AP Term Assessment Reviewer T1 G8 PDF

AP Term Assessment Reviewer T1 G8 Newton’s Laws of Motion Law of Inertia [1st Law of Motion] The Law of Inertia states that an object at rest will remain at rest while an object in motion will move at a constant velocity Inertia is the ten...

AP Term Assessment Reviewer T1 G8 Newton’s Laws of Motion Law of Inertia [1st Law of Motion] The Law of Inertia states that an object at rest will remain at rest while an object in motion will move at a constant velocity Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change in its motion This is also the first condition of Equilibrium or Translational Equilibrium because there is no net force applied to the object Law of Acceleration [2nd Law of Motion] The Law of Acceleration states that if a net force is applied the object will accelerate in the same direction as the net force Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force but inversely to its mass Formula: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑎 2 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐾𝑔) 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁) 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚/𝑠 ) Law of Interaction [3rd Law of Motion] The Law of Interaction states that for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction Example: Force A push or pull exerted on a body It has a magnitude and direction The unit used is the Newton It is a Vector Quantity Types of Forces Contact Force It results from direct physical contact The types of forces that fall into this category are Friction, Normal, and Tension forces Non-Contact Forces These are also referred to as ‘Action-at-a-Distance Forces’ Non-Contact forces refer to forces that do not involve direct physical contact Those that fall into this category are Magnetic, Electric, and Gravitational forces Mass The quantity of matter that a body contains 1 Weight The force on a body due to gravity Gravity 2 2 The gravity on Earth is 9. 807𝑚/𝑠 while the gravity on the Moon is 1. 62𝑚/𝑠 Uniform Circular Motion The motion of an object in a Circle at a Constant Speed It is also a specific case in which the Velocity remains Constant in Magnitude [Speed] but not Direction The Direction is Tangential to the circle and changes as the object changes its position, resulting in Acceleration Parts of a Circle Centripetal Acceleration It is when an object moving in a circle is subjected to a net force The apparent force is directed inward radially towards the center of the circle The force at play is the Centripetal Force Formulas: 2 𝑣 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟 Centrifugal Force It is the apparent force that an object feels as it moves along a curved path The apparent force is pointed away or outwards from the path of rotation Centrifugal vs Centripetal Formulas for Uniform Circular Motion 𝐹𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑣 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐹𝑐 𝑟 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐹𝑐 𝑟 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟 𝑣= 𝑚 r= 𝐹𝑐 𝑚= 2 𝑣 2 Work Work is done on an object when there is a force applied on the object and it moves a distance in line with the direction of the force applied to it Formula: 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑 Joules The SI [International Standard of Measurement] of Work is the Newton-Meter with the unit combination being referred to as Joules [J] One Joule is the amount of Work done by a force of 1N [Newtons] in moving a body through a distance of 1m [Meters] Joules [J] Unit of Work & the amount of work done by a force of 1 Newton in moving a body through a distance of 1 Meter Formulas for Solving ‘With Respect to Gravity’ 2 Formula: 𝐹 = 𝑚 [𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑘𝑔] 𝑔 [𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦/9. 807𝑚/𝑠 ] 2 Formula: 𝑤 [𝐽] = 𝐹 [𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒/𝑁] 𝑔 [𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦/9. 807𝑚/𝑠 ] 𝑑 [𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑚] When Finding Angle When Force and Displacement are not parallel to each other, only the component of the force parallel to the displacement does work 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ Formula: 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 Law of Conservation of Energy States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed Mechanical Energy The Energy that allows things to move or stay in a certain position Potential Energy [PE] Stored energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position Gravitational Potential Energy [GPE] As a body is raised, it gains gravitational potential energy as it falls back to its original position before it was raised When an object begins to fall downwards, the object loses PE and gains KE Formula: 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Elastic Potential Energy [EPE] The potential energy stored due to the compression or extension of an elastic material Formula: 1 2 𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑘 [𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡/𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒] 𝑥 [𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔] Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by a body because of its motion 1 2 Formula: 𝐾= 2 𝑚𝑣 3 Power The rate at which work is done or the rate at which the energy is transferred Tells us how fast work is completed over time and how quickly energy is consumed or transferred The Unit of Power is Watt and Horsepower 𝑤 𝐹𝑑 Formula: 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 Energy vs Power Energy tells us how much work can be done Power tells us how fast that work is being done Quantity Symbol Unit Formulas Force F Newtons [N] 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑎 [With Respect to Gravity = 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑔] Mass m Kilograms [kg] 𝐹𝑐 𝑟 [Uniform Circular Motion = 𝑚 = 2 ] 𝑣 Speed/Velocity v Meters per Second [m/s] 𝐹𝑐 𝑟 [Uniform Circular Motion = 𝑣 = 𝑚 ] Acceleration a Meters per Second Squared 𝑣 2 2 [Uniform Circular Motion = 𝑎 = 𝑟 ] [𝑚/𝑠 ] 𝑐 Work w Joules [J] 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ [When Finding Angle = 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 ] [With Respect to Gravity = 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑔𝑑] Kinetic Energy KE Joules [J] 1 2 𝐾= 2 𝑚𝑣 Potential Energy PE Joules [J] [Gravitational Potential Energy = 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ] 1 2 [Elastic Potential Energy = 𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑘 𝑥] Power P Watts [W] 𝑤 𝐹𝑑 𝑃= 𝑡 = 𝑡 Centripetal Force 𝐹𝑐 Newtons [N] 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑐 2 𝑚𝑣 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟 Radius r Meters [m] 𝑚𝑣 2 r= 𝐹𝑐 Centripetal 𝑎𝑐 Meters per Second Squared 𝑣 2 Acceleration 2 [𝑚/𝑠 ] 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟 -From 8-5 St. Artemide Zatti 4