Ancient Egyptian Mastabas and Pyramids PDF

**MASTABA (arabic word = bench mud)** \- a tomb for nobility \- tomb houses that were made to take the body at full lenght \- shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers \- PORTICULLIS heavy stone slabs sealing the burial chambers   **SPECIFICATIONS:** material = mud plan...

**MASTABA (arabic word = bench mud)** \- a tomb for nobility \- tomb houses that were made to take the body at full lenght \- shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers \- PORTICULLIS heavy stone slabs sealing the burial chambers   **SPECIFICATIONS:** material = mud plan = rectangular roof = flat walls = battered  **PARTS OF A MASTABA** 1\. stone facing 2\. outer chamber/sacrificial chapel 3\. serdab 4\. earth fill 5\. shaft 6\. masonry seal 7\. porticullis/stone slab 8\. burial chamber 9\. sarcophagus  **MAJOR SPACES** o **OUTER CHAMBER/SACRIFICIAL CHAPEL** where offerings were placed o **SERDAB** a small chamber inside the mastaba containing the statues of the deceased o **BURIAL CHAMBER** a chamber containing the sarcophagus reached by and underground shaft o **STELE** is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead  **EXAMPLES OF MASTABA** **MASTABA OF THI,** **SAQQARA** **MASTABAT AL** **FIR'AUN** **PYRAMIDS** \- evolved from the mastaba \- a massive masonry structure  **SPECIFICATIONS:** material = stone plan = rectangular base walls = four smooth/ steeply sides meeting at an apex orientation = sides facing cardinal points  **TYPES OF PYRAMIDS:** o **STEP PYRAMID** predating the true pyramids. sides are stepped with tiers **ex. STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER** architect Imhotep. began as a Mastaba. World's first large-scale monument in stone. 245ft tall with 7 steps o **BENT PYRAMID aka BLUNT/FALSE/** **RHOMBOIDAL** pyramid with 2 degrees of inclination ex. B**ENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU (DASHUR)** the ground collapsed during construction. to save the architects changed the slope from 52 -- 43.5 degrees o **TRUE/SLOPED PYRAMID** four smooth, sloping triangular sides with a fixed angle ex. **NORTH PYRAMID OF DASHUR aka RED** **PYRAMID** built by King Sneferu. first ever true/sloped pyramid built  **GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX** **PYRAMID OF KHUFU/CHEOPS (GREAT PYRAMID** **OF GIZA)** pharaoh: Khufu architect: hemiunu/hemnon oldest and largest in the Giza Complex. oldest of the Seven Ancient Wonders' f the World. equated to the size of St.Peter's, Rome **PYRAMID OF KHAFRE/CHEPHREN** pharaoh: Khafre guarded by the Sphinx **PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS/MENKAURE** smallest and last pyramid to be built  **GREAT PYRAMID COMPLEX aka GIZA NECROPOLIS** the ceremonial area of buildings and structures surrounding an ancient Egyptian pyramid **PARTS OF THE NECROPOLIS** 1\. **MORTUARY TEMPLE aka funerary temple;** a place of worship for a deceased king or queen especially one adjoining a pyramid or a rock-cut tomb 2\. **PYRAMID TEMPLE;** a mortuary temple connected specifically to a pyramid 3\. **PYRAMID CAUSEWAY;** a covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid 4\. **VALLEY TEMPLE;** a temple pavilion connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid. used for preparing the pharaoh for his/her final journey **ROCK-CUT TOMBS** \- a tomb hewn out of native rock. \- sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars  **TYPES OF ROCK-CUT TOMBS:** o **HILLSIDE TOMBS** for the nobility rather than royalty; having a collonaded portico, an offeting chapel, and a tomb statue ex. **BENI HASAN TOMBS, MINYA, MIDDLE** **EGYPT** 39 tombs of grat provincial families consisting of a chamber behind porticoed facade o **CORRIDOR TOMBS** used exclusively by pharaohs and their royal families ex. **VALLEY OF THE KINGS,** **LUXOR** royal necropolis of Egypt **VALLEY OF THE** **QUEENS, LUXOR** where wives of pharaohs were buried **TEMPLES** \- an edifice or place dedicated for the worship or presence of a deity \-  **CULT TEMPLE**; is for the worship of ancient and mysterious gods **MORTUARY TEMPLE**; is for the ministrations of deified pharaohs  **PARTS OF A TEMPLE:** o **PYLON** monumental gateway of massive sloping towers fronted by a pair of obelisks and an avenue of sphinx o **OBELISK** a four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, a sacred symbol of the sun god Ra and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances **PYRAMIDION aka BENBENET** is the uppermost piece or capstone of an Egyptian pyramid or obelisk. usually made of gold or electrum **ELECTRUM** is an alloy gold and silver ex. **\ VATICAN OBELISK, ROME aka** **CALIGULA'S OBELISK** original location -- Heliopolis a four thousand-year-old Egyptian obelisk originally from Heliopolis and was transferred to Romr by Caligula **LATERAN OBELISK, ROME aka** **OBELISCO LATERANO** original location -- Great Temple of Amun, Karnak commissioned by -- Thutmose IV the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world **LUXOR OBELISK, PARIS** current location -- Place de la Concorde original location -- Luxor Temple commissioned by -- Ramesses II o **AVENUE OF** **SPHINXES** leads to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon **SPHINX** a figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and head of a man, ram, or hawk **ANDROSPHINX**(man +lion) **CRIOSPHINX**(ram + lion) **HEIROSPHINX**(hawk + lion) o **HYPAETHRAL COURT aka KIOSK** a large rectangular palisaded court surrounded on three sides by a double collonade o **HYPOSTYLE HALL** a large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof and sometimes a clerestory o **SANCTUARY aka CHAPEL** holiest part accessible only to priests and pharaoh surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with temple  **GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL** by Ramesses II dedicated to Amun, Ptah, and Ra-hokhty located in upper Egypt facade takes the form of a pylon carved with 4 colossal statues of Ramesses II **TEMPLE OF HATHOR AND** **NEFERTARI aka SMALL** **TEMPLE** by Ramesses II one of the two only temples dedicated to a pharaoh's wife (the other was to Nefertiti). dedicated to Ramesses' deified queen, Nefertari, and to the goddess of music and love, Hathor\#  **KARNAK TEMPLE COMPLEX** luxor = ''the palaces'' or ''castle'' khurnakk (arabic) = fortified village construction started by Senusret I **PARTS OF KARNAK COMPLEX** o **TEMPLE AMUN-RA** considered as the grandest Egyptian temple o **GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL** \- initially designed by Hatshepsut \- started construction by Seti I \- finished construction by Ramesses II 134 columns in 16 rows o **TEMPLE OF KHONSU** constructed by Ramesses III dedicated to the moon god Khonsu o **RAMESSEUM, LUXOR** constructed by Ramesses II mortuary temple of Ramesses II  **LUXOR TEMPLE** by Amenhotep II dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship  **COLOSSI OF MEMNON** by Amenhotep III function was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep's memorial temple  **MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT ak DJESER** **DJESERU- holy of holies** architect; Senenmut modeled after the temple of Mentuhetep II  **MAMMISI TEMPLE ''BIIRTH PLACE''** a fertility temple. small shrines dedicated to the goddess, Iris. shrine to celebrate where the god of the main temple was born or where the goddess bore her children. prototype of the Greek temple ex. **SOUTH TEMPLE, ELEPHANTINE ISLAND** (deliberately destroyed by Muhammad Ali)  **BITH HOUSE** small chamber containing a statue of Isis ex.**PHILAE TEMPLE**  **BAROQUE CHAPEL** place where the image of the Pharaoh/deity was revered ex. **KARNAK TEMPLE, BAROQUE CHAPEL OF** **RAMESSES III** (lined with 8 Osiride statues of the king) **CAPITALS, COLUMNS, AND MOULDINGS** **MOULDINGS**  **GEORGE AND HOLLOW MOULDINGS aka KHERHER** **CRESTINGS** the torus mould was used to cover the angles of ancient Egyptian structure **COLUMNS** a\. bell capital/campaniform b\. bud capital c\. lotus capital d\. palm capital/palmiform e\. hathor headed **OSIRIS PILLARS** prototype of the Greek Caryatids