire. He defeated the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha. He took Sindh to his empire by defeating the Arab ruler of Imran Bin Musa and he kept the Muslim ruler of Multan under his control. It is said that Mihir Bhoj had saved the King of Kabul, Lalia Shahi, from the attack of Turkistan and The King of Nepal, Raghavdev, from the attacks of Tibet.’ PAAL DYNASTY: The Paal Empire was founded by King Gopal in 750 AD. He ruled Kannauj from 770 to 810 AD. The first Pratihara ruler, Vatsaraja, defeated Dharmapala and gained control over Kannauj. This Rashtrakuta emperor then returned to the south in 790. BHOJ EMPIRE: The great King Bhoj ruled from 1010 to 1053. Raja Bhoj built many temples during his rules. The city of Bhojpur near Bhopal is named after him. He also built the Bhojshala of Dhar. Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, was developed by him. Its original name was ‘Bhojpal.’ Raja Bhoj was a great scholar, expert in poetics and grammar. He wrote 84 books. CHOLA EMPIRE: The Chola dynasty is famous for the rule of King Chola and his son Rajendra Chola. The Tamil Chola rulers created a powerful Hindu empire between the 9th and 13th centuries. They are known for constructing and developing the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, among other constructions. VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE: King Krishna Devaraya was born on 16 February 1471 AD in Hampi, Karnataka. Krishna Devaraya held the title of ‘Andhra-Bhoja’ and was also known as ‘Abhinav-Bhoj’ and ‘Andhra-Pitamah.’ He was an invincible warrior and an excellent strategist. His empire spread from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, covering Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa, and Odisha. The boundaries of his kingdom reached Visakhapatnam in the east, Konkan in the West, and the southern tip of Bharat. All these dynasties played an important role in protecting and maintaining the culture and civilization of this country, due to which this ancient civilization spread to every part of the world. These dynasties established many universities (41) or educational centers according to the needs of the country. These famous universities also contributed fully in spreading this civilization all over the world. The details/information of some universities is as below: NALANDA UNIVERSITY: Nalanda was a renowned ancient university for its rigorous academic standards and diverse curriculum and it established by Gupta ruler Kumaragupta-I. It attracted students from across the country and abroad. The university emphasized ethical conduct and adherence to the rules of the Sangha, fostering a disciplined environment for both students and teachers. Students at Nalanda engaged deeply with the works of prominent scholars such as Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Asanga, and Dharmakirti. They studied a wide range of subjects including Mahayana Buddhism, Vedas, Vedanta, Sankhya Philosophy, Grammar, Surgery, Astrology, Yoga, and Medical Sciences. Astronomy was taught in a specialized department, reflecting the university’s comprehensive approach to education. TAKSHILA: Takshashila, dating back to around 7 BC, was known for its teachings in Ayurveda, Ethics, Sociology, Religion, Tantra Shastra, Psychology, and Yogavidya. It was renowned globally as a centre for Hindu and Buddhist education. VIKRAMSHILA UNIVERSITY: It was established by King Dharampal of the Pala dynasty, followed in the footsteps of Takshashila and Nalanda. This was located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar. It attracted students from across the country and beyond, preserving its historical significance as a major educational hub. VALLABHI UNIVERSITY: Vallabhi University was founded around 470 AD in Gujrat. It was known in academic prestige, particularly in the field of Buddhist studies. PUSHPAGIRI UNIVERSITY: It was situated in Odisha and was established by the King of Kalinga in 3rd century. It flourished for several centuries across the three mountains (Lalit Giri, Ratnagiri, and Udayagiri) and contributing significantly to rich educational heritage. SHARDAPEETH: It was an ancient temple of Goddess Saraswati, serving as a significant educational center during the Kushan Empire from 724 AD to 760 AD. It was located near the Kishanganga river in Pakistan occupied Kashmir. (42) It symbolized the rich educational heritage of its time. UDANTAPURI UNIVERSITY: This University was established in Bihar during the peak of the Pala dynasty from the 8th to 12th century and boasted a thriving community of around 12,000 students. It was a hub of learning and intellectual exchange during its heyday. SOMPURA UNIVERSITY: It was founded by the Pala dynasty, known as Sompura Mahavihar. It flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries. It gained fame as a premier institution for Buddhist education worldwide. MORENA UNIVERSITY: Morena University was built in the 8th century in modern Chambal division of Madhya Pradesh by the Gurjar Pratiharas, specialized in Architecture. KANTHALURSALA UNIVERSITY: It was situated amidst temple clusters in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, earned the moniker “Nalanda of South India” for its comprehensive curriculum encompassing 64 arts. JAGDAL UNIVERSITY: This University situated presently in Warendra, North Bengal, Bangladesh and was established in the 11th century by Rampal of the Pala dynasty. It ranked among the five largest universities in North-Eastern India and was renowned for its Sanskrit education. NAGARJUNAKONDA UNIVERSITY: It was dedicated to the Buddhist saint Nagarjuna. It was established in the 7th century, offering Education in Science, Philosophy, Medicine, Geography, and other disciplines. MITHILA UNIVERSITY: It was established and in the traces its roots back to the time of King Janak of Mithila, focusing on Vedas, Vedanga, Upanishads, Philosophy, History, Astrology, and Literature. Today, a modern iteration continues its educational legacy. As already stated time and again this great nation faced various invaders. However, they were not only given the proper reply but some time they lost the battles. However, ultimately they over power the rulers of this country and established their rules. You must know the name of the rulers who fought invaders for saving this nation. Some of them are as below: CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJIRAJE BHONSLE: He was born on February 19, 1630 and he was a great king and strategist. His parents, Shahjiraje Bhonsle and Jijabai Jadhavrao, greatly influenced his character. Shivaji learned war and politics strategies from his mother and was skilled in guerrilla warfare. He (43) was a true patriot and fearless ruler. He was always struggling against Mughal invaders. He laid the foundation of the Hindu Padpadshahi and Maratha Empire in 1674 AD by defeating Mughal rulers like Afzal Khan and Shahista Khan. He had qualities like management skills, patience, foresight, and leadership. He passed away on April 3, 1690. GURU GOBIND SINGH: He is the 10th and last human Guru of the Sikh sects. He was born on December 22, 1666 in the family of Guru Tegh Bahadur and Mata Gujri. From childhood, he was courageous and fearless. He inspired his father to take up arms against the Mughals to save Kashmiri Pandits. After his father’s martyrdom, he became the 10th Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh’s four sons were martyred while protecting the country’s religion. He established ‘Khalsa Panth’ in 1699 and introduced the five ‘K’s: Kesh, Kangha, Kada, Kirpan, and Kachera for identification. He established and prepared the holy book ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ to serve as the eternal Guru for Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh’s three generations sacrificed their lives to protect the religion of the country. PRITHVIRAJ CHAUHAN: He was the grate king of the Chauhan dynasty and was born to Someshwar and Karpuradevi in Gujarat. He became king at 11 after his father’s death. His rule extended over parts of Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, with the capital at Ajaymeru (modern Ajmer). Known for shooting arrows by sound, he defeated the Afghan robber Mohammad Gauri 17 times but was eventually captured. He killed Gauri with a bow and arrow before dying alongside his companion Chander Bardai. LACHIT BARPUKHAN: He was a great warrior from Assam who led the Ahom warriors against the Mughals. He captured many Mughal soldiers and their commander Syed Firoz Khan. Aurangzeb sent a large army, but Lachit’s strategic attacks led to the Mughal defeat. His victory at the Battle of Saraighat ensured that the Mughals did not expand into Assam. Lachit Diwas is celebrated every year on November 24. CHHATRASAL BUNDELA: The king of Bundela Rajput dynasty, fought the Mughals to establish his empire in Bundelkhand. He was an expert in tactics and guerrilla warfare, like Shivaji. He conquered Kalinjar Fort and declared Mandhata as the fort. In 1678, he established the capital at Panna. His guru, Yogiraj Prannath, crowned him in Vikram Samvat 1744. Frightened by Chhatrasal’s bravery and valor, Mughal chiefs Tahawar Khan, (44) Anwar Khan, Shahruddin, and Hameed fled back to Delhi from Bundelkhand. Bahalod Khan was also killed in battle. Commanders like Murad Khan, Daleh Khan, and Syed Afghan also fled after being defeated by Bundela warriors. In 1729, during Muhammad Shah’s reign, Subedar Bangas of Prayag attacked him. With the help of Bajirao Peshwa he defeated the Bangas and later married his daughter Mastani to Bajirao I. BANDA SINGH BAHADUR: His original name was Lakshman Dev and he born in 1670 in Rajouri, Kashmir. Banda left home at the age of 15 and became a disciple of Janaki Das. He established an ashram on the banks of the Godavari in Nanded. On September 3, 1708, Guru Gobind Singh visited his ashram and preached to him. Thereafter he renamed him Banda Singh. He came to Punjab on Guru Gobind Singh’s directions to liberate people from Mughal torture. Banda Singh Bahadur, a Sikh warrior and commander of the Khalsa Army, defeated the Mughals in battles at Samana, Sonipat, and Sadhaura in 1709. In May 1710, he conquered Sirhind and established a Sikh state on the south bank of the Sutlej River and expanding it towards Lahore and Amritsar. He issued stamps and coins in the names of Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Gobind Singh. In 1715, Emperor Farrukhsiyar’s army surrounded him in Gurudas Nangal village. He surrendered on December 7 and was brought to Delhi with 794 Sikhs. Between March 5 to 12, over 100 Sikhs were sacrificed. On June 16, 1716, Banda Singh and his chief military officers were executed. SHRIMANT PESHWA BAJIRAO: Ballal Bhatt, a great commander and Peshwa (Prime Minister) of Shahuji Maharaj, ruled from 1720 to 1740. He was also called the undefeated Hindu warrior emperor. After his father’s death, Shahuji Maharaj made him Peshwa at the age of twenty. Bajirao’s bravery and leadership won him every battle. The people of this country, suffering from Mughal atrocities, looked to Bajirao for relief. He defeated Mubariz Khan in Shakarkhedla and establishing dominance over Malwa and Karnataka. He defeated Nizamul Mulk in Palkhed and conquered Mughal commanders Girdhar Bahadur and Dayabahadur in Malwa and Bundelkhand. He also defeated Muhammad Khan Bangash and Nasirjung in 1739. CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI RAJE: Bhosale was the founder of the Hindu Padpadshahi and successor of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, He fought 210 wars during his reign without losing a single battle. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, his biggest enemy, vowed not to rest until he captured Sambhaji. (45) On March 11, 1689, Aurangzeb arrested and brutally murdered Sambhaji Maharaj. RANI DURGAVATI: Queen Durgawati was born on October 5, 1524, in King Kirtisingh Chandel’s house in Kalinjar, Banda district, Uttar Pradesh. She was skilled in martial arts from childhood. She married Dalpat Shah, son of King Sangram Shah of the Gond dynasty, in 1542 and had a son, Veer Narayan, in 1545. After Dalpat Shah’s death in 1550, Durgavati became an excellent ruler, placing her son on the throne and taking control of Gondwana. In 1564, the Mughals attacked Gondwana. Despite being seriously injured, Queen Durgavati led her army bravely against the Mughals until her last breath. This was not the last battle for the warrior of this country. Now, the time starts when British rulers start rule in-spite of Mughals. Again a new struggle started. There are some prominent and brave martyrs who fought with the British rules to get the freedom of this country. They are as follows: TIPU SULTAN: He was born on 20 November 1750 and was the ruler of Mysore. He fought against the British until his death on 4 May 1799. QUEEN CHENNAMMA OF KITTUR: She was born on 23 October 1778 and was known for her bravery from a young age. She married King Mallasarja of Kittur and took over the rule after the death of her husband in 1816. The British wanted to merge Kittur into their empire, but Chennamma declared that she is adopting a son and who will be the next king. But this was not accepted by the British invaders. Ultimately she fought bravely against the British but was eventually captured. Her courage inspired many Indians to fight against British rule. ALLAMA FAZAL-E-HAQ KHAIRABADI: He born in 1797 in Khairabad, Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. He was a scholar who completed his Arabic, Persian, and religious studies by the age of thirteen. Known for his extensive knowledge, he was called “Allama.” He announced Fatwa-e-Jihad against the British and actively participated in the First struggle for Independence in 1857. He was got arrested on January 30, 1859 and was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Andaman Penal Agreement. MAULVI AHMADULLAH SHAH FAIZABADI: He was born in 1787 and was known for his spiritual knowledge. In 1857, he fought against the British in the First Struggle for freedom and was martyred on June 15, 1858. (46)  RANI LAKSHMIBAI: She was born on 19 November 1828 and was known for her bravery. She Married to Maharaja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. Rani fought against