Understanding of Disability 2024-2025 Fall Semester PDF

Understanding of Disability 2024-2025 Fall Semester 4th Week – Preventing Disability Hikmet UCGUN, PT, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation (Eng) Faculty of Health Sciences Istanbul Atlas University...

Understanding of Disability 2024-2025 Fall Semester 4th Week – Preventing Disability Hikmet UCGUN, PT, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation (Eng) Faculty of Health Sciences Istanbul Atlas University © Hikmet UCGUN / May not be copied or reproduced without permission.  Impairment Disability Handicap Temporary and/or Restriction or loss as a Restriction or permanent loss and result of impaired ability to inability to fulfill a abnormality of perform normally person's socio- Defination physiological and performed activities and cultural roles as a psychological skills result of disability functions Level of Tissue, organ or Person Society and social Event system life Decreased muscle Inability to walk after stroke Socio-economic strength problems Inability to drive Joint movement Activity restriction Sample limitation Restricted walking of due to architectural paraplegics barriers Sensory disturbance Concept of Prevention A 1967 textbook stated: ‘‘Prevention, in a narrow sense, means preventing the development of a pathological condition. More broadly, it includes all measures that limit the progression of the disease at any stage of its course, including definitive treatment‘‘ Prevention was planned, by the Australian National Public Health Partnership, as ‘‘action to reduce or eliminate or reduce the onset, causes, complications, or recurrence of disease ‘‘ Concept of Prevention Around the world and throughout their lives, all people are exposed to health risks such as high blood pressure, alcohol, and tobacco overuse, being underweight, sanitation and precure hygiene, iron deficiency, unsafe water This risk factors can be influential in the occurrence of diseases, pathologies and even injuries, having a major effect on people’s health Concept of Prevention Disability can also be influenced by prenatal, perinatal factors, or factors acquired from early childhood In such situations we can consider elements such as infections during pregnancy, traumatic or toxic exposure of the fetus, genetic or nutritional factors that will lead to prenatal or postnatal injury Levels of Prevention  Levels of Protection from Disability Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention Reducing disability-related complications Reducing risk individuals Long term care Genetic counseling Reducing possible disability symptoms, effects and duration Rehabilitation Vaccination Close follow-up in the womb Surgical interventions Correction of and newborn (hypothyroidism, prenatal, perinatal Family counselling phenylketonuria) and postnatal care Surgical intervention in the womb (congenital heart disease, cleft lip-palate) Primary Prevention Primary Prevention The role of primary prevention is to avoid the occurrence of disease situations using various interventions to achieve its objective It can be addressed to a high-risk group, a population with an identified risk or it can have a universal impact for everyone, being equally important for both disabled and non-disabled people 1. Primary Prevention Primary prevention efforts should focus on the following: I. Care of pregnant and lactating mother II. Immunization for pregnant mother and the newborn III. Safety measures for the infant I. Care of pregnant and lactating mother Using sterile techniques, promoting good hygiene practices, and providing early detection and treatment of infections can help reduce the risk of complications during childbirth In the postpartum care of the mother an adequate nutrition is considered While lactating, the mother should avoid medication, unless it is recommended by a physician Postpartum depression requires emotional and psychological intervention to avoid complications for both the mother and baby II. Immunization for Pregnant Mother and the Newborn Immunizations are an essential part of prenatal care, offering critical protection to women and their fetuses against potentially deadly diseases Any of the licensed, recommended, age-appropriate inactivated vaccines can be administered as immunization EFFECTIVE VACCINATION DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS Technical Production and supply of safe, effective, vaccine Economic (Cost of vaccine and of getting it to the children.) Leaders in poorer countries must decide that stopping polio is worth the expense Management Knowledge of needs, planning, transportation, and distribution of the vaccine Keepıng Polio Vaccine Very Cold In many countries, ⅓ of vaccines are spoiled by the time they reach the children Education People must understand the value of vaccination and want to cooperate with health workers must know how important it is to keep polio vaccine cold Political Vaccination programs are most successful where the government fairly represents the people and has their full participation in countrywide vaccination campaigns Ethical (Honesty and goodwill) Doctors, health workers, and citizens must try to see that vaccine reaches all children. (In some countries, some doctors throw vaccines away and fill out false reports, and health inspectors do not care enough to try to stop what is happening.) In places where vaccination is not available or not fully effective, families and communities can help to lower the chance of paralysis from polio (other childhood diseases etc.) by breast feeding their children as long as possible III. Safety measures for the infant It is better to avoid leaving the child alone in inappropriate or unsafe places All dangerous materials, electrical appliance and medicines will be out of reach for the children Avoid contact with stoves or being left by itself in the kitchen Children should not be left alone near open drainages or main holes 2. Secondary Prevention It aims at the early detection and treatment of conditions or pathologies, the main objective being to mitigate the impact on the body or cure them Examples include mammograms to detect breast cancer, or eye examinations to detect cataracts 2. Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention is addressed to groups of people who present a high risk, unlike primary prevention which is addressed to the general population The people included in this groups show an increased vulnerability in the case of environmental or biomedical deficiencies 2. Secondary Prevention I. Genetic Counselling: Genetic counseling uses medical methods, such as blood analysis, to detect congenital defects and genetic disorders for preventive purposes 2. Secondary Prevention II. Adolescent pregnancy: Pregnant teenagers, especially very young ones, are considered an “at-risk” group Babies born to very young mothers are more exposed to risk factors, which can have negative health outcomes 2. Secondary Prevention III. Secondary Prevention of Disabilities in the Social Environment: Secondary prevention has an important role in the social environment In the framework of social prevention, we can identify the protection of children, young people from dangerous foster homes and more 3. Tertiary Prevention It aims to limit or even reverse the impact of already existing deficiencies with the help of rehabilitation programs that aim to improve the quality of life, promote mobility and independence of the affected people, as well as the concept of inclusion 3. Tertiary Prevention One of the specific procedures in tertiary prevention is represented by the biomedical procedures which tend to be very effective Taking for example the pathology of hypothyroidism, this condition can be diagnosed at birth, and can be treated The preventive measures include giving the child proper hormone therapy so that he can overcome this illness and have a normal life, preventing different other implications of the pathologies if not treated Preventive Actions There are many disability cases that relate to poverty, this being perceived as a main cause, such as the following situations: Underweight babies, preborn babies, or babies with severe disabilities such as cerebral palsy have a common denominator and that is poor nutrition of mothers during pregnancy Preventive Actions Risk factors such as infections frequently acquired in the case of babies, have to do with their lack of breast feeding, or the poor nutrition of the child in the first years of life Tuberculosis, a common disease with high impact in terms of disability, appears in crowded and unsanitary living situations Preventive Actions Contact and exposure to toxic chemicals, which occur most often in poor communities, both in the case of the mother during pregnancy and the fetus, can cause disabilities among children In cases of poor communities there is a lack of basic health, rehabilitation services, and most of all, lack of information regarding the benefits of preventive measures, and that not only increases the number of disability cases, but it can lead to the development of secondary disabilities, which can be omitted if there is a possibility of preventing them Preventing Disability Preventing Disability: Examples of Primary Prevention Immunization campaigns against communicable diseases Prenatal and postnatal care Nutrition education Measures to combat endemic diseases Accident prevention programs in different environments Prevention programs and workplace adaptation to prevent accidents and occupational diseases Prevention of disabilities associated with environmental pollution or armed conflicts Safety rules Primary medical care An Example of Primary Prevention: Exercise Preventing Disability: Examples of Secondary Prevention regular examinations and screening tests to detect the disease in its earliest stages (for example, mammograms to detect breast cancer) daily low-dose aspirin and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent heart attacks or strokes appropriately modified work so that injured or ill workers can safely return to work An Examples of Secondary Prevention: Mammograms for early detection of breast cancer Preventing Disability: Examples of Tertiary Prevention cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g., for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.) support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recovered, as far as possible An Examples of Tertiary Prevention: Cardiac recovery exercise programs Prevention of Childhood Disability Physical Activity & Disability Sedentary behaviour, which is often associated with disability, leads to deconditioning and health risk Individuals with disabilities are 57% more likely to be obese than adults without disabilities Obesity is an important risk factor for adults with disability with a 33% higher chance of having a chronic condition, such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke or cancer Physical Activity & Disability The impact of these chronic diseases can be reduced by aerobic physical activity, but adults with disabilities only do physical activity on a regular basis about half as often as adults without disabilities (12% compared to 22%) Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus Primary Prevention => Get currently healthy patients to adopt a healthy diet and exercise plan to prevent diabetes onset in the future Secondary Prevention => Doing blood glucose screenings of asymptomatic patients to identify diabetics early on in the disease process so it can be treated before complications arise Tertiary Prevention => Using medications to treat previously diagnosed diabetics in hopes of decreasing the onset and/or severity of symptoms Prevention of High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Primary Prevention => Regular Blood Pressure Measurement, Healthy Diet, Physically Active, Do Not Smoke, Do not drink too much alcohol, Get Enough Sleep etc. Secondary Prevention => Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers for blood pressure lowering, Aerobic exercise to regulate blood pressure Tertiary Prevention => Avoiding or minimizing damage in the target organs of hypertension: brain, eye, cardiovascular system, and kidney Prevention of Obesity Primary Prevention of Obesity Regular Weight Measurement Choosing healthier foods and beverages Limiting unhealthy foods and beverages Increasing physical activity Limiting television time, screen time, and other “sit time” Secondary Prevention of Obesity Health screenings and periodic examinations for early diagnosis and intervention Personal diet practices Individual exercise program Increasing physical activity Prevention of sedentary life Behavior modification therapy Tertiary Prevention of Obesity Multifaceted interventions for weight management Bariatric surgery methods Life-long physical activity programs Life-long diet programs Life-long physiological support  Thank You… © Hikmet UCGUN / May not be copied or reproduced without permission.