Nursing Quiz: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurology

What are the 3 most common causes of death in NZ? MI, Stroke, CA Name 5 risk factors for any chronic disease? Non modifibale - genes, sex chom, age, ethnicity, family hx and patient hx Modifiable - diet, physical activity, medications, habits i.e smoking/alcohol, What can nurses do about risk fact...

What are the 3 most common causes of death in NZ? MI, Stroke, CA Name 5 risk factors for any chronic disease? Non modifibale - genes, sex chom, age, ethnicity, family hx and patient hx Modifiable - diet, physical activity, medications, habits i.e smoking/alcohol, What can nurses do about risk factors everytime we interact with patients? Educate, health promotion, referrals Any damage or irritation to any tissues will casue inflamatiory reaction, which is characterised by red hot swell pain and if on top of it there is an infection there will also be puss What is the difference between acute and chronic diseases in terms of time to develop? Acute is fast severe and chronic is over a long period of time -itis at the end of a word means inflamation Cardiovascular system Starting in the left ventricle, name the route of the RBC full of oxygen would follow untill it returns to the LV Left ventrcile, aortic valve, aorta, then the aorta branches off until…… How many layers does the heart have? 3 name them? Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium How many layers do artieries have? 3 name them? Atunica intima, atunica media atunica adventita When the heart fails, fluid buildup develops 1st in the heart causing symptoms like fatigue and then in the lungs causing pulmonory edema What is the difference between a murmer and a thrill? A murmer you can hear and a thrill you can feel Where is the 2nd heart sound hers in the chest? In the 2nd intercostal spaces near the sternal boarder Order of electrical impulse conduction: SA Node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinji fibres Auscultation of heart sounds: aortic - pulmonic - erb's point - tricuspid - miteral Physical examination assessment techniques: inspection - palpation - percussion - auseltation, vitals HF caused by HTA, symptom fatigue Atherosclerosis what is it? Blockage of the varicosities veins How may it affect the heart? It can cause myocardial infarction How may it affect the brain? It can cause a stroke If the blockage is in the parietal lobe it will also impair Movement/sensation If the blockage is in the temporal lobe it will also impair hearing If the blockage is in the occipital lobe it will also impair eyesight People with hypertension often take BP-lowering medication. What is one foreseeable adverse effect? Fainting, falls risk What is it at risk for? Lowering the BP too much How can nurses educate patients to avoid such risk? Take meds at night depending on the dosage, education BP meds ending in -pril are ACE inhibitors BP meds ending in -sartin are AA blockers BP meds ending in olol lowers blood pressure What do we call dilatated veins in the legs? Varicose veins Another way to lower BP is to eliminate fluids. When we eliminate water what other substances follow? neutriants What type of electrolyte or ion can cause fatal arrhythmia if too low or to high? Potassium What type of diuretic prescribed can be combined with the above mentioned BP lowering meds to balance potassium levels? Anything ending in thiazide is potassium sparing What is the most common diuretic prescribed to take at home PO? Furosemide. Resp system What happens in both asthma and in copd? There is an inflammatory reaction in the mucosa casuing symptoms like S.O.B, anxiety Name 6 irritants/causes that can trigger asthma? Pet hairs, pollen, perfume, petrol, dust, pollution What is the pathophysiology of asthma? When a person exposed to cause bronchi close wheezing sob low 02 levels? Air wave inflammation, S.O.B, Anxiety What is the main cause of COPD? Smoking COPD conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. What is the main difference between these 2 conditions in terms where the damage is? Chronic bronchitis produces a frequent cough with mucus and copd is shortness of breath NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM Damage to the nervous system can cause paralysis, where abouts is the damage in someone with: Tetraplegia - all 4 limbs Paraplegia - bottom half Hemiplegia - top half can also effect swallowing Additionally, severe damage to the cns can cause decerebrate or decorticate posturing. What is the difference in terms of how the limbs are extended or flexed? Decerebrate - all limbs are extended How can a stroke happen? Via blockage of an artery in the brain and will cause hemiplegia Name 2 neurological examination for stroke? GCS and AVPU What does PERRRtoLA stand for Pupils are equal round and regular reactive to light and accommodation What is the simple definition of pain? An unpleasant sensation Pain assessment can be done using the PQRSTU model. What does each letter stand for Pain Quality Region Severity Time You Name 2 medications that are commonly given for different levels of pain Mild: Panadol and ibuprofen Moderate: codeine and tramadol Severe: fentanyl and morphine What is a pain adjuvant? Medication given to help cope - mental health meds Name 3 types of adjuvants? Anti depression, anti-anxiety anti convulsant's What is tolerance? When you need higer doses to reach the same effect What is dependence? When you become dependent on the drug to function Pain ladder there is 2 meds per step What other ways can nurses help with pain control that do not involve medication? Changing position, using pillows and encourage mobility Endocrine System A hormone can be likened to a message in a bottle thrown into the bloody by one organ(gland) to communicate with another distant organ What is know as the master gland of the body? The pertuity gland What hormone is typically low in people with diabetes? Insulin What organ is that hormone produced by? The pancreas What is elevated in the blood of people with diabetes mellitus? Sugar What are the consequences of high BSL? MI, Stroke, Loosing limbs Can you mention the difference between T1DM (autoimmune) and T2DM (resistant)? T1 normally in younger people are insulin dependant and have to much WBC that want to destroy everything like the pancreas - T2 are normally in older and over weight people pancreas produces little insulin and they can take oral medication like metformin Similarities and differences between hypo and hyperthyroidism Goitre can be seen in them both (swelling of the thyroid or one or more lumps develop within the thyroid In hyperthyroidism vital signs are high In hypothyroidism vital signs are low Hemolymphatic system Where are all the RBC produced? Bone marrow What is the main role of the RBC? To carry iron and o2 around the body What is the main role of the WBC? To fight and destroy like infections and to defend What is the main role of the platelets? Blood clotting Enlarged lymph nodes = glands Would healing has 4 stages 1 hemostasis: name the 4 components: vasoconstriction, platelet plug, clotting, fabricates 2 inflammation: name the 4 symptoms: red hot swell pain 3 granulation: making new cells 4 maturation: scar What type of blood cell is low in anaemia? Rbc What is the most common cause of anaemia? Loss of blood Low iron causes ferropenic anaemia. The size of the rbc is small and the colour is pale low vitamin b12 causes rbc to be big in size What is leukaemia? To much production of wbc In leukaemia the blood is crowded by white blood cells. What problem can this cause? Destroys and targets everything in the system What organ produces most of the clotting factors? Liver What happens when a person has a failure of this organ? That their blood will not clot ad they will bleed easily Name 3 common blood thinning medication 1 anti-platelet aggregator - asprin 2 anti-clotting medications - clexanne warfrin What vitamin is essential for blood clotting? Vit K What is the antidote for warfarin? Vit K What lab test do people on warfarin often require? INR What is the normal range in people with clotting problems? 2-3 What is the antidote for heparin or enoxaparin? Protamine Name 4 types of shock and 1 cause for each Hypovolemic - loss of blood Cardiogenic shock - heart attack Obstructive shock - something blocks the blood vessels Distributive shock - effects blood vessels and blood distribution Relate blood loss percentage to hypovolemic shock stages Stage 1 15 percent blood is lost vital signs are norma Stage 2 25 percent of blood is lost vital signs are low BP with low temp but high HR and RR Stage 3 35 percent of blood is lost vital signs are low BP with Low temp and high HR and RR Stage 4 is 45 percent of blood is lost vital signs are all low and death is immanent Gastrointestinal System Name the structures of the gastrointestinal system in order from mouth to anus in order Mouth Throat pharynx/oesophagus stomach Small intestine Large intestine rectum Anus Where in the gastroinstestinal tract do the following process happen Ingestion - mouth Digestion - stomach Absorption - small intestine Elimination - rectum An ulcer can effect any of the 3 layers of the stomach. Can you name them? Mucosa Muscle Serosa Name 3 protective factors from ulcers Mucus lining Strong stomach epithelium (Stomach Lining) Good mucosal blood flow Name 3 damaging factors that cause ulcers? Smoking Alcohol Toxic substances Acid reflux pain may be confused for angina What is the most common antinausea medication given in hospital? Ondansetron Name 2 side effects? Stomach cramps and headaches Name 4 types of incontinence and 1 cause of each Stress - sneezing Urge - a strong urge to urinate Overflow - bladder doesn’t empty completely leading to frequent dribbling of urine Functional - caused by physical or cognitive impairment What can nurses do to prevent problems related to incontinence? Name the problem and the intervention Stress - pelvic floor exercises Urge - bladder training delaying urination after the urge, reduce caffeine and alcohol and maybe give medication Overflow - bladder training like double voiding and medications to relax the bladder Functional - asking if they need to go to the toilet What is cystitis? UTI Name 3 symptoms - red hot pain What is pyelonephritis - kidney infection Name 3 symptoms - fever, chills, backpain What is ectopic pregnancy? Embryo attaches outside the uterus Name 3 forms of contraception and name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for each Birth control pill - highly effective at preventing pregnancy - daily medication and irregular cycles Condoms - protects against both pregnancy and STI's - constant and correct use every time IUD - long acting and highly effective can last for years - insertion can be uncomfortable and may cause irregular bleeding can be dislodged What are the risks to health of an ectopic pregnancy? Internal bleeding, rupture of oragns, shock and death There are 3 types of acute renal injury based on where the problem is name 1 casue for each type Pre renal - prolonged or profound hypotension Intra renal - nephrotoxicity drugs Post renal - blockage, UTI Chronic renal injury nay be divided into 5 stages based on the remaining ability of the kidneys to filter, known as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Stage 1 GFR is 90% Stage 2 GFR is 60-90% Stage 3 GFR is 30-60% Stage 4 GFR is 15-30% Stage 5 GFR is