9-Diabetes.pdf

Diabetes Mellitus Dr. Ali Adnan Diabetes Mellitus What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and the inability to produce and/or use insulin Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a chronic condition that may affect persons...

Diabetes Mellitus Dr. Ali Adnan Diabetes Mellitus What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and the inability to produce and/or use insulin Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a chronic condition that may affect persons of all ages. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to metabolic and vascular complications. The vascular component includes an accelerated onset of nonspecific atherosclerosis and a specific microangiopathy that particularly affects the eyes and kidneys. Retinopathy and nephropathy are eventual complications in nearly every person with chronic diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus why diabetes is important? Dentists will have many patients who have diabetes. Dentists are in a position as members of a health care team to detect many persons who are not yet diagnosed or poorly controlled. Diabetes affects oral health, and oral health affects diabetes. Dentists and hygienists must be able to render care to patients already under medical management for their disease without endangering their well-being. EPIDEMIOLOGY Type 2 disease is the most prevalent type of diabetes mellitus. The incidence of type 2 diabetes increases with age and is primarily an adult disease. type 1 diabetes is more than four times more prevalent than type 2 diabetes in persons younger than 20 years of age. Etiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Complications Pathophysiology and Complications Pathophysiology and Complications CLINICAL PRESENTATION Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Goals of therapy for type 1 or type 2 diabetes are to : (1) eliminate symptoms related to hyperglycemia, (2) reduce or eliminate the long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes (3) allow the patient to achieve as normal a lifestyle as possible. To reach these goals, the physician should identify a target level of glycemic control for each patient, provide the patient with the educational and pharmacologic resources necessary to reach this level, and monitor and treat diabetes-related complications. Symptoms of diabetes usually resolve when the plasma glucose is below 11.1 mmol/L (