Environmental Sustainability for Existing Buildings 2021 PDF

**Topic 5** **Environmental Sustainability for Existing Buildings** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5.1 Introduction | | | | 5.2 Le...

**Topic 5** **Environmental Sustainability for Existing Buildings** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5.1 Introduction | | | | 5.2 Legislations on Environmental Sustainability for Buildings | | | | 5\. 3 Minimum Environmental Sustainability Standard for Existing | | Non-Residential Buildings | | | | 5.4 Green Mark 2021 | | | | Appendix A : SS530 Part 1 : 2014 - Maximum Lighting Power Budget | | (including ballast loss) | | | | Appendix B : SS553 : 2016 -- Recommended Ambient Sound Level | | | | Appendix C : POE Questionnaire for Indoor Environment Survey | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1. [[www.bca.gov.sg]](http://www.bca.gov.sg/) 2. BCA's Code on Environmental Sustainability Measures for Existing Buildings 3.0 3. Green Mark 2021 **5 Environmental Sustainability for Existing Buildings** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** | | +===================================+===================================+ | After reading this topic, | | | students should be able to: | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | describe the regulatory | | | requirements on sustainability | | | measures for existing | | | non-residential buildings | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | understand the requirements for | | | minimum environmental | | | sustainability standard for | | | Existing Non-Residential | | | Buildings | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | understand the provisions in | | | Green Mark 2021 In Operation for | | | Existing Non-residential | | | Buildings. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 5.1 Introduction ---------------- **5.2 Legislations on Environmental Sustainability for Buildings** ### **5.2.1 The Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations 2008 and Amendment 2021** - All new building works with gross floor area (GFA) of 2000 m^2^ or more. - Additions or extensions to existing buildings which involve increasing GFA by 2000m^2^ or more. - Building works which involve major retrofitting to existing buildings with existing GFA of 2000m^2^ or more. (a) Mandatory Higher Green Mark Standard for Government Land Sales (GLS) sites in Selected Strategic Areas ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Selected Strategic Areas** | **Requirements for building | | | wholly or partly within area | | *Exact Location to refer to the | that** | | Building* | | | | **is on land sold under the GLS | | *Control (Environmental | Programme** | | Sustainability ) Regulations | | | 2008* | | +===================================+===================================+ | Marina Bay | Green Mark Platinum Rating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Downtown Core -- including areas | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | | within the CBD located next to | | | Marina Bay | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Jurong Lake District | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Kallang Riverside | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Paya Lebar Central | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Woodlands Regional Center (1 Sep | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | | 2014) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Punggol Eco Town (1 Sep 2014) | Green Mark Gold^Plus^ Rating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ [Figure 5.1 -- GM Requirements for GLS] **5.2.2 Building Control (Environmental Sustainability Measures for Existing Building) Regulations 2013 and (Amendment) 2016.** - Comply with the minimum environmental sustainability standard - Submit periodic energy efficiency audits of the building's cooling systems - Submit information in respect of energy consumption and building information as required by the Commissioner of Building Control. - have a GFA of 5,000 m^2^ or more and - when a major energy-use is proposed. This proposed change includes installation, substantial alteration or replacement of the building cooling system. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Minimum Environmental | Three-yearly Audit on | Information & Energy | | | Cooling Systems | Consumption Data | | Standard for Existing | | | | Buildings | | | | installing/replacing | | | | cooling | | | | | | | | systems | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | [Role of Building | - Appoint | - Submission of | | Owner] | PE(Mech)/energy | electricity | | | auditor on energy | | | - Engage PE(Mech) | efficiency of the | consumption data | | to design cooling | building cooling | | | system | systems upon | - Submission of | | retrofitting | receipt of notice | building | | works | from BCA | information by | | | | | | - Submit Design | - Submit audit | | | Submission | report | | | prepared by PE | demonstrating | | | (Mech) | that energy | | | | efficiency of the | | | - Ensure that | cooling system | | | retrofitting | meets the minimum | | | works are | design efficiency | | | completed within | standard. | | | period prescribed | | | | in regulations. | | | | | | | | - Submit As-built | | | | Submission | | | | prepared by PE | | | | (Mech) | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [Role of | - Conduct audit on | | | PE(Mech)] | energy efficiency | | | | of building | | | - Assess and | cooling system in | | | prepare design of | accordance with | | | retrofitting | Code. | | | works | | | | | - Prepare audit | | | - Prepare Design | report | | | Submission that | | | | meets Minimum | | | | Environmental | | | | | | | | Sustainability | | | | Standard | | | | | | | | - Prepare As-built | | | | Submission | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ ### Figure 5.2 -- Responsibilities of Various Parties #### 5.3 Minimum Environmental Sustainability Standard for Existing Non-Residential Buildings ##### 5.3.1 Compliance Framework - Base Requirements (Mandatory) - Carbon Reduction Measures ### Figure 5.3 - Overview of Compliance Framework #### 5.3.2 Base Requirements ENRB01 : Building Energy Performance -------- --- --------------------------------------------------------------- ENRB02 : Measurement & Verification Instrumentation ENRB03 : Real Time Remote Monitoring of Chiller Plant System Operation ENRB04 : Energy Utilisation Monitoring ENRB05 : Indoor Temperature Monitoring ENRB06 : Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Audit (a) Building Energy Performance (ENRB01) ---------------------------------------- - - 2) ### ### (i) Whole Building Approach via Energy Audit (ENRB01-1) - The EUI shall not exceed the relevant benchmark shown in Figure 5.4. - The Total System Efficiency (TSE) of the building cooling system shall also comply with the minimum values shown in Figure 5.5. EUI (kWh/m^2^.yr) Building Category EUI (kWh/m^2^.yr) -- ------------------- -- ------------------------------- ------------------- Healthcare 155 Hospitals 375 135 Community Hospitals 230 230 Polyclinics 150 185 Nursing/Youth Homes 90 240 Others 130 Sports and Recreation Centres 110 110 Community Centres 150 60 Cultural Institutions 180 40 Civic Buildings 80 ### ### Figure 5.4 -- Benchmark EUI for Different Building Categories Minimum Total System Efficiency of Building Cooling System ------------------------------------------------------------ -- Water-cooled 0.9 kW/RT ### Figure 5.5 -- Minimum Total System Efficiency for Building Cooling System Methodology - - - - 5.4. - [Example 5.1] =========================  (ii) [System Level Approach via Enhanced Energy Performance Standards] [(ENRB01-2)] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Air-conditioning System (ENRB01-2(a)) - Lighting System (ENRB01-2(b)) - Mechanical Ventilation System (ENRB01-2(c)) - Vertical Transportation System (ENRB01-2(d)) 1. [Air-conditioning Systems (ENRB01-2(a))] ------------------------------------------------------- - Total System Efficiency (TSE) and Plant Efficiency - Component Efficiency for Unitary Systems **[\ ]** [Water-cooled Air-conditioning System] -------------------------------------------------- -- --- --- --- --- ---- -- 6 7 8 9 10 -- --- --- --- --- ---- -- [Air-cooled Air-conditioning System] ------------------------------------------------ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Minimum Air-conditioning | | | Plant/Component Efficiency, η~c~ | | +===================================+===================================+ | | Air-cooled Chilled Water Plant | | | for Peak Cooling Load  500RT | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 0.78 kW/RT | 0.85 kW/RT | | | | | (inclusive of site derating | | | factor) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ [Figure 5.7 -- Minimum Air-conditioning Air-cooled Plant/Component Efficiency] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. [Lighting System (ENRB01-2(b))] ---------------------------------------------- 3. [Mechanical Ventilation System (ENRB01-2(c))] ------------------------------------------------------------ 4. [Vertical Transportation System (ENRB01-2(d))] ------------------------------------------------------------- (b) Measurement and Verification (M&V) Instrumentation (ENRB02) --------------------------------------------------------------- ### (i) Instrumentation for Chilled Water System (ENRB02-1) ### (ii) Instrumentation for VRF system (ENRB02-2) (c) Real Time Remote Monitoring of Chiller Plant System Operation (ENRB03) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) Energy Utilisation Reporting (ENRB04) ----------------------------------------- (e) Indoor Temperature (ENRB05) ------------------------------- (f) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Audit (ENRB06) ------------------------------------------- ### **5.3.3 Carbon Reduction Measures** - Sustainable features -- Cost-effective green features and passive strategies to minimise overall building energy consumption and improve indoor thermal comfort. - Sustainable Operation and Management -- Smart monitoring and integration of sustainability management practices to maximise operational efficiency and carbon reduction opportunities. - Sustainable technologies - Green building technologies that establish low energy consumption and smart control systems that can adapt to users' needs and facilitate better building performance management. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Sustainable | Sustainable | Sustainable | | | Features | Operation and | Technologies | | | | Management | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | Electrical | | | | | Sub-metering | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | Maintenance | | | | | of Building | | | | | | | | | | Cooling System | | | | | Performance | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | User | | | | | Engagement Plan | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ (a) Sustainable Features (ENRBE01) ---------------------------------- ### (i) Enhanced Building Envelope Performance (ENRBE01-1) - ETTV not more than 45 W/m^2^ - Application of locally approved certified cool materials to 80% of all external walls and applicable roof areas - Provision of innovative façade technology (electrochromic glass, BIPV, etc) for at least 20% of fenestration area ### (ii) Naturally Ventilated Building Design (ENRBE01-2) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Lift lobbies | - Atria | +===================================+===================================+ | - Corridors | - Toilets | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Staircases | - Others | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ### (iii) Sustainable Products (ENRBE01-3) At least two products for 80% of applicable areas or building components. (b) Sustainable Operation and Management (ENRBE02) -------------------------------------------------- ### (i) Electrical Submetering (ENRBE02-1) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sub-System for Metering | | +===================================+===================================+ | Lifts and Escalators | More than 5 numbers or sets with | | | a sum of all feeders \> 50 kVA | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mechanical | Total sub-system's load \> 15 kW | | | | | Ventilation Systems | Sub-metering applicable to | | | individual fan system motors that | | | are more than 1.5 kW in the | | | following areas: | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Centralised Hot Water Supply | \> 50 kW thermal heating capacity | | Systems | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | General power supply and lighting | Sub-metering for tenancy areas | | systems for tenancy areas and | and owner's premises are to be | | owner's premises. | separated. The sub-circuits | | | serving these areas can be | | | provided based on a sub-system | | | basis and/or per floor level. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Note (1) : Sub-metering provision | | | for chilled water plant, variable | | | refrigerant flow (VRF) systems | | | and air distribution systems are | | | covered under ENRB02 | | | | | | Note (2) : If there is a need to | | | cater to high plug loads or | | | process loads exceeding 50 kVA, | | | provide separate sub-metering for | | | these specific loads or areas to | | | better manage the energy | | | consumption. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ### (ii) Maintenance of Building Cooling System Performance (ENRBE02-2) ### 1. Chillers (ENRBE02-2(a) - Clearance of 2.0 m or more at the front of chiller unit piping section for tube maintenance, cleaning, repair, and replacement - Clearance of 1.2 m or more between chillers measured from plinth to plinth for regular maintenance. - Clearance of 1.5 m or more above the chiller for maintenance, overhaul or replacement. ### 2. Pump Systems (ENRBE02-2(b) - Except for the areas where the pipes are connected, clearance of 0.6 m or more is to be provided around the pump for regular maintenance - Clear head room of 1.0 m or more above the pump and motor to facilitate maintenance, overhaul and maintenance. ### 3. Cooling Towers (ENRBE02-2(c)) - Maintenance platform, stairs and catwalks of 600 mm width or more with handrails around the cooling towers and access to the level for periodic maintenance and the inspection of the water basin and fill media - Clear distance of 2.0 m or more from the top of the cooling towers to the location of the trellis, where applicable. ### 4. Air Distribution Systems (ENRBE02-2(d)) - AHUs of cooling capacity greater than 35 kW shall be floor mounted as stipulated in SS 553 - For floor-mounted AHUs, the access space provisions are as follows: - AHU access -- Provide minimum 1 m clear space from the AHU room door entrance to the AHU for general maintenance. - Cooling coil pipe and filter access -- Provide minimum 800 mm clear space after pipe connection to facilitate cooling coil cleaning and filter access. - Fan access -- Provide minimum 800 mm clear space for fan/motor access and maintenance (if the access is not from cooling coil connection side). - AHU side and back clearance 600 mm clear width for general access and maintenance. ### ### (iii) User Engagement Plan (ENRBE02-3) - Green education - Green-related activities and programmes - Green fit-out guidelines - Green lease - Others (to be assessed on a case-to-case basis) (c) Sustainable Technologies (ENRB03) ------------------------------------- ### (i) Renewable Energy System (NRBE03-1) ### (ii) Smart Building Solutions (NRBE03-2) - Use of BACnet, Modbus or any other open protocol for Building Management System - Energy portal and dashboard for building owners and/or tenants - Demand controlled ventilation systems - Timer sensors/controls for lighting and/or ventilation systems in common areas and facilities - Smart building sensors that are equipped with sensing capability, microprocessors and communication technology that can help facilitate some form of monitoring or automation ### (iii) Green Building Technologies (NRBE03-3) - Energy recovery system - Lifts with regenerative system - Passive displacement ventilation system - Hybrid cooling system - Smart sensor and control technologies - Dedicated outdoor air system - Others (to be evaluated on a case-to-case basis) 5.4 Green Mark 2021 =================== +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **New | **Existing | | **Occupant | | Buildings** | Buildings** | | Centric** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 1. Non-residen | 1. Non-residen | 1. New parks | 1. Restaurants | | tial | tial | | | | Buildings | buildings | 2. Existing | 2. Supermarket | | | | parks | | | 2. Residential | 2. Residential | | 3. Retail | | buildings | buildings | 3. Infrastruct | | | | | ure | 4. Office | | 3. Landed | 3. Schools | | Interior | | houses | | 4. Districts | | | | 4. Data | | 5. Laboratorie | | 4. Data | Centres | 5. Rapid | s | | Centres | | Transit | | | | | Systems | | | 5. Healthcare | | (RTS) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ [Figure 5.10 -- Green Mark Scheme] ---------------------------------------------- 1. GM 2021 2. GM District & Infrastructure 3. Occupant Centric ### **5.4.1 Green Mark 2021 Assessment Framework** 1. Energy Efficiency (the only prerequisite) 2. Five Sustainability sections covering Health and Well-being, Whole Life Carbon, Resilience, Maintainability, and Intelligence. **Score buildings on** -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- how they are designed, retrofitted, constructed, and operated to facilitate the mental, physical, and social well-being of occupants. their Whole Life Carbon performance based on international calculation methodologies, upfront (embodied) carbon (i.e., carbon footprint of the construction materials), use of sustainable construction methods, and the sustainable fitting-out of buildings. their resilience and adaptation to climate change as well as the use of nature-based or natural climate solutions with actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems. their Design for Maintainability (DfM) which refers to designing buildings for their safe and effective maintenance to optimise lifecycle performance of the asset. adoption of relevant smart technologies and systems, and data management environments within the building design, construction, retrofit and operation of the building, that enable fully integrated, automated, intelligent, and responsive buildings. [Figure 5.11 -- Sustainability Sections] ---------------------------------------------------- - New developments at the design and completion (as built) stage - Existing buildings in operation with no previous GM certification - Existing buildings with major retrofit (refers to major energy use change as defined in the relevant Acts and Regulations including the installation or replacement of air-conditioning systems.) - have previously held GM certification, - with no major energy use change and - seeking GM Re-certification (a) Green Mark 2021 Ratings --------------------------- 1. GM Series comprising the Gold^PLUS^ and Platinum ratings 2. GM SLE (Super Low Energy) Series comprising the SLE, ZE (Zero Energy) & PE (Positive Energy), Gold^PLUS^ SLE and Platinum SLE ratings. ### Figure 5.12 -- Green Mark Ratings ### Figure 5.13 -- Green Mark Ratings ### (i) GM: 2021 Badges (b) BCA Green Mark Certification Process ---------------------------------------- (c) Green Mark Incentive Schemes for Private Sector --------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Building Retrofit | | | | | | | | Energy Efficiency | | | | | | | | Financing | | | | | | | | (BREEF) Scheme | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Grant for Low GWP | | | | Refrigerant | | | | | | | | Chillers (LoGR) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ [Figure 5.15 -- Examples of Green Mark Incentive Schemes] (d) Certification Courses on Green Buildings -------------------------------------------- (e) Green Grants/Funding ------------------------ ### (i) SCEM Training Grant - Adopt resource efficient design of new facilities and major expansions. - Carry out energy assessment of existing facilities. - Adopt energy efficient equipment technologies. - Adopt water-cooled chillers using low-GWP refrigerants - Implement an energy management information system. -- -- -- -- ### (iii) Skyrise Greenery Incentive Scheme 2.0 *Source: [[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/skyrisegreenery/incentive-scheme]](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/skyrisegreenery/incentive-scheme)* - Encourage installation of skyrise greenery on existing buildings. - Create a distinctive image of the city in the tropical climate through extensive greenery adoring building facades and skyrise levels; and, - Bring about environmental benefits such as mitigating urban island heat effect and improving the air quality through plants' transpiration and filtration of dust particles. **5.4.2 Green Mark 2021 In Operation** (a) GM Rating and Energy Efficiency Improvement ----------------------------------------------- GM Rating Energy Efficiency Improvement over 2005 Level (%) ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- SLE (Includes ZE and PE) Platinum/Gold^PLUS^ SLE (Includes ZE and PE) Platinum Gold^PLUS^ Gold ### Figure 5.16 -- GM Rating Vs Energy Efficiency Improvement - Energy and water consumption - Energy and water improvement plans - Cooling Tower cycles of concentration - Indoor environmental quality - Waste audit - Tenant/Occupant engagement (b) Energy Efficiency Pathways ------------------------------ ### (i) EE Pathway 1 -- EUI \ [\$\$EUI\\ (\\frac{\\text{kWh}}{m\^{2}}) = \\frac{Annual\\ Total\\ Building\\ Energy\\ Consumption(\\frac{\\text{kWh}}{\\text{year}})}{Gross\\ floor\\ area\\ (exclude\\ car\\ park\\ area)\\ \\ (m\^{2})}\$\$]{.math.display}\ Example 5.2 - Computation of Energy Use Intensity (EUI) (kW/m²/year) -------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **Year 1** | **Year 2** | **Year 3** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Total Building | 2,382,552 | 2,574,996 | 2,306,248 | | Energy | | | | | Consumption | | | | | | | | | | (kWh) **(A)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Gross Floor | | 15,500 | | | Area, m² (GFA) | | | | | **(B)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Energy Use | | | | | Intensity, EUI | | | | | **(A/B)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Baseline | 8.08% | -3.2% | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Reasons, if | \- | | | | deviation \> ± | | | | | 5%** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ### Figure 5.17 -- Total Building Energy Consumption 3-Yr Trend **Building Type** **Gold 40%** **Gold^PLUS^ 50%** **Platinum 55%** **SLE 60%** --------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------- Office Buildings (Large) (GFA ≥15,000m^2^) 165 155 140 115 Office Buildings (Small) (GFA \1.5m), (3) Open space with low or no partitions (\