Laws of Motion Chapters PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by AthleticChaos
Girls College, Ain Shams University
Tags
Summary
These notes cover the fundamental laws of motion in physics, including Newton's first, second, and third laws. It touches on concepts like inertia, force, mass, acceleration, and provides illustrative examples. The document also introduces the concept of force, types of forces, mass, weight, and elastic properties in detail.
Full Transcript
# Chapters: Laws of Motion ## Newton's First Law: - An object at rest stays at rest. And an object in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. - Called inertia - EF = zero - "الأجسام لا تتغير حالتها من السكون أو الحركة إلا إذا أثرت عليها قوى خارجية" - ex. When rid...
# Chapters: Laws of Motion ## Newton's First Law: - An object at rest stays at rest. And an object in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. - Called inertia - EF = zero - "الأجسام لا تتغير حالتها من السكون أو الحركة إلا إذا أثرت عليها قوى خارجية" - ex. When riding a car that stops suddenly. You lunge forward because your body wants to keep moving. ## Newton's Second Law: - The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. - $F = ma$ - " * الجسم tetanassab Tardyan ma3 al Qowa al moha sala al mothira 3leih wa yetanassab 3aksian ma3 kotlatih * kolma zaydat al Qowa al mothira 3la jism ma3in, zaydat al tasar3 wa kolma zaydat al kotla Qalat al tasar3 al natij 3an nafs al Qowa" - ex. Pushing a small car is easier than pushing a large truck with the same force. ## Newton's Third Law: - For every action, there is an equal and opposite force (bad). - "لكل فعل رد فعل مساو له فى القوة ومعاكس في الاتجاه" - ex. When you push against a wall, the wall pushes back on you with an equal and opposite force. - "عندما تؤثر قوه على جيم فان الجيم يؤثر بقوه مساوي ومعاكس في اتجاه على الحيم المؤثر" ## The Concept of Force: - Force is any interaction that causes a change in the motion or state of an object. - "تفاعل بسبب تغير فى الحركة أو الحاله" ## Types of Forces: 1. Constant forces: Like pushing a book or pulling a box. 2. Field forces: Such as gravitational or electrical forces. ## Mass & Weight: - **Mass:** Is a property of an object that specifies how much resistance it exhibits to change in its velocity. - Mass is a scalar quantity. $M_1 = a_1$ , $M_2 = a_2$ - **Weight:** Is the force exerted by the Earth on an object. This force is directed toward the center of the Earth. - $W = mg$ - "القوى المؤلة على الحيم تحو مركز الأرض" - $M = mass$ - $ g = acceleration gravity$ - $1N = 1kgm $ - $1N = kg. m/s^2$ # Chapter 4. Elastic ## Stress: - Stress is the external force acting on an object per unit cross-sectional area. - "نتيجه الاحماد" - Strain: The result of stress. ## Elastic Modulus: - The ratio of the stress to the resulting strain. | Type | Stress | Straion | |---|---|---| | Longitudinal (Tensile) | $F/A = ΔP$ | $ΔL/L$ | | Volume | $F/A = ΔP$ | $ΔV/V$ | | Shear | $F/A$ | $Δx/h$ | ## Types Of Elastic Moduli: - **Young's modulus: ** "المواد السيد" - $y = tensile stress / tensile strain$ - **Bulk volumetric modulus:** "مرون الشكل حجم العواد" - $B = volume stress / volume strain$ - **Shear Modulus:** "elastierty in Shape" shear stress / shear strain - $ = F/A $ - $ = Δx / h$ ## The compressibility of the Material (1/K): - Is inverse to bulk modulus. - $K = 1/B$ - "لا تحتوى على معامل يونج، السوائل لا تتحمل المواد سأرقص" - Solids (liquids) have bulk modulus. - Liquids have no Young's Modulus (shear modulus) because liquids will not sustain a shearing stress or tensile stress. - **If a shearing force or a tensile force is applied to liquid, the liquid simply flows in response.** - "اذا تم تطبيق قوة أسيرون على سائل فأنه يتتاثر بساطر" ## Examples in PDF ## Poisson's Ratio of a Material: - $ σ = lateral strain / longitudinal strain$ - "احط دعائي" "تي يواسون كا للماده"
