IGCSE Physics Notes 2023-2025 PDF

0625 IGCSE PHYSICS NOTES CATTAYSTUDIES 2023-2025 SYLLABUS  1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES C A T T A Y S T U D I E S -...

0625 IGCSE PHYSICS NOTES CATTAYSTUDIES 2023-2025 SYLLABUS  1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES C A T T A Y S T U D I E S - for larger distances (few metres µe| ( /Metre / A- ✓ Measuring length Micrometer / tape Describe how we ° can measure : - Ruler Ruler measure ☒× a) length metasureto Measure small distances nearest mm b) volume 0 oÉ%s¥ ☆ Line of sight at 9070 rule to IES state what a micrometer is used for screw avoid Parallax error micrometre read thickness here Define volume Measuring volume Measuring cylinder Measure from the µ ◦ - " bottom of the meniscus At what angle should we read the " 1 ☒ ✗ curved liquid surface - from ? of space contained " ruler " amount in an object UD / I \ Where should the reading from the / Analogue Digital tiys±un; +syun mesecond ° Measuring Time - timers / \ betaken from ? measuring cylinder ! \ length melrelm) , weight kilogram ,,g, , what is the SI unit for : , \ a) length ST I \ b) time c) weight ? Average of an time oscillation period = no.to/-oafotisY.e-a+ion E.io ÷ Give the formula to calculate the AY pendulum Scalar Ananth Vector quantity represented by average speed of the vector can be a ✓ magnitude ✗ direction ✓ magnitude AND ✓ direction straight line 18N Distinguish between scalar and distance force momentum length represents magnitude ◦ ◦ energy ◦ ◦ ◦ vector quantities ◦ speed ◦ temperature 0 weight ° velocity ° arrow represents direction time acceleration TT ◦ ◦ Give examples of : ° mass o electric field strength a) scalar quantities ◦ gravitational field strength b) vector quantities Example : Calculate the resultant d- 2 forces 3- ON and 4. ON acting at right angles to each other CA How can vectors be drawn let f-✗ =3 ON - and Fy = 4. ON diagrammatically ? scale ;1bo×= IN ☐ ① Finding magnitude of resultant ② Finding direction d- resultant F=FktFT ( use Pythagoras theorem) tano -_F¥n Calculate the resultant from the 40N F- 3.024.0T 4¥ = example = at 0 = 1-3 525 ✓ = ° 3- ON @ = 53° = g. ON i. Answer : Resultant is a force of 5- ON acting at 53° to the force of 3- ON ?⃝ 1.2 MOTION CATTAYSTU D I E S Distance Time Graph cat rest) speed Time Graph stationary - - /T ^ ^ D E constant E state the gradient d- a constant speed acceleration a) speed - time graph C C D decreasing if decreasing tmgaph = constant § speed & acceleration speed ¥-0 Returning at constant § constant Label when the object is at : o deceleration B speed £ B IES a) constant speed / acceleration increasing increasing b) A speed F A acceleration F Increasing decreasing speed / / > , time time acceleration Area __ distance travelled c) deceleration spqed Gradient ☆ Deceleration : = d) stationary " " Gradient -_ acceleration Negative acceleration distance travelled per unit time I e) distance travelled " " change per unit time relying in UD distance / speed speed /velocity distance travelled 'm) ⇐ E) on a - time graph = " " ( Mls) time taken G) speed in a given direction /-4 Deline (Mls) change velocity (a=¥,) : in total distance travelled 1km) Acceleration a) speed Average speed = (Mls ) = (km / h) total time taken (s) Change in time G) b) velocity c) and accelerates at 1m15 for ST acceleration Example : A cyclist stains from rest 20 seconds. Find her - final speed and travelled i-dde.ee/im- distance Distance travelled __ avg speed ✗ time initial speed - Omls =(u)×t - that speed initial speed 0¥ - = a- _ Give the formula for ohne (202+1)×20 / : = ✓ a) speed , = fmatspeedo 20 = 200m AY b) average speed pnatspeed-z.com/s c) acceleration Freefall = NO air resistance Acceleration of freefall g d- Earth surface constant 9- 8m15 state the acceleration d- freefall object approximately ≈ an near is g of object Earth 's surface TT an near increasing E speed 0 Draw the distance time and constant É° É - acceleration - gradient -9.8mHz speed - time graph for an object in freefall CA time time Describe the motion d- an object motion d- objects falling in an uniform gravitational field : uniform gravitational field with air resistance [ fluid friction without air resistance falling in a) with air resistance 1) As speed 4 , air resistance 4 ° Object falls in uniform gravitational field with b) without air resistance [freefall) 2) : acceleration ↓ constant acceleration d- 98m15 3) air resistance Eventually -_ weight Resultant force -_ 0 at terminal ⇒ object is falling velocity 1.3 MASS AND WEIGHT CATTAYSTU D I E S # gµ Mass weight a) mass A measure of the quantity of matter in an object A gravitational force on an object that has at rest relative to the observer mass constant NOT constant ⇒ Is mass / weight constant across all units : kilograms Ckg) ⇒ use balance to measure units : Newton use spring balance to measure IES environments ? scalar quantity vector quantity acceleration d- freefall µ = ☐ /euniadwomaf Gravitational field strength - " force per unit mass " ☆ weight varies depending on gravitational a) mass ( N) field strength g weight : Gravitational field strength 9 = Mass 1kg) ↳ #= t Earth : 9.8N / kg , Moon : I -6N / kg Dehneg-thf.tl# UD weights landmasses) can be compared using a balance : are the formula to calculate gravitational field strength Explain why weight not constant ST is across all environments How can we compare weight / mass ? AY TT CA 1.4 DENSITY CATTAYSTU D I E S " " Define density Density - massperunitvdume ✗ 1000 Massckg) to calculate Density ( kg /m3> = [F- F) 9km3 kg / m3 Give the formula density volume ,.ms, ⇒ooo outline how to calculate the calculating Density of density : Regularly shaped solid Irregularly shaped solid IES of aln) : Liquid a) liquid mass : use balance Mass : use balance mass : use balance b) d- liquid beaker & dimensions regularly shaped solid mass -_ Massot volume : measure volume : Displacement c) irregularly shaped solid liquid - mass d- beaker using ruler and use mathematical method 1 : method ? : displacement can tom " " " " " " " "* 2nd reading /A state the density of water volume : measuring cylinder ↳ treading whim UD Explain how to determine whether an object will float or sink on ↓ ✓ another substance Density =mw¥me State the object floats ☆ Density of water 1- 09km3 density of density of substance ST water substance ✗ when on density < -_ object sinks in substance ✗ when density > density d- substance ✗ AY TT CA 1.5.1 EFFECT OF FORCES CATTAYSTU D I E S ☆ forces can cause an object to change shape and size Forces can cause an object to Load extension graph... a - Draw a load extension - graph ɧ [ " point where the load - becomes non-linear and the Hooke 's Law extension graph Limit d- proportionality - " breaks down Define iᵗ{↓F : IES { a) limit of proportionality > Extension Ccm) b) Hooke 's law " c) spring constant Hooke 's law - the extension of a spring is directly proportional to ^ d) resultant force the force that is applied provided , that the limit " d- proportionality is not exceeded v Give the formula for spring constant Force (N) UD constant = constant " force per unit extension " spring spring - ( Nlm) Extension (m) Describe how to calculate the " " resultant force if the forces are : Resultant force - sum of all the forces acting on an object a) in straight acting line IF forces actin same straight line : IF forces acting different directions : c b) acting in different directions ⇒ use addition / subtraction ⇒ use parallelogram law B a > Q Resultant force diagonal E- Oc) Pr ST = = 2N 3N IN V W Describe the effect of a resultant Resultant force can change object's velocity by IF No resultant force object will : : , force on an object 's velocity ① its direction of ① stationary OR changing motion remain ② ② continue at constant speed in straight line changing speed what happens if there is no AY resultant force on a body ? Resultant Force ( N) = Mass 1kg7 ✗ Acceleration ( Mls 4 ma ] Give the formula for resultant force " " solid Friction - the force between 2 surfaces that may impede motion and produce healing Define solid friction Friction [drag) acts object moving through gas Cair resistance) TT ° on ° Friction (drag) acts on object moving through liquid Friction (drag) can act on an object moving through... circular motion : v } changing Direction accelerating towards CA a ⇒ circular motion the centre Explain ✓ : velocity changing F ✓ ☆ Resultant force acts perpendicular to motion state the 3 situations where a a F f. a ⇔ towards centre) (centripetal force) , , larger force is needed for an needed when larger force v : F object in circular motion ① speed 9 mass & radius constant ^ ② radius ↓ mass & speed constant a ③ mass 4 speed & radius constant ✓  1.5.2/3 TURNING EFFECT OF FORCES & CENTRE OF GRAVITY C A T T A Y S T U D I E S " Define : Moment of a force - turning effect of a force around a fixed point " a) moment of a force b) Moment of a force (Nm) = Force ( N) × Perpendicular distance from the pivot (m) centre of gravity Give the calculate the Examples of moment of a force equation to : IES moment of a force ◦ playground seesaw is balanced it anticlockwise moment = clockwise moment ◦ handle of door at outside edge opens more easily [ 9 distance = force required ) Give examples of moment of a force ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE MOMENT MOMENT pivot perpendicular Balancing of a beam : stale when a beam is balanced distance Beam is only balanced IF : clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment UD state the law of moments what is true of an object in law of moments : Example : anticlockwise equilibrium ? " For an object in equilibrium the sum of the x , G clockwise moment about any point is equal Find Q : clockwise to to the anti clockwise moment about the ① Take moments from C ST outline an experiment - where moment due demonstrate there is no resultant same point. to force Q = 0hm Cas distance = ) 0m force force } ⇒ NO resultant on an object in equilibrium EQUILIBRIUM clockwise moment = 5 ✗ PNM ⇒ NO resultant moment anticlockwise moment = 2×400 Nm outline to determine ② 5P= 800 an experiment since equilibrium : Experiment to demonstrate NO resultant moment AY the centre of gravity of a plane on an object in equilibrium F- 160N lamina that is irregularly shaped ① suspend different weights on either side ③ Pto (upward forces) = 400 (downward force) 160+0--400 of a central pivot state when object topples ② Q -240N an over perpendicular distance from - measure balanced TT pivot once beam is How can we increase the stability ③ calculate clockwise and anticlockwise " centre of gravity - point through which all of an d- objects ? moment ⇒ should be equal " object 's weight can be considered to act , Experiment to determine the centre of gravity of an irregularly shaped plane lamina CA ① ② ③ ④ plane lamina ☐ %FahPd # - // 0.* plumbline ✓topple ✗ topple stability : object topples over IF centre of gravity falls outside of base can 4 stability by : ① lowering centre of gravity ② wider base ?⃝ 1.6 MOMENTUM CATTAYSTU D I E S " Define momentum - the tendency d- an object to keep moving in the same direction unless acted upon " a) momentum an external force b) impulse c) resultant force momentum (Kgmb) = Mass 1kg7 ✗ velocity (Mls) [ p=mv] IES Give the equation to calculate : conservation d- momentum : destroyed " a) momentum " momentum cannot be created or b) " d- momentum after collision " impulse sum of momentum before collision = sum c) resultant force Example : Cara crashes into a stationary car , car B. calculate the velocity of the two cars State the conservation d- momentum moving together after the collision UD ① DRAW : 6000kg 2000kg 6000kg 2000kg ≈ 4m15 A 0m15 B ≈ 4m15 A omls B Attempt the example question ② FIND TOTAL Cara : car B : Total momentum before ⇒ collision MOMENTUM p= 6000×4 p= 2000×0 240001-0 : BEFORE COLLISION 24000kg Mls Okgmls = 24000kgMls ST = = ③ APPLY CONSERVATION : Total momentum after collision = 24000 kgmls OF MOMENTUM : 24000 = MV ⇒ 24000=(6000+2000) ✓ ⇒ 24000=8000 v AY ⇒ ✓ =3 Mls " " Impulse - change in momentum Impulse ( Ns ) = Force (N) xD Time G) [ Fat ] TT ( Nm) Final momentum Initial momentum mv mu 01mV) Impulse = = - = - " " Resultant Force - change in momentum per unit time change in momentum [ ] CA Resultant Force (N) = ⇐ = change in time , 1.7.1 ENERGY CATTAYSTU D I E S List and define the different energy Energy store stores kinetic energy Energy stored in an object's movement (J) £ ✗ mass CK g) velocity [Ek=£mv2] ' kinetic ( Mls) Energy = ✗ Give the equation to find : a) kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy Energy stored in objects raised above the Earth's surface IES b) gravitational potential energy gravitational field ☐ gravitational = Mass ✗ ✗ ☐ height [oEp=mgoh] potential energy (5) 1kg7 strength CN / kg) ( m) list the ways energy can be transferred by chemical energy Energy stored by chemical bonds between atoms Elastic (strain ) energy Energy stored when an object is being squashed or stretched stale the principle of conservation of Nuclear energy Energy stored in the nucleus d- an atom UD energy Electrostatic energy Energy stored in charged objects and transferred by an electric current Internal (thermal) energy sum of the kinetic and chemical energy of the particles that make up Describe how energy transfer can be an object represented diagrammatically Energy can be transferred by : Principle d- conservation of energy : of Mechanical work ( action d- force) ST Describe the energy transfers a ° a " Energy cannot be created or destroyed