Medicine In Ancient Greece PDF

MEDICINE IN ANCIENT GREECE ALIEVA LAMIIA PLAN OF LECTURE: 1. Periodization of history and healing. 2. The Medicine of the Cretan-Mycenaean period. 3. The Greek Dark Age 4. Medicine the polis period. 5. Medicine of the classical period. 6. Medical schools of ancient Gree...

MEDICINE IN ANCIENT GREECE ALIEVA LAMIIA PLAN OF LECTURE: 1. Periodization of history and healing. 2. The Medicine of the Cretan-Mycenaean period. 3. The Greek Dark Age 4. Medicine the polis period. 5. Medicine of the classical period. 6. Medical schools of ancient Greece. 7. The life and work of Hippocrates. “Hippocratic Collection”. 8. Medicine in the Hellenistic period. 1. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY AND DOCTORS OF ANCIENT GREECE In the history of ancient Greece there are 5 main periods: 1. Cretan-Mycenaean or Aegean (III-II millennium BC); 2. The Greek Dark Age (XI-IX centuries BC); 3. Polis period (VIII-VI centuries. BC); 4. Classical period (V-IV centuries. BC); 5. Hellenistic period (IV century BC - I century AD).  2. The Medicine of the Cretan-Mycenaean period. The center of the ancient Greek civilization was the island of Crete. The flowering of Crete coincides in time with the flowering of the Harappan civilization (the end of III - the beginning of II millennium BC) and has a number of common features with it, in particular, a high level of sanitary improvement. Thus, in the territory of the Knossos Palace, on the island of Crete, archaeologists discovered sanitary facilities: a sewage system made of baked clay, sewage pits, bath rooms, and ventilation. In the middle of the II millennium BC. The heyday of the Achaean kingdoms (the kingdoms of mainland Greece) began. A special place among them was occupied by Mycenae, who subjugated themselves to the island of Crete. King Mycenae Agamemnon and his brother - the king of Sparta Menelaus organized a union of Achaean kingdoms to campaign against the powerful Trojan kingdom located in northwestern Asia Minor. The Trojan War dragged on for 10 years, the Achaean army suffered heavy losses, but in the end, the Greeks managed to take and destroy Troy. The episodes of the Trojan War formed the basis of the plot of the epic poem “The Iliad”, which is the only 2.The Greek Dark Age Basic information about the healing of The Greek Dark Age up to the 19th century (when archaeological research began in the territory of ancient Greece) gave Homer's epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. In the poems of Homera 141 damage to the trunk and limbs. Early treatment in the extraction of arrows, squeezing blood and dressing with analgesic and hemostatic vegetable powders. Mention is also made of the plague epidemic, the use of sulfur fumigations with an indication of diseases, and the birth of a viable seven-month-old baby. 3. Medicine the polis period. The polis period is the period of formation of city-states (polis). This period is characterized by two phenomena in the history of medicine: 1) the formation of temple healing; 2) the formation of ancient Greek philosophy - natural philosophy. 1) The formation of temple healing. The cult of Asclepius as a god-healer was formed in Hellas by the 7th century. BC. The prototype of this mythological hero was a really existing healer from the times of the Trojan War (XII century BC) and the head of the family medical school Asclepius. The first mention of it is found in the Iliad.  In Greek mythology, Asclepius is the son of Apollo - the god of sunlight, music and poetry. According to legend, Asclepius was born by a caesarean section, which was made by his father Apollo, who pulled the baby from the womb of the dying mother of Coronis. Asclepius learned the art of healing from the wise centaur Chiron, whom Apollo commissioned to raise his son. Soon the disciple surpassed his teacher and was able not only to heal the sick, but also to return the dead to life. According to legend, the god Asclepius married Epion, the daughter of the ruler Kos.  It was on o.Kos that the genus Asklepias flourished - descendants of Asclepius. The most revered children of the god Asclepius were Hygieia - the goddess of health, Panakeya - the patroness of medicinal healing, Machaon - the famous military surgeon, Podaliyria - the healer of internal diseases. Hygieia An integral attribute of Asclepius and his daughter Hygiea was the snake - a symbol of the wisdom and power of the forces of nature. Asclepius was depicted with a crook entwined with a snake, and Hygieia with a snake in her hand, which she watered from the cup. Subsequently, the crook entwined with a snake and a bowl with a snake became the main emblems of medicine, symbolizing the wisdom and power of the healing forces of nature or the fear of its unknown  In the VI-V centuries. BC. In Trikka, Epidaurus and on the island of Kos, the first sanctuaries in honor of Asclepius were created - Asklepayons. In general, there were more than 300 in ancient Greece. The most magnificent was the sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus, on whose territory the temple of Asclepius (central building), the temples of Hygiea, Aphrodite, Themis and Apollo, as well as a bath, library, gymnasium, a sports stadium and the largest theater in Greece were located. Mandatory guidelines when choosing a place for the construction of temples in ancient Greece were the mineral spring (the water of which, as you know, has a healing effect) and cypress grove (the air of which is also healing). T he servants of asklepeion strictly followed the cleanliness of the sanctuary and its visitors. Everyone who came in washed in the waters of the sacred source. Excluded all unclean, in particular, associated with birth and death. Therefore, women in labor and incurable patients were expelled from the sanctuary. Thus, the sanctuaries of Asclepius were not hospitals in our understanding; rather, they were of a “sanatorium” nature. The main means of treatment were: drug therapy, hydrotherapy, gymnastics.  This is the period of the highest prosperity of Greece, which is closely connected with the rise of Athens. Ancient Greek medicine of this period was inseparable from ancient Greek philosophy - natural philosophy (Latin. Philosophia naturalis - love of wisdom, to knowledge). All the great ancient Greek healers were philosophers, and, conversely, many great philosophers were very versed in medicine. All the ancient Greek philosophers tried to find the origin (primary material) of the world, from which everything arises and into which everything returns again. The ancient Greek philosopher Fales believed that everything originated from the water on which the earth rests.  The follower of Fales, Anaximander, believed that the first material was an apeiron, i.e. eternal and infinite matter, which is in constant motion. He first made an attempt to rationalize the world. Another follower of the Fales Anaksimen considered air to be the first material. Leucippus explained everything that happens in the world by the movement of the smallest particles – atoms. Democritus - a student of Leucippus, created a holistic atomistic teaching. He believed that all life processes, even thinking, are explained by the movement and connections of atoms. Plato - created the theory of ideas, according to which the real world is a reflection of the ideal world of ideas. Thus, during the classical period 2 main classical systems of ancient philosophy were formed: 1) the materialistic atomistic doctrine of Democritus, directed against religion and represents the peak of the natural science teachings of antiquity. 2) the theory of ideas of Plato, in which for the first time in ancient philosophy, matter is opposed to consciousness. Both have influenced the formation of medicine.  5. Medical schools of ancient Greece. Healing in ancient Greece has long remained a family tradition. But by the beginning of the classical period, pupils who were not members of this genus began to be accepted into family schools. The Croton School of Medicine reached its peak in the 6th century. BC. Its main achievements are: * the organism is the unity of opposites; * health is the result of the interaction of opposing forces (dry and wet, warm and cold, sweet and bitter, etc.), and the disease occurs as a result of the domination of one of them; * the opposite is cured by the opposite. The Knidd School of Medicine has developed the doctrine of 4 bodily fluids (blood, mucus, light bile and black bile). Health was understood as the result of their favorable mixing, and the disease - a consequence of adverse mixing. Later, on the basis of this teaching, a humoral theory was formed. The Knidd school developed the doctrine of symptoms (Greek. Simptom - sign) and diagnosis (Greek. Diagnostikos - able to recognize), including the method of auscultation.  The Sicilian School of Medicine recognized the heart as the main organ of consciousness, and identified 4 bodily fluids with 4 states of the body (hot, cold, wet and dry). Kosovo Medical School is the main medical school of ancient Greece. Kosovo school physicians understood the disease as a result of the effects of the whole environment and eating disorders, and not as a punishment of the gods. They developed the principles of medical ethics, observation and treatment at the bedside. Subsequently, these ideas formed the basis of the clinical trend in medicine (Greek klinike - care for a bed patient). The heyday of the Kosovo school is associated with the name of Hippocrates, which became a symbol of the medical art of ancient Greece. 6. The life and work of Hippocrates. “Hippocratic Collection”. Hippocrates was born on the island of Kos and belonged to the noble family of the Asklepiades. Being a wandering healer, Hippocrates traveled a lot and died according to some sources in the 83rd, and on others in the 104th year of life. History has not preserved a single original in which the authorship of Hippocrates would be indicated, since, according to the traditions of that time, healers did not sign their writings.  About 300y. BC. the works of various medical schools were combined into the Hippocratic “Collection”, which became the encyclopedia of ancient Greek medicine of the classical period. Hippocrates own the most outstanding works of the collection: “Aphorisms”, “Epidemics”, “about Air, Water, Localities”, “about Fractures”, “about Wounds of the Head”, etc. In the "Aphorisms" (Greek. Aphorismos - a complete thought) collected dietary and medical instructions for the treatment of internal diseases, surgery, obstetric care. In the work “About the air, waters, localities”, Hippocrates divides all causes of diseases into 2 groups: * causes of diseases common to all people of the area; * individual causes determined by the lifestyle of each.  This essay describes the different types of characters that were associated with the predominance of one of the 4 bodily fluids: blood - sanguine type, mucus - phlegmatic type, yellow bile - choleric type, black bile - melancholic type (but the names of these types appeared only a few centuries later, and in this work are not contained). According to the ancient Greeks, people of each type have their own characteristics, which determine the predisposition to certain diseases, affect their course and require a different approach to treatment. Works on surgery give an idea of the high development in ancient Greece of the study of dressings, the treatment of wounds, fractures, and head injuries. For example, a complex surgical dressing known as the “Hippocrates cap” is still used in surgery. The Hippocratic Collection also contains descriptions of diseases of the teeth, gums (from pulpitis to alveolar abscess and bone necrosis) and the oral cavity (gingivitis, stomatitis, diseases of the tongue). For dental pains, they used both general and local remedies. Removal was resorted to only when the tooth was loose. But in the treatment of dislocation and fracture of the jaw, the ancient Greeks achieved great perfection: they set the bone in place and tied the teeth with gold wire.  7. Medicine in the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic period began with the accession of Alexander the Great to the throne (336 BC) and ended in the middle of the 1st century. AD, when the conquest of the last Hellenistic state - Egypt - completed the creation of the Great Roman Empire. In the Hellenistic era, the centers of Greek science shifted to the East - to Alexandria. The Alexandrian Museyon (Greek museion - the temple of the Muses, hence the term “museum”) and the famous Alexandrian manuscript repository, in which there were more than 700 thousand papyrus scrolls, were founded. The medicine of the Hellenistic era is characterized by the rapid development of anatomy and surgery, which are closely connected with the Alexandrian medical school. Anatomy (Greek anatome - dissection) in the Hellenistic era became an independent branch of medicine. Its development in Alexandria contributed to the ancient Egyptian custom of embalming, as well as the permission of the kings of the Ptolemaic dynasty to perform a practice of alive anatomy surgeries on those sentenced to death. The first Greek to begin to uncover human corpses was Herophilus. In his work “Anatomy” he described in detail the hard and soft meninges, parts of the brain and especially his ventricles (the fourth of which he considered to be the seat of the soul), as well as some internal organs. Herophilus believed that the four most important organs - the liver, intestines, heart and lungs - correspond to 4 forces - nourishing, warming, thinking and feeling. Herophilus' successor was Erasistrat. For the first time, he divided the nerves into sensory and motor ones and showed that they all emanate from the brain, carefully studying the structure of the heart and its valves, which he named. He considered the cerebral ventricles and cerebellum to be the receptacle of the soul, and his heart the center of the vital pneuma. Erasistrat believed that all parts of the body are interconnected by a system of nerves, veins and arteries, and he believed that blood flows in the veins and vital pneuma in the arteries that contacts the blood in the lungs. Having concluded that the arteries and veins are interconnected by small vessels - synanastomoses, he came close to the idea of blood circulation. Hellenistic surgery took a significant step forward by combining Greek surgery (bloodless methods of treating fractures, sprains and wounds in the classical period) and Indian surgery, much superior to the surgery of the ancient Greeks. The most important surgical achievements of this period are: * ligation of vessels; * use mandrake root as an analgesic; * the invention of the catheter (Erasistrat); * carrying out complex operations on the kidney, liver, spleen; * laparotomy with twisting intestines and ascites; * amputation of limbs. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION