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# Vertebral Development and Function ## Questions and Answers **36. Which muscles attach at the transverse processes of the developing vertebrae?** The levator costarum, intertransversarii, and longissimus attach at the transverse processes. **37. Movements in which cardinal planes are permissib...

# Vertebral Development and Function ## Questions and Answers **36. Which muscles attach at the transverse processes of the developing vertebrae?** The levator costarum, intertransversarii, and longissimus attach at the transverse processes. **37. Movements in which cardinal planes are permissible at developing vertebral joints?** * Sagittal: Flexion and extension * Frontal: Lateral flexion * Transverse: Rotation **38. What movement occurs through the sagittal plane at the vertebral column during flexion?** Flexion occurs, reducing the angle between adjacent vertebrae. **39. What type of muscle contraction does the multifidus perform during extension of the vertebral column?** The multifidus performs concentric contraction during extension. **40. How many vertebral segments does the vertebral centrum develop from?** The vertebral centrum develops from two adjacent somites. **41. How many vertebral segments does the intervertebral disc develop from?** The intervertebral disc develops from two adjacent somites. **42. Which vertebral region is the vertebral centrum most affected by growth abnormalities?** The thoracic region is most affected by growth abnormalities. **43. Which vertebral region is the intervertebral disc most prone to degeneration?** The lumbar region is most prone to degeneration. **44. Which vertebral element is the neural arch derived from?** The neural arch is derived from the sclerotome. **45. Which vertebral element is the centrum derived from?** The centrum is derived from the sclerotome. **46. Which movements are favored/NOT possible between vertebrae during early development?** Favored: Flexion and extension.