Animal Health Surveillance PDF

SURVEILLANCE Haidee E. Torio VEPI 222 (Veterinary Surveillance) July 15 , 2015  Surveillance the systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of information related to animal health and the timely dissemination of information to those who...

SURVEILLANCE Haidee E. Torio VEPI 222 (Veterinary Surveillance) July 15 , 2015  Surveillance the systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of information related to animal health and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that action can be taken. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)  Monitoring All activities aimed at detecting changes in the epidemiological parameters of a specified disease. Purposes of Animal Health Surveillance Main purpose: Early detection of disease and early response 1 Source: Angus, 2012 Characteristics of Surveillance systems C.S.R. Continuous Systematic Relevant Characteristic: Continuous Able to establish disease or productivity patterns. Operational even in the absence of the office head Supported by existing resources, manpower, stakeholders, administrative orders and legislations Characteristic: Systematic It is guided by accepted standards (qualitative and quantitative) The flow of information follows a stable cycle or direction A sample flow of information is shown below: Source: FAO Manual on Livestock Disease Surveillance and Information Systems OIE Regional PhilAHIS Characteristic: Relevant Relevant to national or global concerns Relevant to the public health concerns Relevant to the livestock industry concerns  OIE’S LIST OF DISEASES In 2012 : 90 diseases In 2012 : 26 diseases 25 multiple species, 14 cattle, 9 fish, 11 sheep/goat, 7 molluscs, 11 equine, 8 crustaceans, 7 swine, 2 amphibians 12 avian, 2 lagomorph, 6 bee, 2 others Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Multiple Species Anthrax Infection with Aujeszky's disease virus Bluetongue Echinococcosis/hydatidosis Foot and mouth disease Heartwater Japanese encephalitis New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and Old world screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) Paratuberculosis Infection with rabies virus Rift Valley fever Rinderpest Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis) Tularemia Vesicular stomatitis West Nile Fever  Bovine Bovine anaplasmosis Bovine babesiosis Bovine brucellosis Bovine genital campylobacteriosis Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine tuberculosis Bovine tuberculosis of farmed cervidae Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Enzootic bovine leukosis Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida serotypes 6:b and 6:e) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/ infectious pustular vulvovaginitis Lumpy skin disease (caused by group III virus, type Neethling) Theileriosis Trichomonosis Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Sheep and Goat Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding Brucella ovis) Caprine arthritis/encephalitis Contagious agalactia Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Chlamydophila abortus infection (Enzootic abortion of ewes, ovine chlamydiosis) Maedi-visna Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis) Peste des petits ruminants Scrapie Sheep pox and goat pox Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Swine African swine fever Classical swine fever Porcine brucellosis Swine vesicular disease Transmissible gastroenteritis Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Equine Infection with African horse sickness virus Contagious equine metritis Dourine Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) Equine infectious anaemia Infection with equine influenza virus Equine piroplasmosis Equine rhinopneumonitis Infection with equine arteritis virus Glanders Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Avian Avian chlamydiosis Avian infectious bronchitis Avian infectious laryngotracheitis Infection with viruses of notifiable avian influenza Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) Duck virus hepatitis Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) Newcastle disease Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Lagomorph Myxomatosis Rabbit haemorrhagic disease Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE  Apidae Acarapisosis of honey bees American foulbrood of honey bees European foulbrood of honey bees Small hive beetle infestation (Aethina tumida) Tropilaelapsinfestation of honey bees Varroosis of honey bees Source: Dr. R. Abila, OIE General Categories of Surveillance Systems Passive Active Passive Provider-initiated. Example- the livestock owners submitting reports to veterinary authorities to seek technical advice on farm animal problems. Passive Advantages: Cost effective Facilitates continuous communication between veterinary officers, farmers and other key data sources rapid Passive Limitations It cannot… 1.describe a good disease epidemiology 2.quantify disease importance 3.prove disease freedom 4.Identify priority disease control programs  Active Surveillance System Health Department-initiated. Example- the Office of the Provincial Veterinarian conducting a study to detect the presence/absence of bird flu in his area of jurisdiction. Active May include any or all of the following: clinical surveillance collection of diagnostic specimens laboratory analysis, and farmers’ interviews Active Advantages Eliminates under-reporting Representative data Rates and proportions can be calculated. Quick to conduct Scope of Surveillance Systems General Targeted General surveillance Collection of data about several diseases. Preferred by Veterinary authorities Multiple diseases Targeted surveillance This system focuses on a specific disease of interest. Preferred by farm owners  Surveillance Activities Structured serological survey Farmer reporting systems Structured survey of veterinary Use of dairy factory bulk milk practitioners to ask about the cell-count data to most common diseases assess the progress of mastitis they encounter control programs Types of Data utilized by surveillance systems 1. Recorded Diagnoses Made by veterinarians or by experts from animal disease diagnostic laboratories. 2. Clinical signs or Syndromes- applicable to areas with no access to laboratories for disease confirmation or to non-veterinarians (such as pet owners, animal health workers or livestock technicians). Syndrome= collection of signs associated to a particular disease. Both reporting of signs and reporting of syndromes are referred to as syndromic surveillance 3. Survey Reports to demonstrate freedom from disease. Negative Reporting Usually for international trading of livestock and meat products Philippines- FMD or Avian Flu 4. Indirect indicators Average milk yield, average animal weight at market age, etc. In some countries, some laboratories measure the parasite egg count in pasture areas. Locally, sales of specific drugs or animal feeds.  5. Risk factors Rainfall, humidity, temperatures are examples of data that can be gathered from local weather stations. Presence of vectors, etc Feeding practices Animal density per farm Human movement Possible Data Sources for Surveillance 1. On-farm 2. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories 3. Slaughter/abattoirs 4. Livestock auction markets 5. Renderers 6. Feral/wild species 7. Ports/borders  Types of surveillance systems in public and animal health Farmer-based Facility-based Sentinel Syndromic Survey FARMER- BASED REPORTING the farmer identifies that they have sick animals and contacts a veterinarian for help most common form can be used to identify a wide range of diseases  Advantages Most animals Very good are seen by population their owners coverage frequently Discovery of Inexpensive new diseases FACILITY-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM inexpensive can cover a very large number of animals allows collection of diagnostic specimens provides a relatively constant supply of surveillance data enables data to be collected from a small number of abattoirs that slaughter animals from a large number of farms  SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE A sentinel is one who stands guard to warn when something happens. Sentinel herds act as indicators for the rest of the population to warn that disease is present  Common problems expensive the number of herds and the number of animals per herd is relatively small --> low population coverage. Difficulty in managing manageable groups of sentinel animals at different locations not particularly useful as early warning systems for some diseases  Surveys ▪ a form of active surveillance ▪ the veterinary services have full control over the design of the survey and the data collected Key advantage: Sampling strategy can be developed to exactly meet the needs of veterinary services and decision makers  Surveys Purposes of surveys: estimating disease prevalence demonstrating disease freedom evaluating risk factors for disease  SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE Concerned with signs and group of signs that are associated with disease It involves: – Identification of signs/syndromes – Analysis of the patterns of these signs in space and time In order to detect changes, large amounts of data are required Type of surveillance for different objectives