Respiratory System (RXD 12203) PDF

RXD 12203 - BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I The Respiratory System dia I By: MADAM RASIDA SAHRADUIN  Learning objectives Learning objectives What we will learn in this presentation:...

RXD 12203 - BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I The Respiratory System dia I By: MADAM RASIDA SAHRADUIN  Learning objectives Learning objectives What we will learn in this presentation: Identify the anatomical structure of the respiratory system Explain the functions for each structure Explain the mechanisms of breathing Define how gases are exchanged during breathing Identify the composition of inhaled and exhaled air Explain the different measurements of lung capacity and breathing  *cellsOf requireconstanaen to stay alive Respiratory system > - & Respiratory provides to > - > body > - while removing - cells system oxygen CO2  The cells of the human body require a constant stream of oxygen to stay alive.  The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells while removing carbon dioxide.  According to the Herald Tribune, the average person takes around 16 breaths per minute, which means about 960 breaths per hour, and 23,040 breaths per day. if a person lives to be 80 that means they will have taken about 672,768,000 breaths in their lifetime. Herald Tribune > - 16 breath/ minute  - nose · trachea 3 month carries air between · · bronchi pharynx · · bronchioles lungs and body exterior airways · larynx major part of - respiratory system - > lungs > passing oxygen into & body - CO2 out of body ↓ muscles of include diaphragm s intercostal muscles - respiration ↳ work together act as a pump-pushing air into and out of the cell.  There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system:  the airway  the lungs  the muscles of respiration.  The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior.  The lungs act as the functional units of the respiratory system by passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.  The muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, work together to act as a costal cartilage - dekat ribs muscle area ribs pump, pushing air into and out of the lungs during breathing.  Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity (mouth) Pharynx (throat) Epiglottis Larynx (voice box) Pleural Trachea (windpipe) Membrane Intercostal Lung (one of a pair) Muscles Bronchial Tree pulmonary Diaphragm capillary alveolar sac bronchiole (sectioned) alveolar alveolar duct sac alveoli 6 Anatomy of respiratory system  The respiratory system consists of the following parts, divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts:  Parts of the Upper Respiratory Tract nose nasal cavity mouth , ,  Mouth, nose & nasal cavity upper * > - > - pharynx larynx  Pharynx trachea (windpipe lower > -  Larynx > - bronchi lungs E bronchioles alveoli  Parts of Lower Respiratory Tract  Windpipe (trachea)  The lungs  bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.  lepas an study sum up kan dengan slide ni Upper Respiratory Tract  Nasal Cavity  Guard Hairs  Mucous  Oral Cavity  Digestive system and alternative passage for air to enter  Pharynx  Posterior to Nasal and Oral Cavities  Cleans Air  Intersection of Respiratory and Digestion  Upper Respiratory Tract  Epiglottis-  leaf shaped piece of cartilage that covers glottis during swallowing  Flap blocks food from entering the lower respiratory tract  Larynx  Or called voice box  9 plates of Cartilage  Large Chamber  Contains vocal cords Vocal Cord Function of human respiratory - transport air into lungs ↳ to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream receives waste CO2 from blood & exhale it -  The function of the human respiratory system is to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of Oxygen into the blood stream. Its also receives waste Carbon Dioxide from the blood and exhales it. Peripheral organ of smell olfactory organ [ X modification - i) hair Cillia 3 filter out large particle (dust) X Nose > - ii) mucus > - Function >is air - hydrates air warmed (closer to body temp (ii) " fitter out to " prevent reach alveoli (iii) hydrate air easy alveoli absorb civ) detect odor  The peripheral olfactory organ or organ of smell. eticles Nose has modifications: - HairsLister out 3  /dust)  Hairs and cilia filter out large particles (dust)  Moisture from (mucus( hydrates the air ningus  Functions 1. the air is warmed so that it is closer to body temperature 2. tiny hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air, preventing larger dust and pollen particles reaching the alveoli 3. mucus moistens the air, making it easier for the alveoli to absorb. 4. detects odors 5. resonating chamber that modifies the voice ① Air is warmed (closer to body temperature ( 10 Function * &tiny hair & mucus filter the air (prevent dust & pollen particle reach alveoli > to absorb - mucus moisten air Ceasier alveoli *⑤ detects odor (modifies the resonating chamber voice  ruang kosong air-filled space (above S behind nose) ↳ rongga hidung f from nostril to conchae > - Y ethmoid & sphenoid palates(form floor (compose roof Nasal Cavity > - Within I degree of body temp  Large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.  Extends from nostrils to conchae (posterior nares)  ethmoid and sphenoid bones compose the roof  palate forms the floor  The air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. 11  The air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by short and thick hairs present in the vestibule (stratified squamous epithelium). Nasal septum divides cavity into right and left chambers called nasal fossae. Each has 3 conchaes: Inferior concha Middle concha Superior concha nasal septum banagikan cavity to right and left called nusal fossae 3 conchnesSuperior concaa ↳ 12 middle concha  (throat) & passageway from base skull to level CG Pharynx > - air passage regionpharynstratifiedsquamousepithelium epithelium)contain uvnaesils - 3 Ipseudostratified orasik  Commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the C6  Divided into 3 regions : A. Nasopharynx (pseudostratified epithelium)  air passage, contains uvula and pharyngeal tonsils B. Oropharynx-(stratified squamous epithelium)  food and air, contains fauces opening from throat, and the other two sets of tonsils C. Laryngopharynx- (stratified squamous epithelium)  food and air Regions of Pharynx The upper part of the pharynx – lets only air pass through The lower part of the pharynx – permits air, 14 foods and fluid to pass Larynx dari ke > - open pharynx laryax  Glottis - superior opening  Epiglottis - flap of tissue that guards glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus me n onjol  Most prominent of supporting cartilages is the thyroid cartilage at the front S Forms the Adam’s apple approximately at level C4  Contains structures that make vocal sounds possible – the vocal cords Vocal cords vibrate as air passes through the space between them, producing sound - food (posterior part -air 18  Anatomy of the Larynx Extrinsic muscle Intrinsic muscle  Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in larynx pull the cartilage  This causes the cords to move  Males have thicker cords 19 Lower Respiratory Tract  Trachea  Or called windpipe  C-shaped cartilage  Mucociliary escalator  Primary Bronchi  Cartilage  Right wider than left  Secondary Bronchi  Branches of primary bronchi  Tertiary Bronchi  More branches on right Lower Respiratory Tract  Bronchioles  Small – 1mm or less  No longer contain cartilage  Continue branching  Terminal Bronchioles  Last passages before aveoli  Alveoli  where gas exchange occurs  Phagocytosis removes small particles Trachea  Rigid tube 4.5 inches long and 2.5 inches in diameter, anterior to esophagus  Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings  opening in rings faces posteriorly towards esophagus  trachealis muscle spans opening in rings, adjusts airflow by expanding or contracting  Larynx and trachea lined with ciliated columnar epithelium which functions as mucociliary escalator. larynx trache a X ciliated columnar epithelium 23 Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium Anatomy of the Trachea 25  wider , shorter - right main bronchus - 3 lobar bronchi Bronchi left main bronchins - 2 lobar bronchi  The trachea (windpipe) divides into two main bronchi the left and the right.  The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.  The right main bronchus subdivides into three lobar bronchi while the left main bronchus divides into two.  The lobar bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, also known as bronchioles within the lungs.  Functioning in convey air to and from the lungs.  Alveoli  Gas exchange takes place over the surface of the alveoli.  There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung  Multiple alveoli usually share a common alveolar duct, creating “alveolar sacs”  Lung capillaries hug each alveolus (capillaries also have very thin membrane) 27 Lungs  Cone-shaped, elastic  Left has two lobes, right has three lobes inside rib cage.  Surrounded by pleurae- membrane sac.  Bronchi branch into increasingly smaller tubes until becoming alveoli (increase surface area inside the lungs)  Left Lung Right Lung 2 lobes 3 lobes heart lungs spinal cord 30 © 2007 Thomson Higher Education  · study about differences  Right lung - 2 lopes - Horizontal fissures Oblique fissures  three lobes - superior middle interior  superior, middle, - wider and inferior  separated by horizontal and oblique fissures  is wider  is displaced upward by liver * lebin short and wide because displacement of liver 31  - 2 lobes - Oblique fissures - longer  Left lung  two lobes  superior and inferior  are separated by an oblique fissure  is longer  is displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch * talde middle lobe 32 Right Lung Left Lung 33  The pleura ruang debat lung -  Pleural cavity is formed by 2 layers: the parietal and X visceral pleura near to the organ  Parietal pleura  outer layer attached to wall of thoracic cavity.  Visceral pleura  inner layer covering surface of lung  Roles:  prevents friction of the lungs against the rib cage (due to the thin layer of liquid present in the pleural space)  maintains lung expansion Parietal pleura-outer visceral pleura-inner 36 Structure of the thoracic cavity 37 Functions 1. Mucus cleans, warms and moistens air 2. Alternative passage for air to enter the system 3. Voice box that protects the vocal chords 4. The main organ of the respiratory system 5. Tube that directs air into the right lung 6. Dome-shaped muscle that allows the chest cavity to expand and contract during breathing Functions 7. Top of the throat, epiglottis controls entry of air 8. Windpipe directs air from the pharynx to the bronchi 9. Directs air into the left lung 10. Small branches of the bronchi that direct air to the alveoli 11. Small membrane-bound sacs that exchange gases from the air to the blood. Breathing  Breathing is the action of getting air into lungs (inhalation) and expelling it from the lungs (exhalation).  Most of the organs of the lower respiratory system are found in the thorax. Mechanisms of breathing – inhalation When you breathe in: Intercostal intercostal muscles between muscles pull ribs the ribs contract, pulling the up and out chest walls up and out the diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest the lungs increase in size, so the pressure inside them atten falls. This causes air to rush in Diaphragm through the nose or mouth. contracts and moves down Mechanisms of breathing – inhalation Mechanisms of breathing – exhalation When you breathe out: Ribs move in Intercostal muscles between and down the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down. The diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest. The lungs decrease in size, so the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea Diaphragm and out through the nose or relaxes and mouth. bulges up Mechanisms of breathing – exhalation Movement of the Diaphragm Figure 17-9a Movement of the Diaphragm - inhalation Figure 17-9b Movement of the Diaphragm – exhalation pressure increase air rush out Figure 17-9c The Thoracic Cavity and Respiratory Cycle Respiration  Respiration is not the same as breathing.  Respiration is the chemical process that takes place in cells to release energy from glucose, using oxygen.  While breathing is the action of getting air into lungs (inhalation) and expelling it from the lungs (exhalation). The exchange of gases Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy through the oxidation of glucose molecules: carbon glucose + oxygen  dioxide + water ( + energy) Oxygen is Carbon dioxide and water are breathed into the formed as waste products in cells. lungs and is They can be excreted when we transported in breathe out. blood. The respiratory system carries out gas exchange. It is made up of the lungs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm and airways.  Gas exchange at the alveoli The alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the lungs. Each individual sack is called an alveolus. When you breathe in, they fill with air. The alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries (blood vessels). Simple squamous Gases can pass through the thin walls of each alveolus and capillary, and into the blood stream. Gases can also pass from the blood stream, into the alveolus.  The Respiration Process hemoglobin 2 types of respirations: ↳ gives warna to RBC  External respiration Exchange of gases between lungs and blood  Internal respiration Exchange of gases between blood and body cells - The blood carries the oxygen to tissues by binding it to hemoglobin in the red blood cells. - The heart pumps this blood throughout the body ensuring that oxygen reaches all cells. - Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is carried away by red blood cells towards the lungs where it can be expelled.  -energy - no energy active pasive ⑧ transport ↑ concentration - - ↓ concentration > - a to b cell alveoli In the alveolus  The respiratory surface is made up of the alveoli and capillary walls.  The walls of the capillaries and the alveoli may share the same membrane.  Gas exchange -more - less oxygen O2  Air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the blood that flows in the pulmonary capillaries.  How do these differences in concentrations assist gas exchange? Principle of diffusion  Oxygen transport  Hemoglobin binds to oxygen that diffuses into the blood stream.  What are some advantages to using hemoglobin to transport oxygen? Because hemoglobin have oxyhemoglobin to bind oxygen  Carbon dioxide transport  Carbon dioxide can dissolve in plasma, and about 70% forms bicarbonate ions.  Some carbon dioxide can bind to hemoglobin for transport.  Lung volume Total lung volume is divided into a series of volumes and capacities useful in diagnosis Spirometry measures how much air you breathe in and out and how fast you blow it out. During the test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath in. Then, you'll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer. Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Amount in Amount in Gas inhaled air exhaled air Oxygen 21% 17% Carbon dioxide Very small amount 3% Nitrogen 79% 79% Water vapour Small amount Large amount What are the main differences between inhaled and exhaled air? Why does mouth-to-mouth resuscitation work? Measuring breathing Tidal volume (TD) is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) the maximum amount of air that may be inspired. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. VT = TD + IRV + ERV Measuring breathing (cont..) Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take per minute. Minute volume is the volume of air you breathe in one minute. Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as hard as you can. Total lung capacity TLC = vital capacity + RV Control of Respiration Unconscious control of breathing occurs through the activity of the respiratory centers of the brain  Medulla oblongata – “Rhythmicity center” controls basic pattern of breathing; inhale 2 seconds, exhale 3 seconds  Pons – has 2 centers (apneustic & pneumotaxic centers) that can unconsciously modify the rate & depth of respiration depend on body need.  Central Respiratory Control  Although the medulla is the site of inspiration and expiration, respiration as a whole must still be regulated to ensure that there is sufficient oxygen (O2) and not too much carbon dioxide (CO2).  In order to ensure proper concentrations of gas in the blood, special regions in the pons can modify the spontaneous signals from the centers in the medulla.  The pneumotaxic center regulates the rate of breathing while the apneustic center controls the depth of an inhalation and exhalation.  These two centers also work together to ensure that ventilation is a smooth, coordinated event. 66