Geography Standard Six PDF - Maharashtra Text Book

 (A) A Specimen of a Student’s Activity Sheet (B) A Specimen of a Student’s Activity Sheet (This is a specimen, not a model sheet. Help the children to correct their errors, if any.) Sanction no. : MSCERT/avivi/sp/2015-16/1673 Date : 06/04/2016 G...

 (A) A Specimen of a Student’s Activity Sheet (B) A Specimen of a Student’s Activity Sheet (This is a specimen, not a model sheet. Help the children to correct their errors, if any.) Sanction no. : MSCERT/avivi/sp/2015-16/1673 Date : 06/04/2016 GEOGRAPHY STANDARD SIX Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA APP on a smartphone by using the Q. R. Code given on title page of the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of the relevant lesson will be available through the Q. R. Code given in each lesson of this textbook.  ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY- STANDARD VI - LEARNING OUTCOMES Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes The learner may be provided opportunities in The learner- pairs/groups/individually and encouraged to : Understand concepts like angular distance, 06.73G.01 Visualizes the angular distances in latitudes and longitudes, etc. three dimensions. Using globe for understanding latitudes and 06.73G.02 Identifies latitudes and longitudes, for longitudes. example, the Poles, the equator and Using map/technology to find out the location the tropics. of country/state/district/ village/school, etc. 06.73G.03 Shows location and extent with the help of latitudes and longitudes in the map and globe. Explaining the climate of a place with the help 06.73G.04 Differentiates between climate and of daily winds. weather. Discussing various elements of weather. 06.73G.05 Explains the factors affecting Identifying the average temperature of a place temperature. with the help of isotherms on a map. 06.73G.06 Thinks about the curvature of the Correlating the distribution of sunrays and the isotherms on the map. temperature zones. 06.73G.07 Understands / explains the global Making note of temperatures in the newspapers distribution of temperature on the and with the help of thermometers. basis of thermal zones. 06.73G.08 Records temperatures accurately and interprets them. Understand the importance of oceans and 06.73G.09 Explains the importance of oceans to discuss the reasons behind marine pollution. mankind with examples. Using maps to show oceans on world outline 06.73G.10 Shows oceans on maps and globes. maps. Collect various types of rock samples. 06.73G.11 Explains differences in rock types. Obtain information regarding the rocks found 06.73G.12 Identifies rock types with the help of in the surrounding, rocks used in making pictures. historical monuments, houses, etc. 06.73G.13 Explains the rock types in Maharashtra Explain the distribution of rock types in with the help of map. Maharashtra with the help of a map of Maharashtra. Explaining the use of natural resources giving 06.73G.14 Analyses the uneven distribution of examples. natural resources on earth. Discussing that the judicious use of the reserves 06.73G.15 Explains the dependence of living of natural resources is necessary. organisms on natural resources. Collect information regarding the distribution 06.73G.16 Supports the judicious use of natural of various natural resources like land, soil, resources. water, natural vegetation, minerals, energy resources, etc,. and relating it with India and the world.  Give examples of process-based and substance- 06.73G.17 Classifies energy resources. based energy resources. 06.73G.18 Shows the distribution of important Suggesting measures to conserve energy energy resources like mineral oil and resources. coal. Correlating on the basis of the differences 06.73G.19 Classifies various human occupations. between various occupations. 06.73G.20 Correlates various human occupations. Interpreting the pie charts showing various occupations. Visiting an occupation in the locality, collecting information and discussing it. Understand the difference between uses of 06.73G.21 Tells the difference between a globe maps and globes. and a map. 06.73G.22 Uses maps and globes. Collecting information regarding various 06.73G.23 Verifies the information regarding occupations by visiting them and correlating occupations through field –visits. them.  CONTENTS Expected S. No. Chapters Area Page No. Number of Periods 1. The Earth and the Graticule General Geography 01 10 2. Let us Use the Graticule General Geography 10 10 Comparing a Globe and a Map; 3. Practical Geography 16 12 Field Visits 4. Weather and Climate Physical Geography 19 06 5. Temperature Physical Geography 23 10 6. Importance of Oceans Physical Geography 31 10 7. Rocks and Rock Types Physical Geography 40 10 8. Natural Resources Human Geography 45 10 9. Energy Resources Human Geography 51 10 10. Human Occupations Human Geography 60 10 Glossary 66-69 S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2016. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand and Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copyright holders (©) but we have not heard from them. We will be pleased to acknowledge the copyright holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them. Front Cover : A girl and a boy hugging a globe. Back Cover :Various photographs according to the content of the chapters. (1) Mining (2) Samples of rocks (3) Modern weather instruments (4 ) Bhedaghat (5) Power generation centre (6) Collection of rubber latex (7) Coconut grove (8) Agriculture (9) Water transport (10) Pollution of sea water and air due to oil spill and fire.  - For Teachers - 3 To begin with, get familiar with the textbook given in the chapters. Please ensure that it yourself. helps to create interest in the subject. 3 Please plan carefully and independently for 2 The present book has been prepared for the activities in each chapter. Please do not constructivist and activity-based teaching. teach without planning. Please do not teach the lessons in the book by just reading them aloud. 3 The teaching-learning interactions, processes and participation of all students are very 3 Follow the order of the chapters as given in necessary and so is your active guidance. the contents because the concepts have been introduced in a graded manner to facilitate 3 Please use the geographical teaching aids in knowledge-building. the school as required for the appropriate understanding of the subject. It is necessary 3 Do not use the boxes titled ‘Do you know?’ to use the globe, the maps of the World, India for evaluation. and the State, atlases and thermometers. 3 A glossary is given at the end of the book. Detailed information of important 3 Though the number of chapters has been geographical terms / concepts in the chapters reduced, the number of periods required for is given in this glossary. The words are given each chapter has been given a thought. alphabetically. The words included in the Abstract concepts are difficult to follow and glossary are enclosed in blue highlights in the therefore you are expected to use the given chapters, e.g. Bhuvan (Chapter 1, Page 7) number of periods fully. This will help the students to assimilate the content without 3 Some websites have been given for reference feeling the ‘burden of learning’. at the end of the chapter and the glossary. Also, a list of references used is also given. 3 Like other social sciences, geographical You as well as the students are expected to concepts too are not easy to understand. use these references. These references will Major concepts of geography have a scientific surely help you to go beyond the textbook. base and they deal with abstractions. Please bear in mind that extra reading is Encourage group work, learning through always helpful for understanding any subject each other’s help, etc. Facilitate peer learning in depth. as much as possible by reorganizing the class 3 Use thought-provoking, activity-oriented, structure frequently. open-ended, multiple choice questions for 3 You will find that the character ‘Globee’ evaluation. Some examples are given at the appears in different boxes and instructions end of the chapters in the ‘exercises’. - For Students - The character ‘Globee’ will meet you in every chapter. Have you guessed who he is ? He will help in the various tasks you are expected to do. Try to follow his instructions.  1. The Earth and the Graticule Make friends with maps! Graham Michico Natalia Shahid Enrike Minakshi Katya Figure 1.1 : World Observe figure 1.1 and answer the following Graham, Katya, Michico, Natalia, Minakshi, questions: Shahid and Enrike have answered the above y Which places are shown on the map? questions differently using directions and y In which city is the Taj Mahal located? subdirections. The Taj Mahal is located at one and y In which continent is the Taj Mahal located? the same place and that is Agra. However, when y In which direction is the Taj Mahal located for each one of the children told the direction from their Graham in St. Petersburg, for Katya in Kimberley, respective places, their answers were different. for Michico in Tokyo and Minakshi in Port Blair? This means that the use of directions alone does y Shahid in Agra is specifying the directions in not help us to accurately describe the location of which the others live. How will he express them? a place. That is why, it became necessary to find y In what direction will Natalia in Rome and a new system to state the precise location of any Enrike in Lima say the other child lives? Will their place on the earth. answers be the same? Let us see what it is! 1  * Angular Distance N. Think a little! Observe the globe in your school. Think about the following questions and then discuss them. y There are some vertical and horizontal lines on the globe. Which of these lines are more in number? y What labels do these lines have? What similarities and differences do you see in the labels? Equatorial Plane y Will it be possible to actually draw such S. lines on the earth? Figure 1.3 : Angular Distance -1 Explanation The location of any place on the earth is determined with reference to the centre of the earth. In 12714 Kilometres order to do it, we consider a straight line joining the point on the surface and the centre of the earth. At the centre, it makes an angle with the plane of the equator. The measure of this angle is used in determining the locations. For example, in figure 1.3, the measure of 12756 Kilometres angle XMV is 30°. That is, its angular distance from the equator is 30°. Look at the figure and tell the angular distance of ‘Y’ from the equator. Figure 1.3 shows another plane. It passes through X. It is parallel to the plane of the equator. Observe figure 1.3 and see how it meets the surface Figure 1.2 : Earth’s Size of the earth. Note that it forms a circle on the surface. Figure 1.2 shows the lengths of the east- Any point on this circle and the equatorial plane form west and north-south diameters of the earth. an angle of 30° at the centre of the earth. This will give you some idea about the size of the earth. Oceanic waters, uneven nature Do it yourself ! of the land, forests, innumerable islands Use figure 1.4 for the following: of different sizes, and buildings make it impossible to actually draw such lines on the y In the upper portion of the circle, at the centre X, earth. In order to overcome this difficulty, draw angles of 20°, V1X K1 and V2X K2 ; K1 and geographers developed a miniature model of K2 being the points on the circle. Draw an ellipse the earth in the form of a globe. This can be joining K1 and K2. used to determine locations on the earth. One y In the lower half of the circle, mark angles of 60° can actually draw horizontal and vertical lines and name the points on the circle as P1 and P2. on a globe though not on the earth. Thus, they y Draw an ellipse joining P1 and P2. are imaginary lines on the earth. 2  North Earth’s Axis North Earth’s Centre 70° 80° 90° 80° 70° 60° 60° 50° 50° 40° 40° 30° 30° 20° 20° 10° 10° X V1 V2 0° 0° Axial Angle Equator Equatorial Plane South Figure 1.5 : Parallels of Latitude Figure 1.4 South the equator as shown in figure 1.5. That is why, the Can you tell? equator is considered as 0° parallel. It is the largest parallel, and also a great circle. The angular distance y Are the distances between K1 K2 and P1 P2 the of other parallels towards north and south goes on same? increasingg away from the equator. y Compare the distances XK1 and XP2. Are these distances the same or are they different? y Now compare the ellipses you have drawn. Use your brain power! y Which is the larger ellipse? Why? Explain the meaning of the term equator. Explanation The equator bisects the earth into north and * Parallels of Latitude south parts. The one to the north is called the You must have realized that the ellipse drawn northern hemisphere while the one to the south by joining the 20° points is larger than the ellipse is called the southern hemisphere. Towards that joins the 60° points. However, the distances the north and south of the equator, parallels of X K1 and X P2 are the same. This is because we are latitude progressively become smaller and smaller. dealing with a sphere. On the globe (and also on the earth), at the north and south ends of the earth’s axis, they appear as Note that though these lines appear to be points. These are called the North Pole and the ellipses in the diagram, on the globe they are South Pole respectively. circles. The circles thus created at some angular While mentioning the value of a parallel, it is distance from the centre of the earth are parallel necessary to mention whether it is in the northern to one another. Hence, they are called parallels of or southern hemisphere. The parallels from the these latitudes. The values of parallels are angular northern hemisphere are referred to as 5°N, 15°N, measures expressed in degrees. 30°N, 50°N whereas the parallels from the southern The degrees of the parallels are measured from hemisphere are referred to as 5°S, 15°S, 30°S, 50°S. 3  90° North Pole Earth’s Axis 30° North Latitude 30° North Latitude 0° Pr e ud im it ng eM. lo ° W er idi 90 an Cairo ž1A?4‚1ž: New Orleans 30° East Longitude Latitude ,C›7@G ĵCentre Earth’s Ï 30° 90° Longitude Harare Equator Durban Equatorial Plane 20° South Parallel Figure 1.6 : Earth’s Angular Measurements A line joining all the places located to the north of the equator at an angular distance of 30° Do it yourself ! is 30° north parallel. Hence, all the places on this parallel will be at the same latitude, which is 30°N. y Take an orange and peel off its skin. You will New Orleans in North America, Cairo in Africa or see the segments inside and thin vertical lines Basra and Lhasa in Asia are all located on 30°N parallel. The same concept holds good for all other on them. parallels. See figure 1.6. y Carefully take out one segment. Observe the One can draw 181 parallels on the earth at the segment and the gap it has left in the orange. interval of 1°. See figure 1.7 y At 0°, that is, the equator. y See if the shape of the central and terminal y 90 parallels in the northern hemisphere -1°N portion of the segment is the same or different. to 90°N. y See if the angle of the gap is the same at all y 90 parallels in the southern hemisphere -1°S points. to 90°S. y Find how many segments are there in an orange. 4  Figure 1.7 y An orange is spherical, with a circular cross being spherical, we consider 360° with section. There are 360° in a circle. The earth respect to the earth as well. semicircle that passes through B and joins the North and South Poles. Trace it. y Now join MC. Measure AMC and write it next to C. Draw a semicircle that passes through ‘C’ and joins the North and South Poles. y Draw a line that passes through point A at 0°, and joins the North and South Poles. North Pole Figure 1.8 : Angular Distance - 2 In figure 1.8, ABC, DEF, GHI have the same measure, 50°. However, the distances between Equator A and C, D and F and G and I, are different when M measured on the earth’s surface. That is because B A C the earth is spherical in shape. Do it yourself ! Use figure 1.9 to do the following: Let the line AM be 0°. y Draw the line MB. Measure the angle it makes South Pole with the line AM and write it near B. Note the Figure 1.9 5  Explanation The distance between any two adjacent parallels is 111 km on the surface of the earth. * Meridians of Longitude The distance between two adjacent meridians You will realize that the lines drawn from is also 111 km on the equator. To locate the points A, B and C make angles at M, the centre places within this distance of 111 km exactly, we of the earth on the plane of the equator. Through need to divide the unit degree into smaller units. these points, we can draw semicircles joining both Degrees are divided into minutes, and minutes the poles. Starting with point A, we can draw into seconds. Conventionally, latitudes and similar semicircles through points placed at each longitudes are expressed into degrees, minutes degree. These semicircles are known as meridians and seconds. Each degree is divided into 60 of longitude. minutes and a minute into 60 seconds. These One of these meridians is considered to values are expressed using the symbols degrees be 0°. It is known as the Prime Meridian. The (…°), minutes (…'), seconds (…''). angular distances of the other meridians from In all, we can draw 360 meridians, each at the Prime Meridian are measured in degrees and a distance of 1°. are called longitudes. You have done this in the activity based on figure 1.9. The 0° and 180° y 0° Prime Meridian meridians lie opposite on the globe, forming a y 180° meridian circle. This circle divides the earth in the eastern y 1° East to 179° East meridians. Thus, and western hemispheres. All meridians are equal we have 179 meridians in the eastern in size. hemisphere. Meridians in the eastern hemisphere are y 1° West to 179° West meridians. Thus, 179 labelled as 10° E, 25° E, 135° E, etc. while in the meridians in the western hemisphere. western hemisphere they are labelled as 10° W, 25° W, 135° W etc. 30° E is the semicircle that joins all places Think a little! at an angular distance of 30° from the Prime A game of reading the meridians on the world Meridian. Some of them are Cairo, Harare and map is going on. Shaheen and Sanket are Durban in Africa. See figure 1.6. asking each other to locate places on specific Though the earth is huge in size, we can tell meridians and are making notes of the same. the exact location of places on the earth using Shaheen asks Sanket to locate Wrangel Island latitudes and longitudes. Note that the distance on 180° meridian. Sanket could locate the between two adjacent parallels is the same island in the map but both are confused while everywhere but the distance between two adjacent making a note of it. They are puzzled whether meridians is not the same everywhere. We can to write 180°E or 180°W? What would be the see this even on the segment of an orange. The precise answer? Please help them. Can we use distance between the meridians is the maximum a similar logic with reference to 0° meridian on the equator and goes on reducing towards the as well? Poles. At the Poles it is zero. 6  longitudes. This technology is also available on Do you know? mobile phones and motor cars. The distance between any two consecutive meridians is different on different parallels. It is maximum on the equator and it is zero on both the Poles. Equator – 111km. Tropic of Cancer/Capricorn – 102 km. Polar circles (Arctic / Antarctic) – 44 km Poles (North / South) – 0 km * The Graticule Figure 1.11 : G.P.S. Instrument Fig Do you know? Indian Regional Positioning System: India has achieved self-reliance in Global Positioning Technology. With the help of IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), locating any place in the Indian subcontinent is going to be easy. For this, India is launching its own series of 7 satellites. It will then be possible to locate any place in the region of South Asia and the Indian Ocean precisely. Figure 1.10 : The Graticule The parallels and meridians on the globe form Use your brain power! a net that is called a graticule. This facilitates How many parallels and meridians can be determining the location of a place. See figure 1.10 drawn on a globe at an interval of 10°? Thus we use latitude and longitude for determining the locations on the earth. This method is being used even I can do this! in today’s modern age quite effectively. Geographical Information System (GIS), y Express the angular measures of latitude and longitude on a globe/map. Global Positioning System (GPS) as also y Read parallels of latitude and meridians of Google Maps, Wikimapia and Bhuvan of ISRO longitude. on the internet also make use of latitudes and y Draw a graticule on a spherical object. 7  Exercises (A) Place a tick mark 3 against the correct option. (C) Find the correct graticule out of the following (1) What term is used for the imaginary east- and put a tick mark 3 against it. west horizontal lines on the earth? N Meridians International Date Line Parallels (2) What is the shape of the meridians? Circular Semicircular Points (3) What do the parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude together form on the globe? Angular distance Hemisphere Graticule S N (4) How many parallels are there in the northern hemisphere? 90 89 91 (5) Which circle forms the eastern and western hemispheres? 0° parallel and 180° meridian 0° Prime Meridian and 180° meridian North and South Polar circles (6) Which circle appears as a point on the globe? S N Equator North / South Pole Prime Meridian (7) How many places on the earth may be located on 45°N parallel ? one many two (B) Observe a globe and examine the following statements. Correct the wrong ones. (1) Parallels of latitude lie parallel to the Prime Meridian. S N (2) All parallels of latitude converge at the equator. (3) Parallels and meridians are imaginary lines. (4) 8° 4' 65'' is a north meridians. (5) Meridians are parallel to each other. S 8 (D) Answer the following : (1) How will you express the latitude and longitude of the North Pole? Look at the photographs. (2) How much is the angular distance between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn? (3) Using a globe, write down the names of the countries through which the equator passes. (4) Write down the main uses of the graticule. (E) Complete the following table. * Activity Characteristics Parallels of Meridians of Try to draw a graticule on a ball. latitude longitude Shape Size Size of each parallel is different. Distance Distance between two meridians is larger on the equator and the same decreases towards the Graticule for special children. Poles. Websites for reference y http://www.kidsgeog.com yhttp://www.wikihow.com yhttp://www.youtube.com yhttps://earth.google.com 9  2. Let us Use the Graticule Make friends with the globe! y Which oceans are spread in all the four hemispheres? y Which continents are spread in all the four hemispheres? y At which two parallels do all the meridians converge? When we talk about various places, regions, rivers, roads, etc. we are actually talking with reference to the earth. The location of a place, the extent of a region and the extent of any linear Figure 2.1 : The Globe feature can be described precisely with the help of Observe the globe and answer the following. parallels and meridians. Let us see how to use the y What are the horizontal lines on the globe graticule for this purpose. called? Verify the following description with the help y List the continents and oceans through which of a world map or a globe in the school. the equator passes. y While describing the location of a place, we y Encircle the intersection of 0° meridian and 0° need to consider only one parallel and one parallel on the globe. ARCTIC OCEAN EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ASIA AFRICA ATL 0° PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN 0° AN TIC SOUTH O AMERICA CEA AUSTRALIA N SOUTHERN OCEAN ANTARCTICA Figure 2.2 : World Map The Equator and the Prime Meridian are labelled in degrees in figure 2.2. Can you write the values of other meridians and parallels? 10  meridian, e.g., Delhi is located at 28°36' 50'' N y Which latitude and longitude define the location latitude and 77°12' 3'' E longitude. of the capital of Brazil – Brasilia? y For describing the extent of a region we need y What would be the longitudinal extent of Brazil to consider two parallels and two meridians at that spreads from 5° 15' N to 33° 45' S latitude? the extreme ends of the region. For example, y In which hemispheres does Brazil extend in the the extent of Australia is described as north - south direction? 10°30' S to 43°39' S latitude and 113° E to 153° E longitude. y In which hemisphere does Brazil extend in the east - west direction? y For describing the extent of linear features like a river, road etc., we need to consider y Which parallels and meridians should be used the latitude and longitude of their terminal to describe the extent of River Sao Francisco? points. For example, the River Nile in Africa y Describe the location of Marajo island using originates in Lake Victoria, flows north the graticule. and meets the Mediterranean Sea near the city of Alexandria in Egypt. The location Make friends with maps! of Lake Victoria is 0° 45' 21''S latitude and 33° 26' 18''E longitude. Similarly, the location of Alexandria is 31°12' N latitude and 29° 55'07''E longitude. These latitudes and longitudes are considered to describe the extent of the River Nile. This extent is from 0°45'S latitude and 33°26'E longitude (origin) to 31°12'N latitude and 29°55'E longitude (up to the mouth). * Let’s use the graticule. Answer the following questions about location and extent with the help of figure 2.3. Figure 2.3 : Map of Brazil 11 * Important Parallels and Meridians North Pole 90° 66° 30' N (Arctic Circle) 0° Longitude 180° Longitude Area of very slanting rays (Duration of day more than 24 hours) 23° 30' N (Tropic of Cancer) Area of slanting rays (Day up to 24 hours) Area of perpendicular rays 0° (Equator) 23° 30'S (Tropic of Capricorn ) 66° 30' S (Antarctic Circle) 90° South Pole Figure 2.4 : Important Circles Let us get acquainted with some important parallels and meridians. Think a little! y All places between 23° 30' north and south of equator receive perpendicular rays on two days Which important parallel passes in a year. Other areas of the earth never get through India? Which areas do not get perpendicular rays. The parallels at 23° 30' N perpendicular sunrays? Which region and 23° 30' S of equator are called receives perpendicular rays on two days Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn respectively. in a year? Show these regions by different colours on a map of India. y The parallels at 66° 30' north and south of the equator are also important parallels. In the appearance in the sky can be of six months area between these two parallels, throughout at the Poles based on the seasons. During this the year, daytime lasts within the limit of 24 period, the sun continues to move in a spiral on hours. These are called the Arctic Circle and the horizon. the Antarctic Circle respectively. We have seen in Std V that the earth’s axis is y Depending on the seasons, daytime (sun being visible in the sky) can be greater than 24 hours inclined. These important parallels arise because in the areas between the polar circles and the of its inclination by 23° 30'. Poles. The maximum duration of the sun’s y Due to the duration and intensity of sunlight, 12  Do you know? Vatican City is 41° 54' 30 '' N known as the smallest 12° 21 ' 30'' E country in the world. It is spread over an area of 0.44 sq. km. This country is located within Italy on the Italian peninsula. See the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of this country in figure 2.5. From west to east and also from north to south, there is no difference in the 12° 21 ' 00 '' E degrees or minutes of latitude or longitude but the difference is only in seconds. From this, you will get an 41° 54 ' 00 '' N idea about the use of the smaller units of minutes and seconds in Figure 2.5 : Map of Vatican City angular measurements. different temperature zones are formed on the The International Date Line is marked with earth. These zones give rise to pressure belts. reference to this meridian. y Variation in the intensity of sunlight leads to y The equator as well as all pairs of opposite regional diversity in plant and animal life. meridians form Great Circles. Great Circles are y The 0° longitude or Prime Meridian is an used for finding the minimum distance between important meridian. The main purpose of this is any two places on the surface of the earth. to fix the global standard time and coordinate the standard times of different countries. This meridian is also called as Greenwich Meridian. Think a little! Global standard time is known as GMT – (1) Find on the globe, the meridians opposite to Greenwich Mean Time. the ones mentioned below: y The 180° meridian is also important. From 90° E, 170° W, 30° E, 20° W. the Prime Meridian, other meridians are marked east and west up to 180°. The 180° (2) What do you observe? meridian lies opposite to the Prime Meridian. 13  Use your brain power! I can do this! In what direction should an aeroplane y Show the important meridians and parallels on fly in order to cover the shortest distance the map. between Kolkata and Chicago? y Identify and make use of the important parallels and meridians. y Describe the location and extent of any place, region, river, road, etc. in the world precisely. Exercises (A) Put a tick mark against the correct option i iin (B) Read the following statements and correct the space given. the wrong ones. (1) 66° 30' North parallel means (1) While describing the location of a place Arctic Circle Equator mentioning the meridian is sufficient. Antarctic Circle (2) For describing the extent of a region, it (2) Which parallel bisects the earth? is necessary to assume the latitude and Tropic of Cancer longitude of the centre of the adjoining region. Tropic of Capricorn Equator (3) Location of a road can be described only (3) What is the angular distance of the with a map. Arctic Circle from North Pole? (4) 0° East meridian and 180° East meridian. 66° 30' 90° 23° 30' (5) The extent of a road or a river course is (4) Where do the Prime Meridian and the described with the help of the latitude of a equator intersect each other? point in the source and the longitude of a Southern Ocean point at the end. Atlantic Ocean (6) 8° 4' N parallel to 37° 66° N parallel is the African Continent correct description of a location. (5) Up to which parallels from the equator (C) Find the locations of following cities from a can the sun’s rays be perpendicular? world map, a map of India or a Globe and write down the latitude and longitude of Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn each of them.  Arctic and Antarctic Circles (1) Mumbai (6) Ottawa North and South Poles (2) Guwahati (7) Tokyo (6) What would be the latitude of a place on the South Pole? (3) Srinagar (8) Johannesburg 90° S (4) Bhopal (9) New York 90° N (5) Chennai (10) London 0° 14 (D) Find and write down the extent of the (E) Draw important parallels and meridians in following. (Check them on the internet/ the figure given below and label them with mobile). appropriate angular measures. (Use the (1) Maharashtra (State) protractor.) 90° N (2) Chile (A country) (3) Australia (A continent) (4) Sri Lanka (An island) (5) Trans Siberian Railway of Russia M (Starting point - St. Petersburg, Terminal Point 0° -Vladivostok) (F) Write the important parallels and meridians in the following table: 90° S Important Parallels Important Meridians * Activity: Find the latitudinal and longitudinal location of your school with the help of your teacher. Display the same on the board at a suitable location in your school. Websites for reference yhttp://www.kidsgeog.com yhttp://www.youtube.com yhttp://www.wikihow.com yhttp://www.latlong.com 15  3. Comparing a Globe and a Map ; Field Visits Friends, we have seen how meridians and parallels are drawn on a globe. We have also learnt Do it yourself ! how they are used to determine the location. Make groups of 5 or 6. Each group should In this lesson, let us compare a map and a globe have a world map, a map of India and a globe. and understand the difference between them. Study them and answer the following questions. (a) Instruction for Teachers: Please facilitate availability of a globe and maps to each group. (c) (b) Figure 3.1 : (a) World Map, (b) Outline Map of India, (c) A Globe 16 y Which device is flat? With the help of your teacher(s), visit one of y Which device is spherical? the following places to know the geographical y Which of these devices allows you to see the condition of the area – a planetarium, post office, entire area of the earth at the same time? bus station, mall, hill, sea coast, small scale y Which device allows you to see only one side of industry, etc. Study places like these to observe the earth at a time? and record various features. y Which device can be used for studying a Your teacher will guide you at the time of the particular region in detail? field visit. Prepare a questionnaire with the help y Which device can be called a model of the of your teacher and take interviews wherever it is earth? necessary. Note down the responses, make sketches or other notes. Explanation You must have observed that– y Maps are two dimensional whereas a globe is Do you know? three dimensional. In order to draw a map of the whole world, y Two-dimensional objects have length and width. first a wire globe is prepared. A source of light is The product of length and width defines area. placed inside the globe. Then the projection of y Three-dimensional objects have length, width the wire graticule is obtained on paper. This projection is used to draw maps. Thus, a and height, the product of these provides graticule is essential for drawing the map of the volume. earth or any part of it. That is how a y Maps can be used to study the whole world or two-dimensional map is obtained on paper from also regions of limited extent. a three-dimensional globe. y However small or large the globe, it is only a representative model of the entire earth. Two dimensional – A surface having two dimensions, length and width, is called two dimensional, e. g., paper, blackboard, table top, land, etc. Three dimensional – An object having Light inside the Globe A Map three dimensions such as length, width, height (or thickness) is called three–dimensional, e. g., a duster, box, glass, pot, hill, the moon, etc. I can do this! * Field Visit (Educational trip) y Classify different objects including A field visit is an important method of studying a map and a globe according to geography. Field visits help us to understand the their dimensions. geographical and social conditions of a place. Moreover, it provides an opportunity to directly y Use a map or a globe as per interact with the local people and understand their requirement. problems. 17  Geography Museum Maine in the United States of America. The rotation ‘EARTHA’ is the largest operational globe in and revolution speed of this globe is maintained as the world. It is housed at Yarmouth in the State of per that of the earth. Figure 3.2 : Eartha Exercises (1) What characteristics of two and three dimensional devices did you note? (2) What features can be shown on a very small Websites for reference globe? yhttp://www.kidsgeog.com (3) Which device will be suitable for understanding the concept of day and night yhttp://www.wikihow.com on the earth? yhttp://www.ecokids.ca (4) Which device will be useful to show your village / city? (5) Which device can be easily carried from one place to another? * Activity Make two groups. Each group should ask the other group to find the locations of different places on the globe. You may also do this with a map. 18  4. Weather and Climate Can you tell? The weather conditions of a few places in India are as follows on 10th June. Use the table to answer the questions. y In which place will the clothes on a Sr. No. Place State Time Weather clothesline dry quickly? Why? 1 Kochi Kerala 12.30 pm Cloudy y In which place will they dry slowly? 2 Bhopal M. P. 12.30 pm Hot and Why? Sunny y Will the atmospheric conditions at these 3 Mussoorie Uttarakhand 12.30 pm Cold places always remain the same or will weather, they change? mild sun Explanation The weather conditions at each of the places given above are different on 10th June. Kochi has cloudy weather. It means there is little sunlight. The rainy season has started and moisture in the air will be high. Hence, it will take a long time for the clothes to dry. You may have observed a similar situation at your place during the rainy season. At Bhopal, there is hot sun. The water in the wet clothes gets converted into vapour quickly and Figure 4.1 : Boys warming themselves. the clothes will dry within a short time. y It was cold in the morning. Mussoorie is located to the north of the y In the afternoon it became sultry. Tropic of Cancer, hence it receives less solar heat. y It rained suddenly in the afternoon. The air there is cool too due to its location on a y Cool breeze was blowing at dawn. mountain. Clothes take longer to dry here because y Clouds gathered in the evening. of the medium heat and cool air. Factors like heat, y The night sky was full of stars and a pleasant moisture, and wind influence the time taken by the breeze was blowing. clothes to dry. However, these conditions keep on changing. We always experience such changes. * Weather We all always experience atmospheric Can you tell? conditions prevailing at a place and at a given Which of the following statements are time. We often talk about it. But these conditions applicable to the conditions that you have are short lived. This is what we call weather. For experienced today or yesterday at the place where example, we say the weather is hot, cool, dry, you live? sultry, etc. 19  y Air pressure: Air has weight. As a result, Can you tell? it creates pressure. It is called air pressure. The lowermost layers of air get subjected to the pressure Since childhood you have experienced of the upper layers. Hence, the density of the lower summers, rainy seasons and winters. On the basis layers of air increases. There is greater air pressure of your experience answer the following questions. near the surface of the earth and it decreases with y In which months do summer, the rainy season increasing height. This is vertical air pressure. and winter occur in a year from January to These changes also occur in a horizontal manner. December? Show it in a chart. This gives rise to winds. y Which special clothes do we use if it is raining? y Winds: Air starts moving from high pressure y When do we use woollen clothes? towards low pressure areas in a horizontal direction. y In which season do we mainly use thin cotton This moving air is called wind. Wind blows from clothes? high to low pressure areas and its speed depends on the amount of difference in air pressure. Explanation y Moisture: The atmosphere contains vapour. * Climate The air that has greater amount of vapour is called humid air. The humidity in the atmosphere is You must have noticed that each season lasts called moisture. The proportion of moisture in the for a particular period and each season occurs at a atmosphere depends on temperature. Air with higher particular time of the year. The scientists observe temperature holds a greater amount of moisture. the weather in a region for many years. With the y Precipitation: Vapour in the atmosphere help of such studies, they define the mean weather condenses into water droplets or snow particles. conditions. The average weather condition of a Their showering on the earth is called precipitation. place observed over a long period of time is the Rainfall, snowfall, hailstorm, etc. are forms of ‘climate’ of that region. Climate is generally precipitation. expressed as ‘cool and dry’ or ‘hot and humid’ or Weather is described on the basis of the ‘hot and dry’, etc. conditions prevailing at the given time while The weather changes quite often due to climate is described on the basis of conditions changes in temperature, winds, and humidity, etc. prevailing over a longer period of time. Weather We always experience these changes. A sum total keeps changing frequently and we can experience of all these elements define ‘weather’. These affect the changes easily. Changes in the climate take place over a long period of time. These are not our day to day activities and life style. Elements perceived easily. of weather are taken into consideration while Latitudinal position, height above sea level, describing the climate. nearness to ocean, oceanic currents, etc. are the * Elements of Weather factors that influence climate. Besides these, y Temperature: The earth’s surface gets heat mountain ranges, types of land, local winds are from the sun. As a result, the surface gets heated oother e factors a that influence the climate of a region. up. The air close to the surface starts becoming hot and later, one by one, different layers of air at higher elevation receive heat. Therefore, as we Use your brain power! move upward from sea-level, the temperature of air 1. Which occupations will you practise in cold regions? decreases. The temperature also goes on decreasing 2. Which occupations will you practise in hot regions? from the equator towards both the poles. 200  In the next chapter, we shall seek more information about temperature. Always remember. Do you know? The weather at a place keeps changing frequently but the climate does not change that often. The The climate affects the entire living world climate is different at different locations. Within in different ways. Life mostly thrives in our country – India – it is cool at some places and regions which have a conducive climate. hot at some other places. It may be humid in some The climate also influences the diet, shelter, areas and dry in others. etc. of living things. The distribution of water on the earth is also a controlling factor of the climate. I can do this! y Discuss the changes in climate considering y Describe the weather of surrounding areas. the elements of weather. y Understand the changes taking place in the y Explain the difference between weather and weather from time to time. climate. Exercises (A) Who am I? (C) For the climatic conditions mentioned in the table, name the representative places (1) I keep on changing. known to you. (Use an atlas.) (2) I am not the same at all places. Hot (3) I am the solid state of water droplets. (4) I am present in the atmosphere in the form Hot and humid of vapour. Cold (B) Answer the following: Hot and dry (1) Why is the climate of Mahabaleshwar cool? Cold and dry (2) Why is the climate near the sea humid? (3) What is the difference between weather and (D) Complete the following table. climate? Weather Climate (4) What are the elements of weather? Short-lived (5) What effects do nearness to the sea and height above mean sea level have on the condition of climate? atmosphere Does not change quickly Expressed with * Activity respect to a Understand the climate of your place with the specific place help of your teacher. Elements of climate: Temperature, pressure, winds, humidity and precipitation 21  Websites for reference yhttp://www.kidsgeog.com yhttp://www.wikihow.com yhttp://www.ecokids.ca An Indian Meteorological Department image of the storm that visited in November 2014 is shown above. Tell in which sea the storm was located. 22  5. Temperature (A) (B) Do it yourself ! Figure 5.1 : The perpendicular and slanting area occupied by the torchlight rays y Take a torchlight and keep it stable at one place. are perpendicular whereas in other parts, they are Take two large paper sheets large enough to slanting. Let us see what effect it has on the earth. accommodate its entire beam. Paste the papers y The perpendicular rays occupy less area (fig on two flat boards. 5.1A). The part where the rays occupy lesser y Hold the board perpendicular to the beam area receives bright sunshine and greater heat. (figure 5.1A). Hence the surface there gets heated more and y Draw the outline of the area lit up by the beam the air becomes hotter. Name the paper ‘A’. y The slant rays occupy a larger area (figure y Now use the other paper. Hold it in such a way 5.1B). In this area, sunlight appears less bright that it makes an angle of 120° with the beam and there is less heat. Hence the surface there (figure 5.1B). Draw the outline of the area gets less heated and the air too, is less hot. occupied by the beam. Name the paper ‘B’. y Observe both the papers ‘A’ and ‘B’. Do it yourself ! Now tell - The region marked ‘A’ in figure 5.2 receives y On which paper does the beam occupy a larger perpendicular rays, while the region marked ‘B’ area? receives slant rays and in the region marked ‘C’ y On which paper is the area smaller? the rays are extremely slanting. y Now change the angle between the beam of y Using a scale, measure the lengths of the lit up light and the paper. Observe the changes that occur in the area occupied by the beam of light. portions on the earth’s surface in A, B and C regions. y What is the relation between the angle of the paper and the area occupied by the beam? y Measure the width of the rays shown between the earth and the sun. Explanation y Considering the parallels of latitude marked in Sunrays coming towards the earth travel in the figure, tell the regions where the temperature straight lines. However, as the earth is spherical will be high, moderate and low. in shape, these are not perpendicular to all the y Discuss this in the class and write the answers parts of the earth’s surface. In some parts, they in your notebook. 23  C B Sun A Earth Figure 5.2 : The Earth’s Shape and the Distribution of Sunrays Explanation Though latitude is the main factor, there are Sunrays falling on the earth are straight and other factors also which influence the distribution parallel to each other. However, we have seen that of temperature. However, their effects are limited due to the spherical shape of the earth and the resultant to a particular region. These factors are as follows. curvature of the surface, they occupy a larger or Nearness to the sea, continentality, height lesser area. This leads to unequal distribution of the above the mean sea-level and physical set-up of heat received from the sun, resulting in decreasing a region are factors that lead to diversity in the temperature from the equator to the North and South climate of different regions. Other than these, Poles. Based on the distribution of temperature, the factors like cloud cover, winds, vegetation cover, earth can be divided into torrid, temperate and frigid urbanization, industrialization, etc. also influence zones or tropical, temperate and polar regions. Try the local climate. to understand this from figures 2.4 and 5.3. Can you tell? North Pole How will the rays fall between- 900 66 30' N 0 0° and 23°30' North and South? Frigid Zone 23°30' and 66°30' North and South? Temperate Zone 23 30' N 0 66°30' and 90° North and South? Equator Torrid Zone 00 Use your brain power! Temperate Zone 23 30' S 0 Tell if the following statement is right or wrong. Give reasons. Frigid Zone 66030' S In order to understand the climate of a region, 0 90 South Pole the latitudinal extent is more useful than the longitudinal extent. Figure 5.3 : Thermal Zones 24  Let us perform an experiment A B to see that there is a difference in the heating and cooling of land and water. Do it yourself ! Take two pots of the same size and fill them with water equally. At sunrise, keep one of the pots inside the house and the other one, outside. See that it remains in the sun all the time as shown in figure 5.4 B. Figure 5.4 : The Heating and Cooling of Water In the afternoon, walk barefoot on the floor inside the house and feel the temperature of the Explanation floor. Feel the temperature of the water in the You must have realized that the land cools pot inside. down earlier than the water. The water kept Perform the same activity outside the house outside in the sun is still a little warm. Due to this and get the feel of the temperature of land and the difference in the heating and cooling of land and water kept in the sun. Write down your observations water, the air over the land gets heated faster and about the temperatures of land and water. also becomes cooler rapidly. The air over the water Do this again, around 7 in the evening. Note gets heated slowly and also looses the heat in a your observations again. Now you can remove the slower manner. In the coastal areas, as compared pots. Discuss all the observations you have noted to continental areas, the temperature of air is lower in the class. during the day but warmer at night. Contrary to this, the temperature of air in the continental areas Always remember. is higher during daytime and lower at night. In the coastal areas, because of the heating We normally think that air gets heated due to the sun’s rays and because of the hot air, the of sea water, water vapour gets mixed in the air. land and water get heated. But in reality what This water vapour holds the heat in the air. As a happens is as follows: result, the air in the coastal areas remains moist First, land and water get heated due to sunrays. and warm. Conditions in the continental areas are Later, they radiate into the atmosphere, the heat the opposite. As water vapour is absent, the air that they have absorbed. As a result, the layer remains dry. This leads to sharp differences in the of air close to the surface gets heated. The heat day and night temperatures. The difference in the gets transferred vertically to the adjacent upper maximum and minimum temperatures of a day is layers of the air. Hence air closer to the surface called diurnal range of temperature. is hotter and as one moves higher up from the In short, the difference in the day and night surface, the temperature of the air decreases. temperatures is less in the coastal areas and more The temperature near the sea-level is higher and in the continental areas. For example, Mumbai it decreases in the mountainous regions. temperatures are even, but at Nagpur they vary 25 a lot. In the coastal region of Konkan the range of temperature is less but in Vidarbha, the range Do it yourself ! of temperature is found to be higher. Therefore, A pot with water is placed on a burner. Drop coastal areas have an equable climate whereas 4-5 small plastic buttons in it and observe their in continental areas, the climate is extreme. For example, the climate of Mumbai is equable whereas movement in water (figure 5.5). in continental locations like Nagpur it is extreme. The difference in the mean temperatures of summer and winter is called annual range of temperature. Do you know? Effect of greenhouse gases: Some gases in the atmosphere like, carbon dioxide and water vapour can hold the heat within themselves for a long period of time. Due to these gases, the temperature of air in the atmosphere increases. The increasing proportion of these gases in the atmosphere leads to climate change. Climate scientists believe that Figure 5.5 : Convection and Vertical Flow of Heat this is the reason for the increasing temperature of the earth. This change in climate is global. This Explanation is called global rise in temperature. The gases Water expands on heating. The hot water from due to which the temperature increases are called the base moves upwards. With it, the buttons, too, Greenhouse Gases. are pushed to the surface. The relatively cooler water in the upper portions moves downwards, Can you tell? taking the buttons with it. This happens repeatedly. In other words, on heating, an upward current sets y Find the range of temperature at Mumbai, in the water. In nature, the conditions are slightly Nagpur and Srinagar. Draw bar graphs for the same. different. Due to temperature differences, both upward and horizontal currents develop in the ocean. What will you do? Besides temperature differences, factors like winds and differences in the density of water also give You stay at Mhaswad in Maan taluka in Satara rise to horizontal currents. These ocean currents district. Your Grandma stays at Vengurla in flow from the equator to the polar region and from Sindhudurg district. During Diwali, you often visit the polar region to the equator. See figure 5.6. Vengurla. You like the sea coast there. The warm air of that region attracts you because you are freed When an ocean current flows from the frigid from the dry air and scratching cold of your place. to the torrid zone, it reduces the temperature of the This time Grandma is suffering from asthma. coasts in the torrid zone. When a current flows Doctors have advised her to stay at a place which from the torrid to the frigid zone, it increases the has a drier climate. What should you do? temperatures of the coasts in the frigid zone. 26  Make friends with maps! Figure 5.6 : World - Ocean Currents Use your brain power! Observe the map. Name the coastal areas that will experience changes in temperature. Give the reason for this. Geography Museum Do you know? There are a number of methods of showing The regions where warm and cold currents distributions on a map. One of these is converge are favourable isolines. Due to this method, the characteristic for the growth of planktons. Planktons distribution of a component stands out are the food for fishes. vividly. Fish from other areas Isolines can be drawn using statistical travel towards these information about natural factors. These lines areas in large numbers. They breed in warm are drawn on a map by joining all the points A Type of Plankton waters. Due to high having the same value. The distribution concentration of fish population, fisheries on regional or global levels can be shown thrive well in these areas. In the map of ocean using isolines of different factors like height currents given in 5.6, locate such regions. Find (contours), temperature (isotherms), pressure their names from an atlas or the internet. Write (isobars), rainfall (isohytes), etc. these names on the map. 27  Make friends with maps! 28 Explanation Figure 5.7 : World - Mean Annual Temperature latitudes on a world map. some parts of the continents of the line of latitude. Comparatively Considering the temperatures South America, Africa, Asia and the line of the same value in the of various places on the earth, Observe the isotherm of 25°C Australia. A very limited portion northern hemisphere deviates maps of global distribution are in the map. This line occupies of the Pacific Ocean is occupied north and south considerably. In prepared. Figure 5.7 is drawn with areas close to the equator. The by this isotherm. You will find the west, in parts of the Pacific the help of isotherms. Isotherms are shape of this line appears like an Ocean, it is fairly straight but lines that connect places with the ellipse on the map. The north-south two isotherms with a label of 0°C. when it enters the continent of same temperature after avoiding spread of this ellipse is greater on Observe them. The 0°C isotherm North America it turns somewhat the effect of height. These lines the continents as compared to the from the southern hemisphere is to the north. Then the line proceeds generally appear parallel to the oceans. The isotherm line occupies largely straight and is parallel to eastwards. Within a short distance after entering the can easily be observed with the help of these Atlantic Ocean, it turns towards the north-east. In materials. The units of measuring temperature are this part, you will find all the isotherm lines turning degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit. As shown towards the north-east. This is because a warm ocean in the figure, these are expressed as °C or °F. current is located in this area. Further after entering The difference in daily temperatures (maximum Eurasia while moving eastwards, it turns somewhat – minimum) can be observed with the help of a to the south-east. Still further in the Pacific Ocean, thermometer. Air temperature is measured in most of the isotherm lines appear moving eastwards Celsius. as straight lines. The isotherms in the southern hemisphere are Celsius fairly parallel to the latitudinal lines. From South Fahrenheit Pole to the Tropic of Capricorn the distance between these lines is almost equal. As the proportion of land in the southern hemisphere is limited, temperatures Vacuum Glass Tube in these parts are largely influenced by latitude. In the northern hemisphere, the distance between Temperature Scale these lines varies. In this hemisphere, the proportion of land is comparatively greater. This affects the distribution of temperature. These effects are seen in the form of variations in the distance between the Mercury or Alcohol isotherms and curved nature of these lines. Mount Can you tell? Answer the following with the help of figure 5.8. y What is the tube of the thermometer fixed on? y What