Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology 2024 PDF

Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology Dr. Melissa Kehl Bones Learning Objectives To understand the function and properties of bones To classify bones by shape To identify terms related to bony structures To make connections of bone terms to examples Functions Bone Support the weight of the body...

Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology Dr. Melissa Kehl Bones Learning Objectives To understand the function and properties of bones To classify bones by shape To identify terms related to bony structures To make connections of bone terms to examples Functions Bone Support the weight of the body Protect organs Act as levers for movement Storage of minerals (e.g., Ca2+ and P+) Storage of fat Blood cell formation (marrow) Properties Living, dynamic tissue Requires a lot of blood supply Bone cells: osteoblasts make bone, osteoclasts break down bone Classification of Bones by Shape Long Cylindrical with enlarged extremities Examples: limb bones Flat bone Irregular bone Short No dimension greatly exceeds the others Function to diffuse concussion Examples: carpal and tarsal bones Long bone Sesamoid Protect tendons at places where greatest friction is developed Examples: patella Flat Short bone Broad surfaces for extensive muscle attachment and protection to underlying tissues Examples: scapula, bones of pelvic girdle, many Sesamoid bone skull bones Irregular Examples: vertebrae Cat Long bones Physis Also referred to as epiphyseal plate or growth plate Proximal and distal physes Epiphysis End regions of the bone Proximal and distal epiphyses Metaphysis Located next to the physis on the diaphyseal side The region of bone growth in length A weak point Diaphysis Shaft of the bone Contains yellow marrow, reduces weight of bone Physis Sesamoid bones Located near freely moving joints Usually have an articular surface that glides on a flat or convex surface of one or more long bones in a limb Main function is to decrease friction of tendons Do not confuse sesamoid bones for chip fractures on radiographs! Left canine stifle, medial view Bony Prominences Canine left humerus Bone gets modeled (changes in shape) in response to stresses placed upon it Wolff’s law Prominences occur where bone is ‘mechanically loaded’ Articular - ex: head, condyle Non-articular - ex: tuberosities, grooves Cranial view Caudal view Bumps Small eminences, nodules, prominences, projections, elevations, protuberances, swellings on bone. Often for tendon attachment. Deltoid Greater Tubercle Tuberosity Spinous Process Tuber coxae Flat area Trench, depressed area, surface, small plane or pit Unique articular shapes Condyle = spherical Trochlea = spool or pulley Dorsal Fins Projecting ridge Spine of the scapula Sacral crest Hole Natural opening or passage, varies for where the hole is. Foramen Meatus Orifice Ostium Stoma Mental foramen Dents Narrow depression; indentation; a hollow or space