Impacts of Technological Advancements in the Modern and Present Times PDF

IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN THE MODERN AND MODULE 5 PRESENT TIMES GEC108 - STS Learning Outcome By the end of this module, the students should be able to:  explain why the first industrial revolution began in Britain;  relate th...

IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN THE MODERN AND MODULE 5 PRESENT TIMES GEC108 - STS Learning Outcome By the end of this module, the students should be able to:  explain why the first industrial revolution began in Britain;  relate the consequences of technological advancements to the transformation of the British society in the 19th century;  describe how the digital age and globalization has shaped society in present times; and  articulate their thoughts on how social media and the online networking sites have affected them as members of the society living in present day. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 2 Lecture Outline 1. The First Industrial Revolution 4. The Third Industrial (Digital) (1750-1860) Revolution (1970-2015) a. Historical Background a. Computers b. The Second Agricultural b. Rise of Robotics and Automation Revolution c. Impacts of the Internet: Ultra-fast c. Why did it start in Britain? Communication and Network building 2. Results of the 1st Industrial Revolution 5. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: a. Social Effects of the 1st IR Industry 4.0 (2015-today) b. The Labor Reforms a. Faster Paced Development b. Impacts of Social Media 3. The Second Industrial c. What awaits us in the future… Revolution (1870-1914) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 3  Useful Resources 1. Buchanan, R. A., "History of Technology." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., October 20, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of- technology 2. Mayne, R. J., Herrin, J. E., et. al. "History of Europe." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., February 04, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe 3. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). Social Media and Mental and Physical Health. The Dark Side of Social Media, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 815917-0.00001-0 4. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). Social Media Privacy. The Dark Side of Social Media, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815917-0.00008-3 5. BBC Documentary. August 9, 2018. The Industrial Revolution | BBC Documentary. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYln_S2PVYA 6. CrashCourse. September 25, 2018. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21 [Video]. https://youtu.be/FCpqN7GmLYk THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 4  Useful Resources 7. CrashCourse. November 5, 2019. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24 [Video]. https://youtu.be/zjK7PWmRRyg 8. CrashCourse. August 30, 2012. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32 [Video]. https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c 9. It’s History. March 25, 2015. The Workers Rights Revolution | THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gZaCpQcQPg 10.Reel Truth History Documentaries. November 26, 2018. Private Life Of the Industrial Revolution: Social Change | History Documentary | Reel Truth History [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6As8AIbKK5Q 11.Whaptors. March 9, 2015. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbBx9BDBJCM 12.Whaptors. March 6, 2015. Spread of the Industrial Revolution [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jeJn0WyrgY 13.Vice. February 13, 2018. The Third Industrial Revolution: A Radical New Sharing Economy [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX3M8Ka9vUA THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 5 DEFINITION Industry 1 (Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary) – manufacturing activity as a whole – a distinct group of productive or profit-making enterprises – a department or branch of a craft, art, business, or manufacture—one that employs a large personnel and capital especially in manufacturing – systematic labor especially for some useful purpose or the creation of something of value THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 6 DEFINITION Revolution 2 (Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary) – a sudden, radical, or complete change – a fundamental change in political organization—the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed – activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation – a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something—a change of paradigm – a changeover in use or preference especially in technology THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 7 DEFINITION Industrial Revolution (Britannica.com) – in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 8 THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS In a nutshell… THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 9 THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL 1750-1860 REVOLUTION THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 10 1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Why did the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION happen? Why did it happen in 18th century Britain? You can watch THIS documentary after reading through the first two parts of the module as a summary. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 11  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION a. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The industrial revolution started in the United Kingdom in the early 18th century. The Act of Union uniting England and Scotland ushered in a sustained period of internal peace and an internal free market without internal trade barriers. Britain had a reliable and fast developing banking sector, a modern legal framework and system to enforce the rule of law, and a developing transportation system. But an ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different—agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years. The First Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically that more was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 12  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION a. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Commercial Revolution (15th, 16th, and 17th centuries) Europeans were able to expand their power worldwide by: Increasing geographic knowledge (expeditions) Building colonies in the Americas and Asia Increasing trade and commerce Scientific Revolution (17th and 18th centuries) – set the information base for the technological advancements in 19th century Discoveries of Boyle, Lavoisier, Newton, etc. Intellectual Revolution (17th and 18th centuries) – created an atmosphere of discovery and free intellectual inquiry and provided greater knowledge of the world Writings of Locke, Voltaire, etc. Weakened superstition and tradition Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 13  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION b. The Second Agricultural Revolution Crop Rotation and New Crops Farming was already practiced by  Norfolk four-course system – characterized by an Europeans (1st Agricultural Revolution) at emphasis on fodder crops and by the absence of a fallow year, which had characterized earlier this time but was improved by several methods. Farm owners also experimented on new factors. These are among the numerous crops imported from other places like corn. contributions: Scientific Methods of Livestock Breeding The Enclosure Movement  Robert Bakewell – He travelled extensively and  large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges; collected sheep and cattle that he considered wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once useful (by visual appraisal). It is thought that he owned by village farmers with the help of the made wide outcrosses of diverse breeds, and then Parliament. practiced inbreeding to fix desirable New Machinery characteristics in the crossbred animals.  Jethro Tull’s seed drill – economically sowed the  Overall, there was an increase in food seeds in neat rows; this was a notable advance production that greatly supported an over the usual practice of scattering the seeds by increase in life expectancy and population. hand. At what age did you think people live up to before the modern times? Read more HERE. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 14  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION b. The Second Agricultural Revolution [Photograph of enclosures] (n.d.). https://socialchangecourse.wordpress.com/ Enclosures, as well as more efficient [Diagram of the Norfolk system of crop rotation] (n.d.). https://raquelaliaga.wixsite.com/thetimejournal-4cd/single-post/1740/07/13/Farmers-Invent- methods of farming, forced poor farmers to a-new-system-in-Norfolk move out of the countryside and find other Norfolk four-course system has contributed to the agrarian jobs in the big cities. revolution, with an increase on productivity, leaving food for the livestock and avoiding the fallow. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 15  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION b. The Second Agricultural Revolution Because of Jethro Tull’s seed drill, seed sowing became faster and more precise than doing it by hand. It was considered as one of the breakthroughs in farm machineries at that time. Nowadays, automated seed drill tractors, like the one on the picture on the right, are used for sowing which uses a similar process but is much more efficient. Jethro Tull’s seed drill (click the photo to view the demonstration video) Seed drill today (click the photo to view the demonstration video) (Kumar, M., 2010) (SIMA, 2014) [Drawing of Jethro Tull’s seed drill] (n.d.). https://socialchangecourse.wordpress.com/ [Photo of a John Deere seed drill tractor] (n.d.). https://www.deere.com/sub- saharan/en/seeding-equipment/bd11-series-end-wheel-grain-drill/ THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 16  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? Aside from the significant progress from recent revolutions in Europe, it was notable that Great Britain had abundant resources that supported industrialization. Here are the ones identified by historians: Local & Human Capital International Resources Markets Raw Materials & Geography Technology THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 17  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? During the 11th up to the middle of the18th century, economy and society in Europe changed fundamentally. The introduction of new products, such as potatoes, tobacco, coffee or maize, affected society as the import of silver increased international trade. The commercial revolution of the late Middle Ages had already opened up new trade routes and stimulated innovative business practices. This also saw the rise of banking and formation of join-stock companies. The maritime expansion contributed to an accumulation of wealth, growth of the middle classes and a rise of entrepreneurship that supported the Industrial Revolution. 1. Capital – The Commercial Revolution made many English merchants very wealthy. These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system—money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials. Along with the rise of new inventions, especially in the manufacturing industry, the production rate of top products also increased. Domestic System of Production –“Putting Out” system English merchants introduced the finishing trades to England, including the spinning, weaving and dyeing of wool. In order to avoid the traditional town and guild restrictions, English merchants moved the wool textile industries to the countryside (hence, “putting out”). The merchant acted as contractor who subcontracted the finishing trades out to individuals who did the work on their own, usually in their own homes. Women: In the Domestic System, the work was usually done by women, especially in the spinning and weaving components of the trade [Domestic System was also used in some parts of England’s iron industries (ex., pins and pots)]. Factory System – developed to replace the domestic system of production Faster method of production and workers concentrated in a set location Production anticipated demand – E.g. Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 18  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? Capital (Factory System) Table 1. The Differences in the Manufacturing Process between the Domestic System and Factory System Domestic System Factory System Methods Hand tools Machines Location Home Factory Ownership and Small hand tools owned by worker Large power-driven machines owned by the capitalist kinds of tools Production Small-scale production; products sold only to local Large-scale production; products sold to a world-wide Output market; manufactured on a per-order basis market; manufactured in anticipation of demand Nature of Work Worker manufactured entire item Worker typically made one part of the larger whole; Done Henry Ford’s assembly line (early 20th century) kept workers stationary Hours of Work Worker worked as much as he/she would and Worker worked set daily hours could, according to demand Worker Worker had multiple sources of sustenance— Worker relied entirely on capitalist for his/her income— Dependence on other employers, own garden or farm, and urban living made personal farming and gardening Employer outside farm labor impractical THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 19  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 2. Human Resources The Commercial Revolution gave rise to Mercantilism which sought a favourable balance of trade, maximizing exports and minimizing imports. One of its principles was that a state should acquire colonies as a source of raw materials to be used in the production of finished goods. It also encouraged utilizing the colonies for overseas production. Mercantilism also encouraged the government to keep wages low, which would have the effect of driving down local consumption and, therefore, increasing the amount of finished products that could be exported for profit. England had more colonies than any other nation which gave them access to enormous amounts of raw materials, such as cotton. Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries. Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico and gingham, were originally created in India. Silk was also sourced from China. In Britain, cloths were mostly made from wool and linen but the introduction of other textiles, the demand for other types of clothing increased. The Textile Industry was the first to be mechanized. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 20  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 3. Local & International Markets Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (abbr. VOC) or Dutch East India Company, the world's first transnational corporation and the first multinational enterprise to issue shares of stock to the public. The British later founded the East India Company, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe. One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available; however, the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 21  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology Raw materials that were abundant included iron and coal which were both mined These mining sites were usually submerged in a body of water. This was the reason why practical inventors began to develop machines that removed all the water and expose the mining sites. Thomas Newcomen’s steam-powered engine in 1712 was the most Schematic efficient at that time for almost 50 years. Newcomen The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder, engine. thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric Steam (pink), pressure to push the piston into the cylinder. water (blue) – Valves open Newcomen engines were used throughout Britain and Europe, (green), valves principally to pump water out of mines. Hundreds were constructed closed (red) through the 18th century. This pumping engine allowed more coal and iron to be mined which were the key to the production of new, more powerful machines. Before coal, wood was used as fuel which was far less efficient and more expensive to source. (Emoscopes, 2006) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 22  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Click the picture to view the c. Why did it start in Britain? video. [Video] (Videopedia, 2014) 4. Raw Materials & Technology (Science Museum, London, 1788) James Watt’s engine in 1769 was an improved version of the Newcomen engine. The separation of the cylinder and condenser eliminated the loss of heat that occurred when steam was condensed in the working cylinder of a Newcomen engine. This gave the Watt engine greater efficiency than the Newcomen engine, reducing the amount of coal consumed while doing the same amount of work as a Newcomen engine. By this time, even more coal were mined that, eventually, fueled more machines. Steel was James Watt's rotative steam produced in the late 1850s and was used to engine with sun- manufacture tools, machine parts, and and-planet gear, construction materials because it was more original drawing, durable than iron. 1788 THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 23  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – Steel Production By 1850, the age of iron had become fully established. But for many uses, wrought iron was inferior to steel. The wear and tear on wrought iron machine parts and rails made them expensive in use, and for many uses, especially in machines and construction, wrought iron was insufficiently tenacious and elastic. The problem was not to make steel; the problem was to make cheap steel. As is well-known, this problem was definitively solved by Henry Bessemer (Bessemer Converter) in 1856. The abundance of coal supported this industry. To keep up with the rise in demand of coal, mining methods were also improved. Bessemer Converter (Kelham Island Museum, England, 2010) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 24  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Flying shuttle showing metal capped ends, In 1733, John Kay received a patent for his most wheels, and a pirn of weft thread revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom. It greatly accelerated weaving. It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved (Meskauskas, A., 2007) labour over the traditional process, needing only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a Shuttles today second worker was needed to catch the shuttle). He always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed, especially when a young worker was using it in a narrow loom. (Spashett, L.,, A., 2009) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 25  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of The spinning jenny was invented by James Early Industrialisation, Wuppertal, Germany Hargreaves in 1765. Click the picture to view the video. [Video] (Christian Shively, 2016) At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The flying shuttle (John Kay 1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread. (Schweiß, M., 2004) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 26  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Richard Arkwright's famous spinning machine. Richard Arkwright teamed up with John Kay and by the Later it came to be called a Water Frame. late 1760's they had a workable machine that could spin four strands of cotton yarn at the same time. He paid for a patent in 1769 to stop others copying his invention. This (picture) spinning machine spins 96 strands of yarn at once. It was one of many similar machines installed in mills in Derbyshire and Lancashire and powered by waterwheels, so they were called Water Frames. His machines did not need skilled operators so Arkwright Click the paid unskilled women and others to work on them. His picture to view the spinning mills were the earliest examples of factories video. where hundreds of workers had to keep pace with the [Video] (Patrick Reed, speed of the machines. 2016) (BBC, n.d.) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 27  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry In 1779, Samuel Crompton produced a machine that An early spinning mule: showing the gearing in simultaneously drew out and gave the final twisting to the the headstock cotton fibres fed into it, reproducing mechanically the (Baines, 1835) actions of hand spinning. Probably the machine was called a (spinning) mule because it was a cross between the machines invented by Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves. His machine vastly increased productivity, making it possible for a single operator to work more than 1,000 spindles simultaneously, and it was capable of spinning fine as well as coarse yarn. Several further modifications were introduced in Britain and the United States, but the Click the picture to view a video of an improved version of a Crompton mule effectively put yarn spinning on a mass spinning mule. [Video] (leedsmuseums, 2019) production basis. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 28  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Power Loom invented in 1785 In 1785, Edmund Cartwright patented a power (Haberkern, R., 22019) loom which used water power to speed up the weaving process, the predecessor to the modern power loom. More designs and wider cloths were weaved in less time with almost no human effort. With the increased speed of weaving, weavers were able to use more thread than spinners could produce. His was not a commercially successful machine; his looms had to be stopped to dress the warp. Over the next decades, Cartwright's ideas were modified into a reliable automatic loom. Improvements were made by other inventors in the years that followed. Click the picture to view a video. [Video] (WobblyBoater, 2012) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 29  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, 18th Century In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney patented (ScienceSource, n.d.) the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s leading export. His invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Click the picture to view a video of a working model of For his work, aside from cotton production, he is a cotton gin. [Video] (Lindy Miller, 2013) credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 30  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry Elias Howe’s First Sewing Machine Elias Howe, American inventor whose sewing (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home. While working in a cotton machinery factory, it was suggested to him that the man who invented a machine that could sew would earn a fortune. For five years Howe spent all his spare time in the development of a practical sewing machine, and in 1846 he was granted a patent for it. The machine attracted little attention in the United States at first, and, when a fortune was not forthcoming, Howe sold the patent rights in England for £250 ($1,250). THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 31  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 5. Geography ^ N Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of the 18th century. Island has excellent harbors and ports. Damp climate benefited the textile industry because thread did not dry out. There were no internal trade barriers. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 32  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION With the improvement of steel production and coal mining and increase in supply of products came improvements in the other aspects of the manufacturing industry:  Transportation Revolution Why does one  Communications Revolution invention or  Printing Revolution development usually lead to another? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 33  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? Textiles & other goods increase in production  need for 4. Geography better & faster transportation to get goods to markets for sale  Transportation Revolution Leads to improvements to roads, canals, railroads, steamboats I. Water Transportation o 1807: Robert Fulton (American) builds first steamboat, the Clermont o England’s water transport improved by system of canals (Alexisrawl, 2013) (G.F. and E.B. Bensell, 1870) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 34  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in II.Road Transportation Britain? o British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads 4. Geography o Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John McAdam  Transportation o Improvement over dirt and gravel roads Revolution o Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed Laying Telford paving in Aspinwall, Pennsylvania, 1908 Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 35  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? III.Railway Age 4. Geography Steam-Driven Locomotives  Transportation o 1804: Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven Revolution locomotive o 1825: George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad A drawing of line Stephenson’s Rocket The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad o Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester o 1829: Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Cheap way to transport goods & people o Railroads spur industrial growth = create jobs Also boosted agricultural & fishing o Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people industry because goods could be move to cities transported before spoiling THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 36  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? Samuel F.B. Morse (American) 4. Geography oTelegraph (1844)  Communications Revolution oRapid communication across Key-type Morse telegraph transmitter continents Cyrus W. Field (American) oAtlantic cable (1866) (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008) oUnited States and Europe connected by cable The telegraph register receives a transmitted Alexander Graham Bell (American) signal and transcribes oTelephone (1876) the Morse Code symbols onto a strip of oHuman speech heard across paper wound from the (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008) continents spools. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 37  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? 4. Geography Printing –1800-1830 could create a “line of  Printing Revolution o Iron printing press type” all at one go, o Steam-driven press rather than having to Rotary press –1870 individually set each o Invented by Richard letter Hoe Newspapers became o Printed both sides of a much cheaper to page at once produce Linotype machine –1886 o Cost of a newspaper o Invented by Ottmar plummeted Mergenthaler o Number of newspapers o A machine operator increased Linotype machine Model 6, built in 1965 (Deutsches Museum) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 38  1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION c. Why did it start in Britain? The industrialization that began in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world. Why do you think advancements in transportation and communication played a crucial role in the spread of https://tomeastham.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/0/8/30089909/6904961_orig.png industrialization? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 39  THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST Socio-Economic INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Effects of 1IR THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 40 2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION What happened to the society as the drastic changes in the economy continued? What makes the 1st Industrial Revolution a pivotal event in the modern human civilization? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 41  2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS Social Classes - a division of a society based on social and economic status Before the Industrial Revolution, British economy was fundamentally agricultural. There was only two classes the upper and lower. Because of the commercial revolution, there was more monetary power given to the merchants and skilled craftsmen. There were three distinct social classes: ‒ the Upper Class (did not usually perform manual labor; were landowners and hired lower class workers to work for them, or made investments to create a profit), ‒ the Middle Class (the merchants, artisans, shopkeepers, and skilled government and bank employees; referred to as the Bourgeoisie; can support themselves and their families), and ‒ the Lower Class (those who were helpless and depended on the support of others; poor and young orphans relied on donations to survive; unskilled women became prostitutes). The upper class was subdivided into: Royal, those who came from a royal family, Middle Upper, important officers and lords, and Lower Upper, wealthy men and business owners. The middle class was subdivided into two: the Higher Level and Lower Level. Those in the lower level usually work for the higher level. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 42  2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS However, during the Industrial Revolution, British economy switched to industrial products. This created a new middle class—the Working Class. Working Class – consisted of unskilled laborers who worked in brutal and unsanitary conditions in the factories – did not have access to clean water and food, education for their children, or proper clothing – lived on the streets and were far from the work they could get, so they would have to walk to where they needed to get to – Unfortunately, many workers resorted to the use of drugs like opium and alcohol to cope with their hardships. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 43  2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems. Factories pay more than farms and spurred demand for more expensive goods. Urbanization – city-building and movement of people from farms to cities. Growing population provides work force, market for some cheaper factory goods. British industrial cities: London, Industrial Manchester, Showing is a drawing by Mary Evans Picture Birmingham, Manchester, Library which was uploaded on January 7th, 2018 in Liverpool fineartamerica.com THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 44  2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LIVING CONDITIONS in the cities A marked increase in population caused the decrease in decent liveable spaces in the cities. Because of this, sickness became more widespread and epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums and killed many. Life span in one large city is only 32 years, where more than half of its inhabitants are factory workers while wealthy merchants and factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes. Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes, adequate housing, education, and fire/police protection. Consequently, there was a distinct odor about the cities due to solid waste, water, and air pollution. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 45  2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WORKING CONDITIONS for the working class Average factory work was 14 hours a day, 6 days a week (year round). Factory work was also very monotonous which greatly affected the workers psychologically. Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers; many coal miners killed by coal dust. Because the government was influenced by the wealthy to invest in luxury rather than promote protection for laborers, many children suffered at work. Children from poor families have always started work as soon as their parents could find employment for them. But in much of pre-industrial Britain, there simply was not very much work available for children. Because of the increasing number of factories in the industrialized cities, there was an increasing demand for non-skilled workers as well. The result was a surge in child labour – presenting a new kind of problem that 19th century British society had to tackle. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 46  ACTIVITY 8: Facets of Industrialization 2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE MILLS OF MANCHESTER: Something to think about…  READ the pdf file on Industrialization in Manchester and WATCH the video on Child Labor in the British Cotton Mills HERE.  After doing so, you may choose to convene with your classmates and discuss your answers OR answer on your own these guide questions below: How do you describe Child Labor? Does it have the same definition then and now? As a child in the 19th century, was it better to be a factory worker than go to school? Why or why not? Do you know any laws against it here in the Philippines? Do you think Child Labor still exists in the Philippines today?  After your brainstorming, in a Forum set up by your instructor on Moodle, give a 100- to 150-word answer to these questions: Have you seen facets of child labor in your area recently? How does your community respond to reports of violation of children’s rights? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 47 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL 1870-1914 REVOLUTION THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 48 2020-2021 3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION How and to where did the Industrial Revolution spread after it began in Britain? What was the “Second” Industrial Revolution? You can watch THIS summary after reading through the third part of the module. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 49  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION It is usually dated between 1870 and 1914 although most precursors for the breakthrough technologies during this time were those from 1825 onwards. The great path-breaking inventions in energy, materials, chemicals, and medicine were crucial not because they themselves had necessarily a huge impact on production, but because they increased the effectiveness of research and development in micro-inventive activity. The second Industrial Revolution witnessed the growth in some industries of huge economies of scale* and output. Some vast concerns emerged, far larger than anything seen before. This change occurred because of manufacturing. * ECONOMY OF SCALE – the saving in cost of production that is due to mass production THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 50  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION STEEL Open Hearth Process Continental metallurgists jointly developed the Siemens-Martin open hearth process based on the idea of co-fusion, melting together low-carbon wrought iron and high-carbon cast iron took longer to make than Bessemer steel, but as a result permitted better quality control This stronger, cheaper kind of steel were used to create stronger machine parts and construction materials. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 51  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHEMICALS Germans took the lead – In 1840, Justus von Liebig, a chemistry professor at Giessen, published his Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology, which explained the importance of fertilizers and advocated the application of chemicals in agriculture. Charles Goodyear, the American tinkerer invented in 1839 the vulcanization process of rubber that made widespread industrial use of rubber possible. Another American, John Wesley Hyatt, succeeded in creating the first synthetic plastic in 1869, which he called celluloid. Although, the breakthrough in synthetic materials were not developed until the 1920s. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 52  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHEMICALS Disinfectants and antiseptics, particularly phenol and bromines were produced in large quantities after Joseph Lister's re-discovery of the role of microbes in the infection of wounds. In 1897, a Bayer chemist by the name of Felix Hoffman was able to produce acetylsalicylic acid, later known as aspirin, was a true wonder drug: effective, without serious negative side effects, and cheap to produce. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 53  Want to know more about the history of electricity? Find out HERE and HERE! 3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ELECTRICITY Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821 and the dynamo in 1831. The first effective application of electricity was not in power transmission, but in communication. (Telegraph) The early 1880s saw the invention of the modern lightbulb by Joseph Swan in England and Thomas A. Edison in the United States. An electric polyphase motor using alternating current was built by the Croatian-born American Nikola Tesla in 1889, and improved subsequently by Westinghouse. Of equal importance was the transformer originally invented by the Frenchman Lucien Gaulard and his British partner John D. Gibbs and later improved by the American William Stanley who worked for Westinghouse. What followed was a string of microinventions that increased reliability and durability and reduced cost. All the same, the effects of electricity on manufacturing productivity were slow to be realized, as factories only slowly learned the advantages of electricity as a form of industrial power THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 54  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION COMMUNICATIONS Guglielmo Marconi (Italian) oWireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895) oNo wires needed for sending messages Vladimir Lee de Forest (American) Zworykin de- monstrates oRadio tube (1907) electronic oRadio broadcasts could be sent around television (1929) the world Vladimir Zworykin (American) oTelevision (1925) oSimultaneous audio and visual broadcast THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 55  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The three-wheeled Benz TRANSPORTATION Patent Motor Car, model no. 1 The Automotive and Dawn of Air Transport Gottlieb Daimler (German) Gasoline engine (1885) Led to the invention of the automobile (Karl Benz in 1886) Rudolf Diesel (German) Diesel engine (1892) Cheaper fuel Orville and Wilbur Wright (American) Click on the picture to watch a short video Airplane (1903) on how Ford’s first Assembly Line type Air transport Factory looks like. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 56  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TRANSPORTATION Railroads Industrialized nations first laid track in their own countries, then in their colonies and other areas under their political influence Russia –Trans-Siberian Railroad (1891-1905) Germany –Berlin-to-Baghdad Railroad across Europe to the Middle East Great Britain –Cape-to-Cairo Railroad vertically across Africa Canals Suez Canal (1869) –provided access to the Indian Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa Kiel Canal (1896) –North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea Panama Canal (1914) –provided access from one side of the Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of South America THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 57  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURE & FOOD PROCESSING A few “general-purpose” technologies such as barbed wire (invented in 1868) were made, but the bulk of technology was site- and crop- specific. Agricultural productivity owed much to the extended use of fertilizers. Farmers learned to use nitrates, potassium, and phosphates produced by the chemical industries. In addition to the guano, the large American stockyards produced fertilizers made from animal bones combined with sulphuric acid. The productivity gains in European agriculture are hard to imagine without the gradual switch from natural fertilizer, produced mostly by farm animals, to commercially produced fertilizers. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 58  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURE & FOOD PROCESSING The use of fungicides, such as Bordeaux mixture, invented in 1885 by the French botanist M. Millardet in 1885, helped conquer the dreaded potato blight that had devastated Ireland forty years earlier. Technological progress outside agriculture slowly but certainly improved productivity and expanded the supply of food and raw materials. Of special interest to historians interested in economic welfare is the development of food preparation and preservation. Much human suffering has been caused over the ages by nutritional deficiencies and by the unwitting consumption of contaminated foods. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 59  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURE & FOOD PROCESSING Canned food played an important role in provisioning the armies in the American Civil War, and led to vastly increased consumption of vegetables, fruit, and meat in the rapidly growing cities. Other food preservatives were also coming into use. Gail Borden invented milk powder (via dehydration) in the 1850s and helped win the Civil War for the Union and a fortune for himself. Technological changes reduced the price of food in general to the point where after 1870 in many countries farmers, rather than consumers, turned to their governments for help. The decline of the price of proteins relative to carbohydrates helped to augment and improve European diets, thus, extending life expectancies (along with improvements in medicine). THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 60  3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Important Points The second Industrial Revolution was, in a number of ways, a continuation of the first where in many industries, it was more direct. What do you think There were certain differences, though. First, the second Industrial were the Revolution had a direct effect on real wages and standards of differences in the living which differed significantly in 1914 from 1870. challenges that Second, it shifted the focus of technological leadership from the industrialized Britain to a more dispersed setting, most distinctly that observed nations faced in in the USA. (Though, leadership remained held by the the 1st and the 2nd industrialized Western world) Industrial Lastly, by changing the relation between knowledge of nature and Revolutions? how it affected technological practices, it irreversibly changed the way technological change itself occurs. Because of this, what was learned in these years paved the way for many more Industrial Revolutions to come. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 61 THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL 1970-2014 REVOLUTION THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 62 4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION What did the electronics offer to mankind? How has the internet affected the way we live? What has our continued fossil fuel consumption affected the environment? You can watch THIS summary after reading through the third part of the module. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 63  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The most significant technological breakthroughs at the beginning of the I. The Computer & The 3rd Industrial Revolution might probably be the invention of the Micro- Internet computer, later called the Personal Computer and the mobile phones. Later on, was the development of the internet and, eventually, the world wide web. These new technologies spurred the invention of all the other innovations in electronics at that time that not only served in communications but in several other industries as well. During the rise of the internet and its possibilities in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the world has both become bigger and smaller when communication, business, and education can now all be accessed through Click on this picture the internet using computers and cellphones. to watch a short Along with innovations in electronics, air transport have also been history on the internet and improving, increasing international travel. All these gave birth to computers! globalization for almost all industries. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 64  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. Automation in Manufacturing Another remarkable innovation that the manufacturing By 1961, the Unimate 1900 series became industry has started utilizing during this time were robots. the first mass produced robotic arm for There are many definitions for robots, but in general, these factory automation. are machines capable of carrying out a series of actions (Robotic Industries Assoc., n.d.) automatically, guided by computer control. Revolutionizing manufacturing the world over, the Unimate was the very first industrial robot. Conceived from a design for a mechanical arm patented in 1954 (granted in 1961) by American inventor George Devol, the Unimate was developed as a result of the foresight and business acumen of Joseph Engelberger who is now considered as the Father of Robotics. The development of robots for production moved the industry forward and began the automation of many Click on this picture to watch a short video on the history of robots! processes. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 65  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. Automation in Manufacturing The first machines controlled by computers emerged in the Although more stiff and can only do one late 1940s. These Computer Numerical Control, or CNC, task, CNC machines are considered as a machines, could run programs that instructed a machine to technology that are similar to robots. perform a series of operations. This level of control also Robots, generally, can do more tasks than CNC machines but they still do play a big enabled the creation of new manufactured goods, like milling role in the manufacturing industry a complex propeller design out of a block of aluminium— (Alex Owen-Hill, 2019) something that was difficult to do using standard machine tools, and with tolerances too small to be done by hand. CNC machines were a huge boon to industry, not just due to increased capability and precision, but also in terms of reducing labor costs by automating human jobs. During the 2IR, machines were still maneuvered by humans to do its job but during the 3IR, machines were beginning to Click on this picture to watch a short need lesser human intervention. video on how CNC machines work! THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 66  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION One of the more recent users of robots in their field is in medicine. III. Robots in Medicine The picture on the left shows a daVinci Xi Robotic System which is a machine interface between a surgeon and the patient. Surgeons who want to employ this technology would need proper training as well. Robotic surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery that uses physician-controlled, computer-enhanced robotic system to operate on a patient through small incisions. After placing the instruments within the patient, the surgeon sits at an adjacent control console. The console allows the surgeon a 3D view of the working space, magnified and enhanced. From the console, the surgeon controls the movements of the robotic arms and instruments that work on the patient. For the most part, the most significant advantage known for using Click on this picture to watch a short video this machine are increased precision for the surgeon and better describing robotic laparoscopy surgery! outcome for the patient. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 67  Want to know more about long-standing technologies in agriculture that are advocated more now? Find out HERE and HERE! 4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Recently, automation has also begun to be applied in agriculture. IV. Automation in Agriculture Some of them are those seen in farms that can aid in harvesting Click HERE to watch a such as picking arms that have sensors to detect which to pick, short video on some automated tractors built with sensors that can analyze soil in real- examples of automation time and deploy optimal amounts of fertilizers or weed killers, etc. in farms! These technologies have very exciting applications and the Click on the picture below to watch a possibilities are mind-blowing if one would think about it. video of an interview of Dept. of Unfortunately, innovations like these can only reach countries who Agriculture Secretary William Dar on have the capacity to invest on them. plans for Philippine Agriculture in 2020! Third world countries, like ours, still have a long way to go in terms of program management that would help improve the current status of this agriculture and national food security as a whole. More recent modernization programs in the Philippines have been launched but must continue to be productive also to increase the reach. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 68  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION V. Genetic From the 1IR, world population has significantly increased while basic human resources have been declining. Many countries have seen many famines and Engineering & have implemented programs to battle these problems. RDT Innovations in technology and a steady supply of scholars who work on scientific research have been the driving force to numerous advancements in food production, among many other things. One of the most remarkable of these are genetically-modified organisms or GMOs. Most of GMOs were developed to battle challenges in production brought about by either weather disasters or diseases. Gene editing and Click on the picture to Recombinant DNA Technology also offered multiple applications in other watch a video on the industries which rendered it quite an exciting but frightening novel process of genetic technology during this time. engineering and recombinant DNA Although this technology was not without issues, scientists continue to create technology. developments. Eventually, as time passed by, we witnessed that the intention in creating an innovative technology is not enough to shield it from misuse by greedy entities. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 69  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION VI. The Rise of Social Media Not long after the WWW was available widely, social media started gaining popularity. It’s primary goal is to create digital networks among peers even overseas. Most of these began with very customizable profiles such as SixDegrees, Friendster, MySpace, and Tumblr. It was the selling point for the younger users since it allows for expression by visual and verbal personalization of a space in the wide web. By the 2010s, smartphones revolutionized the digital environment. Along with it, was the noticeable change in how most people (Selected Papers Network, 2018) use social media and the internet as a whole. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 70  Want to know more about the truths about the current situation in recycling? Find out more HERE and HERE! 4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION There is no doubt that technological advances during this time has opened numerous new opportunities for improvement in manufacturing, education, health & medicine, food processing, agriculture, research & education, architecture & engineering, and even space exploration. This inevitably caused the rate of innovation to accelerate as well. Click on this picture to watch a short video on e-waste Along with these innovations in the manufacturing industry, management! improvements in mass production has brought both benefits and harm to mankind. Mass production has allowed even the lower class to Click on this picture to watch a short video a city in Japan that afford clothing and household utilities & accessories because business practices zero waste! owners can sell them at a cheaper price. The downside to this is the generation of more solid waste. This includes plastic, steel, textile, and paper products. Among the many types of waste that people generate, the most difficult to dispose of would be electric appliances and electronics or e-waste such as computers, printers, and phones. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 71  4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION During this time, as the new innovations in the world of electronics poured into the markets, most of us also continue to be dependent on the benefits of electricity. Along with this is the continued depletion of fossil fuel like coal, natural gas, and crude oil. Apparently, there has also been a quickly escalating problem on changing climates worldwide. Numerous evidences point to burning of fossil fuel as the main reason for this. This led many nations to collectively do something to slow the progress of the problem. But how has it been since? Were all the efforts enough or could we have done more in the past decade or two? We also cannot deny that the increasing world population continue to create more problems. This may mean, to most, that more land has to be developed to convert into residential, commercial, or agricultural areas to accommodate the needs of the booming population. Many of these developed areas were forests. What do you think happens to the wild animals that were left homeless? How does that affect the human inhabitants of these newly developed areas? If this continues, what will happen to humans and the environment in the near future? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 72 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL 2014-Today REVOLUTION THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 73 5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION What is the “Internet of Things” and how does it work with SMART technology and “Big Data”? What does Industry 4.0 mean to the world? What will it mean to developing countries like the Philippines? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 74  “ With great power comes great responsibility. ” 5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third, I. What is Industry 4.0? the digital revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last century. It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres. It was first coined by Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum in 2016. There are three reasons why today’s transformations represent not merely a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution but rather the arrival of a Fourth and distinct one: velocity, (Automation Revolution, 2020) scope, and systems impact. The speed of current Click on this picture to watch a breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When compared short video on the characteristics of the 4IR! with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an exponential rather than a linear pace. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 75  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION I. What is Industry 4.0? Moreover, it is disrupting almost every industry in every country. And the extent of these changes usher the transformation of entire systems of production, management, and governance. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs, yet again, in fields such as artificial intelligence, (Risk Bites, 2018) robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, Click on this picture to watch a short video on a simplified view energy storage, and quantum computing. on how 4IR is going to affect mankind! What is innovation ethics? Why is it important? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 76  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION I. What is Industry 4.0? Already, artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us, from self- driving cars and drones to virtual assistants and software that translate or invest. Impressive progress has been made in AI in recent years, driven by exponential increases in computing power and by the availability of vast amounts of data, from software used to discover new drugs to algorithms used to predict our cultural interests. Digital fabrication technologies, meanwhile, are interacting with (CNBC International, 2019) the biological world on a daily basis. Engineers, designers, and Click on this picture to watch a architects are combining computational design, additive short video from CNBC on how manufacturing, materials engineering, and synthetic biology to 4IR might affect the economy! pioneer a symbiosis between microorganisms, our bodies, the products we consume, and even the buildings we inhabit. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 77  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. More Innovations in the 4IR – Robotics Although robotics has been seen by the world in the 3IR already, this technology is taken to a further step by incorporating AI. In the 3IR, automation was revolutionary, automation in the 4IR just got more powerful by adding autonomous decisions to the computer powered machines. For this, aside from the big western power nations, Asian nations have risen in the innovation aspect. In the video linked on the picture here, we see how much Japan, China, and (BBC Click, 2018) South Korea have accomplished to date. Click on this picture to watch a video on the newest robot revolution in Japan! Link: https://youtu.be/zKhm89FWOy8 THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 78  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Click on each of the pictures below Technological breakthroughs in agriculture, II. More Innovations in the to watch insightful videos on the especially in farming, have continued to newest technologies in modern 4IR – Future of Farms city farming! improve. Although we have already been seeing numerous examples of indoor and backyard vertical farms in the last decade, vertical and indoor farming of today (and the future) have just become more (The Daily Conversation, 2017) impressive. (Venture City, 2019) These kinds of farms in cities have already seen admirable results for many leafy greens and herbs that are usually served in nearby restaurants. Conveniently, the city locations of these farms help in the reduction of spoilage and transport cost. (Freethink, 2019) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 79  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SMARTechnology is a technology that uses AI, machine learning, II. More Innovations in the and big data analysis to provide cognitive awareness to objects that 4IR – IoT & Big Data were in the past considered inanimate. It helps conserve energy by automating home energy usage. Many of us forget to switch off the lights or turn off the appliances before we leave home, resulting to a huge waste of energy and money. Some examples would be a smart bulb, smart security camera, smart refrigerator or a smartphone. This technology introduced us to the Internet of Things. IoT devices are software-defined products that are a combination of (Arirang TV, 2016) product, application, analytics and the Internet/networking. By Click on this picture to watch a special combining these connected devices with automated systems, it is episode on the technological possible to gather information, analyse it and create an action to breakthroughs that the Industry 4.0 help someone with a particular task, or learn from a process. has introduced to us so far! TIP! Change the play speed to 1.25x or A very distinct application of this are smart cities and 1.5x autonomous (self-driving) cars. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 80  Want to read more on how you can make IoT Networks more secure? Find out more HERE! 5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. More Innovations in the 4IR – IoT & Big Data With the rise of globalization and favouring network-building, the advancements on communication devices have also become fast-paced. New models of smartphones, tablets, and laptops are introduced every year, outdating many predecessor models very quickly. Even so, many futurists have predicted that smartphones can become unnecessary in the next few years. With the rise of smart appliances and smart home utilities equipped with various sensors, commands can now be directly given to them without the smartphone interface. This possibility is both exciting and unnerving at the same time. One danger in this technology, though, is when security of privacy is broken. Since the devices communicate through the internet, cybercriminals can easily manipulate your devices and can even cause harm in real life. If they can successfully hack through a house’s security system, breaking and entering houses is fairly easy. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 81  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. More Innovations in the 4IR – Social Media & Data Security Unfortunately, it is not just our devices that have become more intelligent but the internet as well. Newer algorithms have been employed to gather more information on people according to their social media posts and the content that they consume. Even if you do not intend to share these information about yourself, the internet has found a way to target you with advertisements that can, sometimes, feel creepy. Like, how can the internet know I was looking for a new set of watercolour paints? Although this has been existing already in the last few years, it has become smarter and many social media platforms have exploited this. It is also known nowadays that with the advent of over-sharing in SNS, data privacy is very easily put in harm’s way. The last few years have also witnessed how more people have subscribed to online shopping and online ordering of goods and services. In cases of un-secure data transfer, cybercriminals can be attracted as well. But who should be blamed when numerous people with SNS accounts nowadays have no qualms on posting updates about their activities and whereabouts in real time? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 82  5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. More Innovations in the 4IR – Social Media & Data Security Click on each of the pictures below to view insightful As members of the generation who have been born with the discussions on mankind’s relationship with social media and how it has shaped the way we socialize nowadays. internet already existing, I believe there is a range of Is Social Media Hurting Your Mental How the media affects youth | Oda influence that social media has on students and young Health? | Bailey Parnell | TEDxRyersonU Faremo Lindholm | TEDxOslo adults nowadays. Interestingly, there have been several discussions about this that have surfaced recently. There were even scientific studies also focusing on teens and below-30 adults and their (TEDx Talks, 2017) relationship with social media and online social (TEDx Talks, 2015) networking. How social media makes us unsocial Social Media: Too Much of a Good Thing? | Samia Khan | TEDxTerryTalks | Allison Graham | TEDxSMU Ultimately, handling anything that is of novelty should really come with maturity, accountability, and self-evaluation. Social media, like any other technology, is neither good nor bad. It is, however, our responsibility to treat it with the correct mentality and always in moderation. (TEDx Talks, 2016) (TEDx Talks, 2014) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 83  ACTIVITY 9: Done in 75 Seconds 5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION What to do? Answer these questions:  What are the influences of social media platforms and online networking sites on you and the way you have become as a member of your society today?  What do you think will the Fifth Industrial Revolution look like? Prepare a 60- to 75-second video discussing your answers. Make sure that you are visually present in the video while you are talking. The video file to be submitted should be in mp4 file type. READ THE RUBRICS on the next page to know how to best create your output. This is an individual activity. Your output will be submitted to your respective GEC108 Google Classrooms. Deadline for this is on November 13, May 28, 2020, 2021, 11:59pm. 11:59 PM THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 84  ACTIVITY 9: Done in 75 Seconds Rubrics for Grading (highest possible score = 20 points) 5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Advanced = 5pts Proficient = 4pts Average = 3pts Developing = 2pts Beginning = 1pt Vlog is not engaging, and Appropriate, relevant, discussion was irrelevant,