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# Malformations ## Clubfoot **Manifestations:** * Foot turned inward * Generally involves both feet **Treatment:** * Serial casting and splinting * Passive stretching exercises * Surgery if not improved by 3 months ## Hydrocephalus **Manifestations:** * Increase in head size * Bulging fontan...

# Malformations ## Clubfoot **Manifestations:** * Foot turned inward * Generally involves both feet **Treatment:** * Serial casting and splinting * Passive stretching exercises * Surgery if not improved by 3 months ## Hydrocephalus **Manifestations:** * Increase in head size * Bulging fontanelles * Suture separation * Shrill high-pitched cry **Treatment:** * VP shunt * Shunt kink manifestations * Distended stomach * Head circumference increasing **Teaching:** * Observe for change in LOC * Monitor for signs/symptoms of infection (fever, vomiting) * Pain control as needed * Positioning - Bulging fontanelles semi fowlers **Teaching (for both conditions):** * Toes left exposed to assess cap refill for circulation, pallor, cyanosis, swelling, coldness, numbness, pain, or burning * Continually check for circulation impairments as infants grow fast, they will require frequent re-casting * Compartment syndrome (6 P's)