The Philippines at Rizal's Time: A Review of 19th Century Life in the Country PDF

THE PHILIPPINES AT RIZAL’S TIME: 1833-1868 A REVIEW OF 19TH CENTURY LIFE - Under Queen Isabela II, Spain IN THE COUNTRY lost her rich colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico Jose Riza...

THE PHILIPPINES AT RIZAL’S TIME: 1833-1868 A REVIEW OF 19TH CENTURY LIFE - Under Queen Isabela II, Spain IN THE COUNTRY lost her rich colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico Jose Rizal - Downfall of Queen Isabel II - June 19, 1861 - December 30, launched the time of 1896 pronunciamento and the trend of turno NATIONALIST HISTORY - The basic platform for studying Trend of Turno Rizal’s life and works - The pattern of alternating governments with different political ideologies - Sign of the weakening of Spanish governance at home - Different political ideologies: 1. 1868: constitutional monarchy 2. 1873-1874: republic 3. 1874: dictatorship (probisyunal na diktadura) 4. 1875-1885: monarchy (Alfonso XII) POLITICAL ASPECT: The Advent of Spanish Instability Administrative Reforms - 19th century - Spelled administrative reforms for 1760s the Philippines - Fall of Manila to British (Britain - Factors that contributed to more will practically be in control of the administrative reforms: subsequent developments) The check and balance institustions Residencia 1808 and Visita have already - Napoleonic invasion of Spain been abolished There remained the 1809 burden of government for - The Philippines ceased to be a sending of forces, priests province of Spain (friars), government - Abolisyon ng mga naiparanas na officials despite income reporma na ibinunga ng shortages panghihimasok ng mga Briton: In 1861 Real Audience’s 1. Real Situado - royal loose administration of subsidy; financial aid sent justice devolved more by Spain(?) power for alcaldes 2. Representación a la mayores (e.g., indulto de Camara Española - comercio) pagpapadala ng In 1866, the alcalde mayor representative sa spanish was empowered to congress concurrently serve as 3. Presa libre judge of first instance 4. Secularización de las ~ exposes that political, parroquias economic, and judicial power were consolidated in the hands of  alcalde mayor - in the most usual and incapable of producing case, also friars benefits for the colony The idea that reforms would not Other Administrative Reform be forthcoming as long as the Includes: rulers are Spaniards would eventually be entertained 1869 - Establishment of Guardia Civil along with other reforms in ECONOMIC ASPECT: Development of enforcing punishments and Export Economy penalties - Establishment of municipal and Konsolidasyon ng yaman ng provincial prisons for petty crimes simbahan - Bilibid and Fort Santiago prison ○ Binigyang proteksyon ang cells were devoted for crimes mga lupain (hacienda) ng against the state simbahan mula sa panghihimasok ng 1884 dayuhan - The tribute was replaced by cedula personal Reducción Cedula personal - Philippines’ economy system for - Ginagamit ang papel na ito the first 200 years of Spanish na patunay na ang isang colonization mamamayan ay kolonya - Keep the native indios isolated ng Espanya at lehitimong from outside influences by kasapi ng isang pueblo restricting them to controlled 1887 towns (pueblos) - Social activities were more easily considered as crimes against the Economic Regression state because of the insecurities - One of the key themes in Rizal’s of leaders (stigma of Latin writing American Independence) - EXAMPLE Manila-Acapulco Galleon IMPACTS OF 19TH CENTURY Trade: only benefited a DEVELOPMENTS small group of privileged The instability of governments in Spaniards, harmed the Spain made it impossible to local economy develop any consistent policy for their overseas colonies Changes in International Science In the face of all the arbitrariness The gravity of power moved out in governance, Filipinos were of the Iberian Peninsula to other deprived of position, some of parts of Western Europe, which they previously used to specifically Britain and France occupy Advent of the First Industrial The Philippines was left at the Revolution and the development hands of Spaniards who neither of money economy have interest nor knowledge of the country First Industrial Revolution and The government’s inability to the Development of money provide for basic needs of public - Become a stimulus to use works, schools, peace and order, bargaining power semi-modern economy (acquired through force or accelerated the exposure of a military might) to acquire system that is both exploitative  two things from an ○ Cash Crop Economy: external force: higher production of cane 1. A cheap and stable sugar, coffee, tobacco, source of raw abaca, indigo to meet materials greater demands 2. External market ○ Abolition of prior monopolies (e.g., tobacco) Key Developments in the National ○ Abolition of restriction Economy against Chinese 1815 marked the end of the Manila ACapulco Galleon Trade Supporting Economic Infrastructures (partly due to Mexican Foreign consulates were made Independence) and the available in the Philippines: crown-supported Real Compania ○ Russia and US (1817) de Filipinas ○ France and Germany The macro-economy then was (1835) handed over at the mercy of the ○ Great Britain (1844) Real Sociedad Económica de ○ Japan (1888) Amigo del País Hotels were constructed to Real Sociedad Económica de accommodate foreigners: Amigo del País ○ Hotel de Oriente - Known for its enlightened ○ Fonda de Lala (Fonda despotism which Francesca) practically advocated that Provincial ports were opened it would be beneficial to ○ Sual - Pangasinan exploit the island’s ○ Iloilo resources through ○ Zamboanga (1855) agriculture, commerce, ○ Cebu (1860) and industry, the economic ○ Legaspi thought jived with the ○ Leyte (1873) changes in the economy of Banking facilities were made the 19th century available 1833 ○ Banco Espanol-Filipino ○ Itinigil ang monopolyo sa (first paper money in 1852) tabako ○ Two other British-owned ○ Pagbubukas ng maraming banks daungan ○ Monte de Piedad ○ Pagtanggal ng (eventually became saving pagbabawal sa mga Tsino banks for Manilans) 1834 marked the opening of the ~ As foreign banks became more Philippines to world commerce, powerful, they connected the with key national economic local economy to global economy developments: in two ways: ○ Commercialization of 1. Securities Agriculture as purred by 2. Facilitating exchange foreign traders, most ~ These banks helped control the especially by the British value of money and mainly ○ Consolidation of the invested in agricultural crops Wealth of the Church: from Introduction of Western system of encomienda to full-bloom transportation and hacienda, a system communication (railway, protected against direct steamship lines, telegraph) as incursions by foreigners facilitated by British engineers. Some attendant developments:  ○ 1885: Compania de los ○ Buy crops and sell to Tranvias de Filipinas (5 foreign agents streetcar service lines: 4 ○ Buy imported goods and horse drawn, 1 steam sell to manilans powered/tranvia de vapor) ○ “Tokay” system ○ 1890: Ferrocaril de Manila (predecessor of sari-sari (railway line from Manila to store) Dagupan, Pangasinan) ○ Export rice to the ○ Puente Colgante (Quezon Philippines Bridge) designed by Gustave Eiffel Apparent Effects of 19th Century ○ Ships sail from Manila to Economic Developments Hongkong weekly; Inflation: rise of prices in Manila Manila-Barcelona trip was (500%) (1846-1870) monthly; regular from Proliferation of haciendas with Japan, Eurasian countries, the conversion of rice field to and US cash crop fields ○ 1841: regular shipping Rise of inquilino and Chinese between Manila and mestizos Yokohama Worsening of tenancy system ○ 1840: telephone in Manila because of pacto de retroventa (Limited scale) (sanlang-bili) ○ 1872: telegraph line: Pacto de Retroventa Manila > Corregidor; - Financial arrangement Manila > where a landowners sells Ilocandia;Bicolandia land but retains the right to ○ 1882: Manila-Hongkong buy it back later overseas Telegram - Led to increased (Manila > Europe, Asia, exploitation of farmers, others) trapping them in debt and ○ 1894: Iloilo telephone making it difficult for them service to improve their lives or ○ 1897: interisland achieve stability submarine cable: Manila > Iloilo, Bacolod, Cebu IMPACTS OF 19TH CENTURY 19th Century Economic Scenario: DEVELOPMENTS Positive Balance of Trade After about 1830, the growth of Export (55-59%) over import an export economy brought about Britain as major trading partner: increasing prosperity to the ○ First commercial and Filipino middle and upper classes consul in Manila With the growth of friar ○ Controlled shipping haciendas, the friction between ○ Initiatives at railway and inquilinos and friars would communication escalate as lands grow in value ○ Spain has no de facto and rents were raised control over the economy With modernized methods and as, she was compelled to efficiency, the question of who remove all trade barriers should reap the larger part of the especially those against fruits of boom would later Britain transmute to questioning the Chinese as middlemen or friar’s right to haciencdas comprador:  SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT: ○ Lives in stone house Ascendance of Land-Based Classes (arquitectura mestiza) along calle real (main street) ○ Uses the honorary titles “Don” and “Dona” Invests on land, education, luxurious lifestyle and items - calesa, piano Elite who maximize access to education, law, technology, authorities and political influence Cultivates all types of “capital” - Social Dynamics physical, human, political, The social hierarchy was like a cultural, social, intellectual pyramid, with clear inequalities Many manage to foster good with different levels relations with the lower classes, The regressive head tax (cedula the relations with which are personal) made social consolidated through stratification even worse by intermarriages and compadrazgo taking a greater amount from (especially true between the those on the bottom inquilino and his kasama) Filipinos with higher positions in Historically seen as the most society still faced racial revolutionary class, especially discrimination. when they are being denied with ○ Filipinos are called power chonggos (monkeys) or bestias cargadas del oro Other Significant Socio-Cultural ○ Fr. Miguel Lucio Developments Busmante’s book “Si Rapid spread of education from Tandang Basio Macunat” about 1860: depicted that Filipinos ○ Many has learned to were not fit to learn the converse using the Spanish language and Spanish language should just work the land ○ The 1859 return of the ○ Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin Jesuits (Roman Catholic said that Filipinos were order of religious men) created along with rattan, brought in ideas and implying they were inferior methods new to Philippine Unlike earlier colonial times, a education middle class (clase media) began Transformed to emerge made up of: Escuela Pia to ○ Mestizo-Espanol Ateneo Municipal (Spanish-Filipino) de Manila ○ Principalia/Inquilino (local Administered the elites) Escuela Normal de ○ Mestizo-Chino Maestros (Chinese-Filipino) Established the foundation of The Clase Media humanistic 19th century witnessed the rise of education which the “middle class” usually would later associated with the marks of influence interest in urbanidad Espanola: the Filipino past,  field such as law, the Catholic practice of his day medicine, theology childish and incompatible with ~ this field of liberal modern ideas arts studies would Religion and its friars would be eventually lead to seen to signify a means to formation of the perpetuate the status quo Filipino intelligentsia ○ Filisofo Tasio: “The Philippines owes the —--------------------------------------------------- Jesuits the beginnings of the Natural Sciences, PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION OF A should of the 19th RIZAL century.” Books were made available to JOSE RIZAL Filipino students under the Jesuit Jose Protacio Mercado y Alonso system of education. From these ○ Protacio: Patron saint for one could be enlightened on the June 19 nature of man, relation between ○ Rizal from “ricial” = green government and people, among field/ new pasture others. Some of significant ○ Pepe “official nickname” influence are: Jose: putative ○ John Locke (1689). Two father of Jesus Treatises of Government Christ ○ Jean Jacques Rousseau Pater putativus = (1762). The Social P.P = Pepe (as read Contract in Spanish The issue on the Secularization alphabet) of the parishes would later be Birthdate: June 19, 1861 transmuted into a movement as ○ Miraculous survival secular priests were being because of oversized stigmatized as “political head: Nuestro Señora de dynamites: la Paz y Buenviaje Relatively massive migration of Birthplace: Calamba, Laguna Chinese because of some Date of Baptism: June 22, 1861 factors: nullification of Officiating Priest: Rev. Rufino anti-Chinese laws, primogeniture, Collantes [secular priest] and rebellions in China (Batangueño) The daily newspaper appeared Godfather: Rev. Pedro Casañas Leisure activities became more Ancestors: Domingo Lam-co available: (from Chinchew, China) and ○ Horseracing at Manila Lakan Dula (last Malayan King of Jockey Club Tondo) ○ Bullfighting in Paco ○ Theatres: Teatro Filipino, PARENTS Circo de Bilibid, Teatro Father Zorilla, Teatro de Colon Francisco Mercado ○ Movies at Salon de 1818-1898 Pertierra in Escolta An educated farmer Studied Latin and Philosophy at IMPACTS OF 19TH CENTURY the College of San Jose in Manila DEVELOPMENTS Became a tenant-farmer of the The developments would give Dominican estate way to an intellectual class - the “He was a model father” - Pepe Filipino ilustrado who would see  Originally merchants, but they 3. Narcisa shifted to agriculture and modest 4. Olympia participation in local politics 5. Lucia Father: Juan Mercado 6. Maria ○ Thrice a mayor of Biñan 7. JOSE RIZAL ○ Later moved to Calamba 8. Concepcion and leased lands from 9. Josefa Dominicans 10. Trinidad 11. Soledad Mother Teodora Alonso Mercado Family 1862-1911 They were rich: “orang kaya” (rich Graduate of Santa Rosa College person or wealthy individual) Talented, with high culture, ○ Raised rice, corn, and business ability, and literary gift sugar on large tracts of “My mother is more than a land rented from the woman of ordinary culture; she Dominican estate in knows literature and speaks Calamba Spanish better than I… She is a ○ Operated a sugar mill, a mathematician and has read flour mill, and a many books” - Pepe home-made ham press Father: Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo ○ Engaged successfully in ○ Deputy for the Philippines the dye and sugar in the Cortes business and in the barter ○ Her teacher trade ○ Both him and his father ○ Teodora owned a store in Don Cipriano had been town which sold many mayors of Biñang articles of trade needed by Brother: Jose Alberto the people ○ Educated in Europe ○ Was able to purchase ○ Spoke German, English, another stone house in Spanish and French Calamba ○ Knight in the Order of One of the richest families in Isabel the Catholic Calamba during the times prior to ○ Sir John Bowring, the persecution by the friars: Governor of Hongkong ○ First to build a large stone toured Luzon, he was house in Calamba lodged in the house of ○ First to own a carruaje Jose Alberto, and found [eventually they had 3] there “abundant evidence ○ First to have a home that his host had not library studied in vain the arts of ○ First to educate their domestic civilization”. The children in the colleges in furniture, the beds, the Manila tables, the crockery were Highly esteemed and respected: all in good taste.” “orang besar” (great man or Maternal grandfather: Manuel de important person) Quintos ○ Sponsored all social and ○ Well-known lawyer in religious activities in the Manila community ○ Were gracious host to all Siblings visitors - priests, alferez 1. Saturnina (lieutenant of the Guardia 2. Paciano Civil), Spanish officials,  and Filipinos - during ○ Esteem and respect for holidays such as secular priests (e.g. Fr. Christmas, town fiesta, Leoncio Lopez) and other occasions ○ Pilgrimage to Antipolo on ○ “Beneath the Rizal roof, all June 6, 1868 to fulfill vow; guests.. Were treated first trip across Laguna de equally - with all courtesy Bay. Afterwhich, first time and hospitality” - Zaide to go to Manila to visit Saturnina at Santa Ana Mercado Home NOT in total conformity with the One of the distinguished stone ladino i.e., hispanized principalia houses in Calamba during the lifestyle: Spanish times ○ Orang besar, more than Rectangular in shape, “of adobe orang kaya stone and hardwood with a ○ Bahay kubo, more than red-tiled roof” bahay na bato ○ Often described as a ○ Affectionate family, more “typical bahay-kubo than the typically (vis-à-vis bahay na bato)” constricted upbringing in ○ Behind it were the poultry elite families (turkeys and chickens) Destinies embraced to fulfill: yard and the garden ○ Endangered life at birth: ○ Cultivates a garden of oversized head tropical fruit trees (atis, ○ The patron of birth survival balimbing, macopa, was Nuestra Señora de la papaya, santol, tampoy, Paz y Buenviaje [= peace etc.) and good travel] “It was a happy home where ○ Response to siblings: parental affection and children’s monument premonition laughter reigned” - Zained Most cherished memories: ○ Jubilant noises at day ○ Cult of the mother i.e, ○ Family prayers at night matricentrality, Affectionate Family: use of matrifocality “Tatay” and “Nanay” ○ Cult of nature Hands-on in their THEMES AND FOCUS OF RIZAL’S family garden, loves NARRATIVES ON HIS CHILDHOOD the soil = Enlightened devotion to “halaMAN” Catholicism: Endeared with the ○ Miraculous survival, moon, lovers credits to Birheng Negra nocturnal walks or ○ The given name Jose simply staring at the Protacio moon from their ○ Baptism by a secular azotea priest Lakeshore ○ Official nickname: Pepe moments for ○ Leads family prayers at reflection at the the age of three shore of Laguna de ○ Reads their family Bible at Bay on Filipinos’ the age of five condition, with his ○ Loved to go to church, pet dog pray, take part in novenas, ○ First inexplicable join religious processions heartbreak: death of Concha  ○ Closest to Paciano and The inclusion also suggests Concha Americal colonial period ○ Aya (maid) told him The shift from “c” to “k” was also stories: fictions, myths and proposed by Rizal himself, but legends much later in his life ○ Angelus prayer at night As of now, the most probable Hobbies author was Hermenegildo Cruz, ○ draws/copies pictures and who works at the forefront of the sketches on books suppressed Nationalism phase of ○ Carved figures out of American colonial period wood, usually of nature What has been debunked was and animals the historical claim that Jose ○ Statuettes out of clay and Mercado actually wrote this in wax, teased by siblings, 1869, when he was supposedly monument premonition eight years old ○ Set fried leaves to fire However, the poem also presents ○ Learning sessions with a good grasp of Rizal’s idea and Teodora Alonzo advocacies on nurturing one’s mother language. It is apparently Minor Works in Focus written by someone who has immense knowledge of Rizal. It is Un Receurdo a mi Pueblo (In memory in this light that reading the poem of my Town) could benefit students of Rizal’s The happiest period in Rizal’s life life and works was his childhood Wrote when he was 15 years old A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino in 1876, student in Ateneo de Youth) Municipal 1879 (he’s 18 years old) Wrote this poem to express his Highly regarded as a gem in love and appreciation for the Philippine Literature in Spanish place he grew up When he was studying in UST, he submitted this poem for the Sa Aking mga Kabata (1869) poetry contest which had been Hindi totoong gawa ni Pepe organized for Filipinos by the it shud be “Sa Aquing manga Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila Cabata” (Manila Lyceum of Art and No manuscript in Rizal’s Literature) handwriting exists Won the first prize, silver pen First published in 1906: One of his most famous and most Hermegildo Cruz’ “Kun Sino and difficult to translate, was Kumatha ng Florante” dedicated to the Filipino Youth No mention by Rizal in any of his writings, even in diaries RIZAL’S EDUCATION ENDEAVORS: External and internal criticism: EDUCATION AND LEARNING the poem uses “K” (of the EXPERIENCES IN THE PHILIPPINES Commonwealth Era) -> 19th C “c” AND ABROAD Use of “Kalayaan” - which Rizal’s first encounter was actually in Rizal: The Conscious Learner 1882, spelled “calaiajan” when Del Pilar translated his El Amor Early Schooling Patrio Teodora Alonzo as first teacher Familiarity with English in 1869? ○ Reading and writing in He used English only in 1880. Spanish and Latin  Spanish: lingua For skill build-up and spiral franca of 19th learning, the family also secured century of the PH the services of private tutors Latin: lingua franca ○ Maestro Celestino of Iglesia Catolica ○ Maestro Lucas Padua ○ Catholic prayers ○ Leon Monroy ○ Poetry in Spanish (fondest sesh) First Formal Schooling in Binan (1870 ○ First model of an ideal - 1871) teacher Private School Patient and loving ○ Run by Maestro Justiniano but utterly strict Aquino Cruz ○ One key moment of An education with much religion learning was Dona and overly strict compliance Teodora reading the Story ○ Learn and behave well of the Moth (from the Rizal would always recount the Spanish Reader “El Amigo first day of school when he was de los Ninos”) when the made fun of his classmates young Pepe considered because of his answers to his the young moth as one of teacher’s question: “Sabes his inspiration: “It died a Espanol? Latin?” - Un poco, martyr to its illusions, and Senor the perseverance to chase Took painting lessons under the light.” Juancho ○ 3Rs: Reading, Writing and Methodical life in Binan Religion ○ Usual viands: tuyo and Three (3) maternal uncles, who ayungin provided holistic early education ○ Pray, play, study for Pepe: Jose had intellectual superiority ○ Tio Gregorio over Binan classmates Cognitive ○ Despite the reputation he Inspired Pepe to be had being a compliant and a lover of books good boy, he was often Inculcated to young beaten by Maestro on the Pepe the mere reports of his importance of hard classmates especially of work, thinking for Pedro (Maestro’s son) himself, and ○ This was the lingering observing life basis in Noli: keenly He long dreamed to ○ Jose build a school that Affective is not a torture Developed Pepe’s chamber but a artistic capabilities: playground of the painting, sketching, mind and sculpture Narrative tropes ○ Manuel ○ Intellectual superiority Psychomotor ○ Stick-and-stick policy for Handled Pepe’s the unfavorite physical training: December 1871 swimming, fencing, ○ Come back to Calamba wrestling and other sports ON TO ATENEO: the decision to enter The philosophy of Ateneo MAN as the 1872 creature of the ○ Jose had already passed personal God was all entrance exam the climax of all (Christian doctrine, collegiate courses arithmetic, reading) at 1872 - 1873: intimidation and Colegio de San Juan de adjustments Letran ○ First teacher was Father GomBurZa Execution Jose Bech: intimidated ○ Paciano influence -> a call ○ To improve Spanish, Rizal for family caucus took private lessons in ○ Family convinced that it Santa Isabel College would be best for Jose to during noon recesses enter Ateneo Municipal de ○ All grades: sobresaliente, Manila but just an “accesit” Use of “Rizal” Rizal would still ○ Paciano used Mercado as make it a surprise student in Colegio de San to Mom in prison Jose -> suspicion despite frustration ○ Made him appear as ○ Rizal would explain to his illegitimate child family on his (Ferdinand Blumetritt’s dissatisfaction in his fault?) academic performance: Returned to Manila to matriculate He was made to at Ateneo Municipal board Dona ○ Refused by registrar Fr. Pepay’s boarding Magin Ferrando house to be able to Late for registration, offset he loan from sickly and the Mercado family undersized for his GROUPINGS IN age SCHOOL ○ Intercession by Manuel internos - Xerez Burgos dorm inside Fr. Burgos’ nephew ateneo externos - ATENEO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA outside (1872 - 1877) ateneo Enjoys prestige to be an excellent Too much college for boys distraction provides ○ System of education was a glimpse of how it advanced from that of was in the boarding other colleges houses in Manila ○ Trained character of Noise from students by rigid discipline children and religious instruction Dona ○ Promoted physical culture, Pepay’s fine arts and scientific frequent studies request for ○ Offered A.B. courses + Jose to run vocational, agriculture, some commerce, mechanics errands ○ “Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam” “Good times mode” of  other Francisco de Paula boarders Sanchez Playing fun Inspired Rizal to w/ Chinese study harder and peddlers write poetry Gambling Sanchez as “a activities model of rectitude, Bullies solictude, and ○ For the succeeding years devotion to his in Ateneo, Rizal requested pupil’s progress” from his family that he stay ○ Inspired, Rizal topped all in Ateneo dorm subjects; garnered five (5) It was granted medals at the end of term 1873 - 1874: Jesuit Discipline ○ Other notable educational and Inspiration endeavors: ○ Rizal was satisfied as Fr. Jose Villaclara most of his grades were More sobresaliente, and he practical garnered gold medal studies ○ Jose was utterly (Philosophy appreciative of Ateneo and natural dorm life science) He became Agustin Saez methodical, Painting observant, careful, Romualdo de Jesus frugal under Jesuit Sculpture Discipline Singing lessons, but He noted that not a failed to be able to single minute is sing well wasted since Interest in Reading everything was ○ Alexander Dumas’ “The planned for the Count of Monte Cristo” entire 24 hours ○ Cesar Cantu’s “Universal “There were no History” bullies among us for ○ Dr. Feodor Jagor’s pre-eminence was “Travels in the Philippines” won thru Keen observation of intelligence” the defects of “A peaceful retreat Spanish in which the eyes of colonization my intelligence had Prophecy that been opened and Spain would lose my heart had begun Philippines and to cherish nobler America would be feelings” the next colonizer 1874 - 1875: Jesuit Discipline ○ Romantic novels -> and Inspiration romantic death ○ “I returned dissatisfied to Extra-curricular Activities in my hometown” Ateneo 1875 - 1876: Jesuit Discipline ○ Academia de la Literatura and Inspiration Española ○ Rizal met his favorite and ○ Academia de los Ciencias beloved profession, Fr. Naturales ○ Apostolado de la Oración  ○ Congregacion Mariana indios had ○ Gymnastics and fencing the same ○ Sculptures capacity for Nuestra Virgen mental work Maria and made El Sagrado same Corazon de Jesus progress Poems in Ateneo ○ Family council after ○ Mi Primera Inspiración graduation because of (1874) mother’s opposition to still ○ Felicitación (1875) pursue higher education ○ El Embarque: Himno a la because of 1872 events Flota de Magallanes Rizal’s thoughts on (1875) mother’s objection: ○ Y Es Español: Elcano, el “Did she have a Primer en dar la Vuelta el presentiment of Mundo (1875) what was going to ○ El Combate: Urbiztondo, happen to me? Can Teror de Jolo (1875) it be that a mother’s ○ LA Tragedia de San heart gives her Eustaquio (1876) double vision?” ○ Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS (1876) (1877 -1882) ○ Alianza Intima Entre la Entered in 1877 under Religion y la Buena Philosophy and Letters courses Educacion (1876) because of indecision as to the ○ Por la Educación Recibe professional course to be taken Lustre la Patria (1876) up ○ El Cauteverio y el Triunfo: Influences on decisions Batalla de Lucena y ○ advice/career counsel of Prision de Boabdil (1876) Fr. Pablo Roman (rector of ○ La entrada Triunfal de los Ateneo) Reyes Catolicos en ○ Ailing condition of Donya Granada (1876) Teodora’s eyes ○ El Heroismo de Colon ○ Paciano’s non-preference (1877) for Law ○ Colon y Juan II (1877) “Those who ○ Gran Consuela en la practice Law collect MAyor desdicha (1877) their fees for ○ Un Dialogo Alusivo a la defending one side Despedida de los or the other, Colegiales (1877) whether right or ○ Al Nino Jesus wrong; and there ○ A la Virgen Maria are few who Graduation with Highest Honors practice medicine ○ Bachelor of Arts and the arts” ○ Most significant impact of 1878 - 1879 learning experiences in ○ transferred/took up Ateneo medical course while “Race remaining loyal to Ateneo consciousness” Continued All things extra-curricular being equal, activities whites and  Completed ○ Method of instruction was surveying course obsolete and repressive (agrimensura) Chapter XIII (El Fili) Perito “The Class in agrimensor Physics” (surveyor ○ Gang fights propelled by and expert professors assessor) Passed the OSCILLATION IN PERFORMANCE: exam while RIZAL’S EXPLANATIONS 17 y/o but license was Distractions as a youth granted on Segunda Katigbak November ○ Filipinas were married 25, 1881 young because parents ○ Literary laurel with the help wanted to be relieved asap of Ateneo Teachers of the vexing responsibility 1879: “A La of protecting the virginity Juventud Filipina” in (inaccessibility of Licerio Artistico daughters) Literario contest The cult of their 1880: “El Consejo future bridegrooms de los Dioses” (jealous, Indignation possessive, of decision sensitive to the Fallacy of slightest offence Spanish against their honor) superiority Girls are glad over Filipinos (emancipation from Other literary works in UST the rigid ○ Junto al Pasig (1880) conventions of their ○ A Filipinas (1880) chaperoned virgin) ○ Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma Not only Segunda - there were (1879) Leonoreas, Dolores, Ursulas, ○ AI M.R.P. PAblo Ramon, Felipas, Vicentas, and Margaritas Rector del Ateneo, en sus (flings) Dios ○ “But at the critical 1880 - 1882 moments of my life I have ○ Everything was just routine always acted against my until the nationalist group heart’s desire, obeying have a decision on a new contradictory purposes direction to take and powerful doubts” Unhappy days at UST Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela ○ Dominican professors ○ Cautious, invisible ink were hostile to him Leonor Rivera ○ Filipino students were ○ A near cousin racially discriminated Other adulting things make him Treating Filipinos busy students with ○ Paciano makes him check contempt in the weather and flood familiar “tu” forecasts, deliver Iguana while yung iba to Jesuits for their “usted” museum  ○ Soledad was beaten up by the Universidad Central de nuns in the convent Madrid He had to 1885 investigate ○ Passed all subjects for the ○ Most significant impact of degree Doctor of Medicine learning experiences in (no diploma- unpaid) UST Licentiate in Philosophy and “Race jealousy” Letters (June 19 - Sobresaliente raged by professors who played PARIS AND GERMANY favorites OJTs/part-time in clinics to Filipinos are better specialize in Ophthalmology that the Spaniards MINOR WORKS IN FOCUS ○ 1882 developments: Through Education our decision to continue Motherland Receives Light studies abroad (1876) Intimate Alliance Between UNIBERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID Religion and Good Education (1882 - 1884) (1876) Originally planned to pursue medicine course in Barcelona ○ Paciano reminded him “Here it is said that you will finish your medical course in Barcelona. Follow it in Madrid, the main purpose of your going is not to improve yourself in the profession but in other more useful things, or what comes to the same thing, that to which you have the greater inclination” Madrid, center of all Secret departure ○ Paid visit to Ateneto to ask for recommendation letters to their networks in Spain 1882 ○ Enrolled in two courses Medicine Philosophy and letters Simultaneous ○ Painting and sculpture at Academia de San Carlos ○ Private tutors for French, German, English ○ Fencing and shooting 1884 ○ Awarded the degree of licentiate in medicine by