Ore Minerals PDF

ORE MINERALS Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use.  Rock Seam or 2 Ore It is a natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral.  It is a metalliferous mineral, an or aggregate...

ORE MINERALS Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use.  Rock Seam or 2 Ore It is a natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral.  It is a metalliferous mineral, an or aggregate of metalliferous minerals and gangue (associated rock Chrysotile Asbestos Mineral Seam in of no economic value), that can Rock  Mineral 3 Ores These are rock deposits that contain minerals.  Mineral 4 Ores These are rock deposits that contain minerals.  Mineral and Ore 5  Deposit Mineral deposit designates a natural occurrence of a useful mineral. It is a “geologic term”.  Ore deposit denotes a mineral deposit of sufficient extent and concentration to invite exploitation. It is an “economic term”. Map of Mineral Deposits in the Philippines  6 Typical development workings of an underground mine. How Minerals are Found? “Mineral 7 Exploration”  Mineral 8  Exploration It is a complete sequence of activities which aims to discover deposits of minerals and rocks that can be used to meet the resource needs of society  1) Project 9  Design This is the initial stage in formulating a project.  This involves review of all available data (geologic reports, mining history, maps, etc.), government requirements in acquiring and economic the project, acceptability review of of social, the project, andpolitical, environmental, budget and organization proposals. alaskajournal.co m  2) Field 1 0  Exploration This stage involves physical activities in the selected project area. This can be subdivided into three (3) phases: A. Regional Reconnaissance - The main objective is to identify targets or interesting mineralized zones covering a relatively large area (regional). B. Detailed Exploration - This involves more detailed surface and subsurface activities with the objective of finding and delineating targets or mineralized zones.  2) Field 1 1  Exploration This stage involves physical activities in the selected project area. This can be subdivided into three (3) phases: Regional Detailed Exploration Prospect Evaluation Reconnaissance  3) Pre-production Feasibility 1 Study 2  The feasibility study determines and validates the accuracy of all data and information collected from the different stages.  The purpose is for independent to satisfy interested investors to rais assessors funds and bring the project e production. int o  How Minerals are Mined? “Different Types of 1 3 Mining”  History of 1 4 Mining Archaeological discoveries indicate that mining was conducted in prehistoric times.  Flint – the first mineral used. It is because of its conchoidal fracturing pattern, could be broken into sharp- edged pieces that were useful as scrapers, knives, and  Mini 1 5 ng It is the process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore.  It is the process of extracting useful minerals from the surface of the Earth, including the seas. Types of 1 6 Mining Two (2) Main Methods of Mining 1) Surface Mining a) Open-Pit Mining b) Dredging c) Strip Mining d) Quarrying e) Placer Mining n  Types of 1 8 1)Mining Surface Mining - Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close to Earth’s surface. There are different types which includes:  Open-pit mining – It is the most common. It means a big hole (or pit) in the ground. The pit in mine is created by blasting with explosives and drilling. It is used to mine gravel and  Types of 1 9 1)Mining Surface Mining  Dredging – It is the process of mining materials from bottom the of a bodyof includin water, g rivers, lakes, oceans. and  Types of 2 0 1)Mining Surface Mining  Strip mining – It involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden (earth or soil) above a desired deposit, dumpin the removed g theoverburden deposit, th behind extracting deposit, creating a e desired second, parallel strip in the same manner, and depositing the waste materials This mining method is used for from that second (new) strip onto coal, phosphates, clays, and the first strip. tar mining.  Types of 2 1 1)Mining Surface Mining  Placer Mining – It is mining of stream bed (alluvial) deposits for minerals. This may be done by  Types of 2 2 2)Mining Underground Mining - Utilized to extract ore minerals from the orebody is that is deep under the Earth’s surface.  How Minerals are processed for human “Milling use? or Mineral 2 3 Processing”  I It UI O V Htn t · o , u a t l t.t l : - nckc , tH naH "' V,b, 8 Ul J 0 H II Mt I n !f J I ,d Mall tin , It I , n ,. 11 ' 1 Slimes i on Cell Transfe1r Hoistin1 Pumps 7 Thickener Feed 1Pump s 8 C ean up 2 Collectio n SumpsPumps 9 HiCh Concentrate FIiter Feed Pumps 10 Pl1peltneTranfe1r 3 Mine Dewatering 4 Clean up Sum.ps S Cyc 11Tailings Pond Clean out Pumps 12 Sump 13 Fitter Feed 4 Fi irate C rculating Pumps 15 Acidic Sump Pumps, Forth Pumps 16Autoclave Feed  Milling or Mineral 2 5  Processing It is the process of extracting minerals from the ore, refining them, and preparing these minerals for use.  It is an art of treating crude ores and mineral products in order to separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock, or gangue.  Milling or Mineral 2 6 Processing Primary Steps in Processing Minerals 1. Sampling - is the removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for the analysis of this material. 2. Analysis - is important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. This includes chemical, mineral and is the process particle where the valuable components of the ore size analysis. are and 3. Comminution separated through crushing grinding. - 4. Concentration - involves the separation of the valuable minerals from the raw This involve filtration and sedimentation of the materials suspension drying of the solid materials and from this harvested suspension.  Milling or Mineral 2 7 Processing Examples of Milling or Recovery Methods or Processes: 1. Heavy Media Separation - The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink thus are separated from the lighter minerals. 2. Magnetic Separation - If the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is The powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry separated some minerals where fromand the waste materials metals based onusing a powerful physical magnet. and chemical properties may either 3. Flotation - sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top thus separating the minerals and metals from the waste. 4. Cyanide Heap Leaching - This method used for low-grade gold ore where the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or  Milling or Mineral 2 7 Processing Examples of Milling or Recovery Methods or Processes: 5. Optical separation - is a process used in the concentration of minerals with distinct contrasting colors (black and white) seen with the naked eye. 6. Gravity separation - is a process that uses the density of minerals as the concentrating agent and performs a sink and float separation of water and the grounded minerals. 7. Electrostatic separation is a process that separates the mineral particles based on their electric 2 8 2 9  -... " ' -- - - -...! I. --- -.r :- I -... -. = f 3 1  After processing, only the mineral is used, and the remaining of the ore is disposed as waste. This waste, if not handled and managed properly, can cause serious environmental problems. Mining generates a lot of wastes. For example, a mine obtains 1lb of copper. In the process of obtaining the 1lb, 99 lbs. of wastes are removed. Simply put, ore will be one percent (1%) useful mineral and ninety-nine percent (99%) waste. Can you imagine how much waste is produced in mining? Mining Waste Products and Their  Heavy metal wastes can seep through soil making it poisonous for plants to grow. Water sources can be contaminated by the acid used in the mining process. Tailings, a by-product of milling ores, can travel from the dump ponds into the water source of nearby communities. In the Philippines, some of these wastes damaged mangroves, reefs, and impaired agriculture. It is then crucial that waste products be controlled to prevent them from making a more pronounced impact in our environment. There are ways to lessen the wastes and 1. Recent improvements in technology enable mining companies to extract more minerals from the ores with fewer wastes in production. 2. The mining companies must be able to plan out their sites from exploration to rehabilitation. 3. The mining company must also ensure that they are able to restore the community that was displaced because of their activities. 4. Tailings from mines can be zoned in and surrounded by lands so that plants can avoid erosion of the ponds thus minimizing the possibility of seepage of the tailings. 5. Mine structures should be designed at par or even surpassing current rules and regulations set by the government and international 6. Other mining practices include reforestation, slope stabilization, maintenance for dump facilities, managing and monitoring air  REFERENC 3 3  ES Bayo-ang, R., Coronacion, M., Jorda, A., & Restubog, A. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. (M. Moncada, Ed.) Quezon City, Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation.  Pascual, C. B., & Cadiz, A. P. (2017). Fundamentals of Earth & Life Science. Manila, Philippines: Mindshapers Co., Inc.  Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay/  Various internet sources