Lab 7: The Respiratory System PDF

# LAB 7 ## The Respiratory System ### Upper Respiratory Passage: - Oral cavity - Nasal cavity - Oropharynx - Nasopharynx ### Nasal Cavity: - Passage for air to reach lungs - Moistens, warms, filters incoming air ### Nasal Conchae: - Superior, middle, inferior - Bony extensions that cause air to...

# LAB 7 ## The Respiratory System ### Upper Respiratory Passage: - Oral cavity - Nasal cavity - Oropharynx - Nasopharynx ### Nasal Cavity: - Passage for air to reach lungs - Moistens, warms, filters incoming air ### Nasal Conchae: - Superior, middle, inferior - Bony extensions that cause air to swirl in the nose (warms air) ### Goblet Cells: - Secrete mucus in nasal cavity - Mucus traps foreign particles & moves debris down to nasopharynx to be swallowed ### Oral Cavity: - Inferior to nasal cavity ### Hard Palate: - Roof of mouth - Division between oral & nasal cavities ### Oral Vestibule: - Small cavity between lips and teeth ### Oral Cavity Proper: - Between teeth and oropharynx that contains tongue ### Pharynx: - Where air inspired through nose or mouth goes; aka the throat ### Nasopharynx: - Superior to the uvula ### Oropharynx: - Inferior to the uvula - Transports air to lungs and food to esophagus ### Uvula: - Soft palate that extends posteriorly from hard palate ### Lower Respiratory Passage: - Larynx down to small air sacs that conduct gas exchange ### Larynx: - Anterior to the entrance of esophagus - Helps keep food & liquid out of the rest of respiratory pathway - Produces sound ### Thyroid Cartilage: - Superior - Produces external protuberance called Adams Apple ### Cricoid Cartilage: - Inferior and smaller ### Epiglottis: - Cartilage of larynx - Normally standing upright (to not block the glottis) allowing air to enter lower respiratory pathway - During swallowing, muscles in the neck cause the epiglottis to cover the glottis which prevents fluids & food from entering the lungs ### Vestibular Folds: - Epithelial fold - Assist in closing the glottis during swallowing ### Vocal Folds: - Epithelial fold - Produce sound ### Trachea: - Inferior to larynx - Hollow structure 10-12 cm in length - Brings inhaled air into the lungs ### Cartilaginous (Tracheal) Rings: - C-shaped rings on anterior & lateral surfaces - Give protection & support of trachea - On posterior surface rings are linked via connective tissue & smooth muscle ### Bronchi: - Trachea divides into two short bronchi at entrance to lungs ### Secondary Bronchi: - Each bronchus divides into smaller bronchi ### Tertiary Bronchi: - Secondary bronchi divide further ### Bronchioles: - Tertiary bronchi divide further ### Terminal Bronchioles: - Bronchioles divide further - Last portion of non-respiratory branch of respiratory tree ### Respiratory Bronchioles: - Terminal bronchioles divide further - First place that gas exchange occurs ### Alveolar Ducts: - From respiratory bronchioles ### Alveoli: - Cluster of sacs at end of each alveolar duct - Where majority of gas exchange occurs ### Pleurae: - Serous membranes surrounding the lungs ### Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura: - Attached directly to lung ### Parietal Pleura: - Attached to thoracic wall ### Pleural Cavity: - Between two membranes; two pleurae secrete serous fluid that fills cavity; reduces friction as lungs move ## Histology of Trachea: - **Mucosa:** Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium & lamina propria - **Goblet Cells:** produce & secrete mucus; lines trachea & traps foreign particles; within epithelial layer - **Mucociliary Escalator:** cilia move debris up to pharynx where it can be swallowed or expelled - **Lamina Propria:** composed of loose connective tissue which anchors epithelium to more superficial layers - **Submucosa:** superficial to mucosa layer; loose areolar connective tissue & mucous glands - **Tracheal Cartilages:** hyaline cartilage; Support & structure with some flexibility for trachea - **Adventitia:** most superficial layer; loose areolar connective tissue; anchors trachea to surrounding tissues ## Histology of Lung: ### Bronchioles: - **Grape:** Stem is alveolar ducts & each grape is an alveolus. Together all grapes would be alveolar sac - **Alveolar Cells:** simple squamous epithelium; allows for efficient gas exchange because thin - **Capillaries:** network allows the exchange of gases from alveoli to blood - **Respiratory Membrane:** where gas exchange occurs; simple squamous epithelium of alveolus, basal lamina (basement membrane) of alveolus, endothelium of capillary and its basal lamina - **O2 from lungs to blood:** alveolar epithelium → alveolar basal lamina → capillary basal lamina → capillary endothelium - **CO2 from blood to lungs:** capillary endothelium → capillary basal lamina → alveolar basal lamina → alveolar epithelium ### Spirometer: - Records measurement of air moving in and out of lungs - Dependent on age, gender, health, pulmonary disease ### Ventilation Rate (VR): - # of ventilations performed in a minute (ventilation = 1 inspiration & 1 expiration) ### Tidal Volume (TV): - Amount of air inspired or expired during normal quiet ventilation ### Minute Volume (MV): - Amount of air that moves in or out of lungs in a minute (multiply TV by VR) ### Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR): - Multiply minute volume by 70%; only 70% of air reaches lungs ### Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): - Amount of air expired beyond tidal volume ### Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): - Amount of air inspired beyond tidal volume ### Vital Capacity (VC): - Total amount of air that can be exchanged in and out of lungs (TV+IRV+ ERV or big breath in and out) ## Images: - **Image 1:** A sagittal section of the upper respiratory tract. - **Image 2:** A diagram of the respiratory system, highlighting the bronchi, alveoli, and other structures. - **Image 3:** A lateral view of the head and neck, showing structures of the upper respiratory tract. - **Image 4:** A model of the trachea and bronchi, showing the branching pattern of the airways. - **Image 5:** A microscopic view of the trachea, showing the layers of the mucosa, submucosa, and cartilage. - **Image 6:** A microscopic view of lung tissue, showing alveoli and bronchioles. 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