Macromolecules and Enzymes - Copy (1).pptx PDF

UNIT D: BODY SYSTEMS MISS WEISENSEL Digestive system Respiratory System Circulatory System Immune System Excretory System Muscular System  AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. LINKS: COM/WATCH?V=GEUU-A 2WFSE...

UNIT D: BODY SYSTEMS MISS WEISENSEL Digestive system Respiratory System Circulatory System Immune System Excretory System Muscular System  AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. LINKS: COM/WATCH?V=GEUU-A 2WFSE DIGESTIV E SYSTEM CHAPTER 6 HOMEOSTASIS HOMEOSTASIS IS DEFINED AS THE DYNAMIC CONSTANCY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THE TERM “DYNAMIC” IS USED BECAUSE CONDITIONS IN A LIVING ORGANISM FLUCTUATE WITHIN LIMITS HOMEOSTASIS HOMEOSTASIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE, AND MOST OF THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF THE VERTEBRATE BODY THAT ARE NOT DEVOTED TO REPRODUCTION ARE CONCERNED WITH MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS. TO MAINTAIN INTERNAL CONSISTENCY, THE HUMAN BODY MUST HAVE SENSORS THAT ARE ABLE TO MEASURE EACH CONDITION OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. THESE SENSORS CONSTANTLY MONITOR THE EXTRACELLULAR CONDITIONS AND RELAY THIS INFORMATION TO A CONTROL CENTER, WHICH MAINTAINS THE “SET POINT” (THE PROPER VALUE FOR THAT CONDITION). THE CONTROL CENTER IS OFTEN A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD. HOWEVER, IT CAN ALSO BE CELLS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS.  HOMEOSTASIS THE CONTROL CENTER RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM SEVERAL SENSORS, WEIGHING THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF CONT. EACH SENSOR INPUT, AND THEN DETERMINES WHETHER THE VALUE OF THE CONDITION IS DEVIATING FROM THE SET POINT. WHEN A DEVIATION IN A CONDITION OCCURS (THIS IS CALLED THE STIMULUS), THE INTEGRATING CENTER SENDS A MESSAGE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE ACTIVITY OF PARTICULAR EFFECTORS EFFECTORS ARE GENERALLY MUSCLES OR GLANDS AND CAN CHANGE THE VALUE OF THE CONDITION IN QUESTIONS BACK TO THE “SET POINT”. THIS IS CALLED THE RESPONSE. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS MAINTAIN A STATE OF HOMEOSTASIS, OR DYNAMIC CONSTANCY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, BY CORRECTING DEVIATIONS FROM A SET POINT. IN TERMS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, A SENSOR DETECTS A CHANGE THAT DISRUPTS A BALANCED STATE AND SIGNALS A CONTROL CENTRE. THE CONTROL CENTRE THEN ACTIVATES AN EFFECTOR, WHICH REVERSES THE CHANGE AND RESTORES THE BALANCED STATE.  Nutritio n Facts Canada’s Food Guide: https://food-guide.c anada.ca/en/?wbdis able=true HOW TO READ FOOD LABELS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS HTTPS://FOOD-GUIDE.CANADA. CA/EN/HEALTHY-EATING-RECOM MENDATIONS/USING-FOOD-LAB ELS/  MACROMOLECULES (6.1) A cell is mostly water, the rest consists mostly of large (macro) carbon-based molecules (organic) needed for life functions (Mr. Green). Body fluids are mostly water which diffuses easily from inside to outside the cell. MACROMOLECULES ARE LARGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS 4 CATEGORIES: CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS MANY ARE POLYMERS; LONG CHAINS OF SMALLER SIMILAR CHEMICAL SUBUNITS; THAT CAN BE MADE THROUGH DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND BROKEN APART BY HYDROLYSIS  AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO MACROMOLECULES HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. LINKS: COM/WATCH?V=YO244P1 E9QM MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS AND STARCH LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL PROTEINS PEPTIDES AMINO ACIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA/RNA Made up of atoms: C, H with O, N, S are polymers (many), large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers (single). Dehydration Synthesis /Hydrolysis Assembling Disassembling Macromolecules Macromolecules Formation of a water A water molecule is molecule is a result the added and “broken” to union of hydroxide ions reform simple (OH-) and hydrogen ions molecules. (H+) when two simple molecules are bonded.  DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS & HYDROLYSIS: VIDEO HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=JRMNBZ LINKS: OKNH0 WHAT IS ANABOLISM - WHAT IS CATABOLISM: HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=CGAZF_ 7NG2E  produced by living things, 1) consisting of the elements Carbohydrat of C, H and O in a 1:2:1 es ratio Function: essential short and long term energy for living organisms. a) Sugars Monosaccharides Glucose – Simplest form produced by plants – Examples Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6 Galactose C6H12O6 Fructos e Disaccharide Two monosaccharide molecules bonded by dehydration synthesis reaction. Sucrose- made up of glucose and fructose Lactose- made up of galactose and glucose Maltose- made up of glucose and glucose b) Starches Polysaccharides Polymers (chains) of monosaccharide s joined by dehydration synthesis Essential energy storage in plants and animals  EXAMPLES OF STARCHES: AMYLOSE = ENERGY STORED IN PLANT STARCH GLYCOGEN- ENERGY STORED IN ANIMALS FOUND IN LIVER AND MUSCLE CELLS. CELLULOSE = ENERGY STORED IN CELL WALLS  Amylose Cellulose  Polysaccharide Starch, cellulose, glycogen  Starch Simple sugars. Place Place substance into substance test tube add in test tube water and mix. Lab Test add water Add 6 drops of for the if dry and Benedict’s presence mix solution to test Add one to tube (turquoise of: color) WB pg.5 two drops Place test tube of iodine in hot water solution to bath for one test tube. minute. (brown If a green, color) yellow, or orange color If a appears a black/blue simple sugar color is present. appears  Function: Molecules that 2) build cell membranes, build Lipids/Fats steroids and hormones and are used for insulation Made of C, H, and O atoms Most are not soluble in water  MADE OF ONE GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY A) NEUTRAL ACID MOLECULES FATS AND CALLED A OILS TRIGLYCERIDE Saturated (animal fat = solid) Single bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains. Unsaturated (plant oil = liquid) A double bond between carbons in one fatty acid chain.  Lipids that contain 2 fatty acids and one phosphate attached to a glycerol molecule. B) PHOSPHOLIP It is partially soluble in water. IDS Needed for cell membranes  Needed to build parts of cells and hormones. C) STEROIDS Examples include progesterone, cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen  Not soluble in water d) Waxes Used to waterproof feathers, fur and leaves Lubricates ear drum Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more DOUBLE bonds  Describe how to test for the presence of Test for lipids in a food/ substance. lipids Remember to indicate what a positive result looks like.  the main material that make up cell parts, which serve 3) many functions in the body. PROTEINS are complex molecules and perform most of the tasks the body needs to function. The 3D shape determines the specific function VIDEO AMOEBA SISTERS: PROTEIN STRUCTURE LINKS: HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=HOK2HY ED9GO  Amino Acids are made up of an amino group, a carbon chain and a carboxyl group (acid group)  Polypeptide Chain: Peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next.  A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment. An unfavorable change in Concerns temperature, pH, or some other quality of the : environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape. This is called denaturation of the protein.  One of the reasons why extremely high fevers are so dangerous is that some proteins in the body become denatured above about 42°C. Each kind of protein has a unique primary structure and therefore a unique shape that enables it to do a certain job in a cell.  Proteins Primary- sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain Secondary- alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Tertiary structure- 3D shape of the protein. Determined by how the side chains interact with within the protein Quaternary structure- the association of several protein chains or subunits into a tight arrangement. Ie- Hemoglobin (made up of 4 proteins and actin and  Test for presence of proteins: Biuret Test: Add a few drops of biuret solution to a prepared mixture. If the biuret (blue) turns purple/violet protein is present. 4) Nucleic Heredity material Acids that is made of units of nucleotides to form nucleic acids  TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS A) DNA = DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID B) RNA = RIBO NUCLEIC ACID nucleotides consists of : phosphate, sugar and A nitrogen base Nucleotides joined together to form long chains called Nucleic Acids.  Macromolecule Review: Put the following into the correct category Starch Fats Phospholipid Wax Sugars Steroids Fatty acids Monosaccharide Amino acids Polypeptide Peptide Hair/nails Polysaccharide Glycerol Oils Glycogen Amylose Cellulose DNA Triglyceride Enzymes RNA Disaccharide  Macromolecule Review: Proteins Answer KeyCarbohydrates Amino acids Starch Hair/nails Disaccharide Enzymes Amylose Peptide &Polypeptide Sugars Lipids Glycogen Phospholipid Cellulose Fats Monosaccharide Glycerol Polysaccharide Oils Nucleic Acids Fatty acids RNA/DNA Triglyceride Steroids & Wax  Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids – Sugars – Fats and oils – Polysaccharides – Phospholipids – Steroids Proteins – Wax – Amino acids – polypeptides Nucleic Acids – DNA Vitamins and – RNA Minerals – Vitamins (organic) – Minerals (inorganic)  Macromolecules virtual lab see handout to complete on D2L: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =sLP8dcnWnJg MACROMOLECUL ES LAB: Simulations: proteins, carbohydrates, fats: http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79 &brch=17&sim=205&cnt=4 Starches: http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79 &brch=15&sim=121&cnt=4  DEFINE: ENZYME ENZYMES: CATALYST (2 BENEFITS) PAGE 214 ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE  AMOEBA SISTERS: ENZYMES VIDEO HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=QGVFKR N8F10 LINKS: ENZYME FUNCTION AND INHIBITION HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=C5J6EXH LFD8 Enzyme: body’s natural proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of a reaction to help digest food. Catalyst: a chemical that -Use less NRG speeds up a chemical reaction but not used in the -Maintain temperatur ENZYMES e, etc. reaction. Easily identified: end with “ase” or “in” ENZYMES REACTIONS IN THE BODY PROCEED SLOWLY, NEED A WAY TO SPEED THEM UP ONE WAY WOULD BE TO INCREASE TEMPERATURE, BUT WE ARE LIMITED TO A SPECIFIC BODY TEMPERATURE. WHY? THEREFORE, WE NEED A CATALYST PROTEINS MADE BY CELLS THAT ACT AS CATALYSTS ARE CALLED ENZYMES  HOW DO ENZYMES WORK? EACH ENZYME HAS A SPECIFIC 3D SHAPE THAT FITS A SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE THE ACTIVE SITE IS THE PART OF THE ENZYME THAT BINDS TO THE SUBSTRATE WHEN THE SUBSTRATE BINDS TO THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME, THE SUBSTRATE BECOMES LESS STABLE AND WILL MORE LIKELY FOR NEW BONDS (IE- A NEW SUBSTANCE)  FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYMES  COFACTORS (INORGANIC SUBSTANCES) SUCH AS, IRON, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND ZINC SOME OR ENZYMES REQUIRE: COENZYMES (ORGANIC MOLECULES) TO HELP THEM BIND TO THE SUBSTRATE. (VITAMIN D, K,C)  4 factors FACTORS AFFECTIN Interpret the graphs G ENZYMES: What are PAGES 215 inhibitors? - 216 Competitive Non-competitive Factors that Affect Enzyme activity Enzymes have optimal environmental conditions that favor their ability to cause a reaction. 1. Optimal Temperature- usually works best between 350C– 400C. 2. Optimal pH – usually prefer pH 6-8, however, pH 2 is required by pepsin to work in the human stomach. 3. Enzyme activity can be affected by the concentration of the substrate molecules o The greater concentration of substrate the greater chance of enzyme binding to it. 4. Enzymes may have competition or Inhibitors. a. Competitive inhibitors are chemicals which “fit in” and block the active site of the enzyme. Slowing down reactions Example: poison b. Non-competitive inhibitors are chemicals which attach to the enzyme and cause a physical change, inhibiting the binding of the substrate and enzyme. Reaction will slow or even stop. Example: nerve gas ENZYMES LAB: Enzymes virtual lab Simulation see handout to complete on D2L: https://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/ dl/free/0078802849/383930/BL_11.htm l Complete questions 1-10 on page 216 REVIEW How can you determine the presence of each macromolecule?