Psychology SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 PDF

Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 Social influence: Efforts by one or more persons to change the behaviour, attitudes, or feelings of one or more others. Norms: Rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should...

Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 Social influence: Efforts by one or more persons to change the behaviour, attitudes, or feelings of one or more others. Norms: Rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should (or should not) behave. Norms are basically written or non-written rules. Types of norms: 1. Descriptive norms are what we think most people will do in certain situations. We tend to follow these norms, but there is no compulsion. 2. Injunctive norms: Norms specify what ought to be done. There are three types of social influences Conformity:- A type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or behaviour to adhere to existing social norms. In layman's language, conformity is the change in attitude to be liked or to belong to a certain group. Type of conformity: 1. Public Conformity: We follow others. 2. Private Conformity: We agree with them. Factors affecting conformity: 1. Cohesiveness 2. Group size Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 1  3. Group status 4. Role model Compliance:- A form of social influence involving direct requests from one person to another. Robert Cialdini gave six principles of compliance. 1. Friendship/liking: In general, we are more willing to comply with requests from friends or from people we like than with requests from strangers or people we don’t like. 2. Commitment/consistency: Once we have committed ourselves to a position or action, we are more willing to comply with requests for behaviors that are consistent with this position or action than with requests that are inconsistent with it. 3. Scarcity: In general, we value, and try to secure, outcomes or objects that are scarce or decreasing in availability. As a result, we are more likely to comply with requests that focus on scarcity than ones that do not refer to this issue. 4. Reciprocity: We are generally more willing to comply with a request from someone who has previously provided us a favour or concession than someone who has not. In other words, we feel obligated to pay people back in some way for what they have done for us. 5. Social validation: We are generally more willing to comply with a request for some action if this action is consistent with what we believe people Tactics: Based on Commitment/consistency 1. foot-in-the-door technique: A procedure for gaining compliance in which requesters Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 2  begin with a small request and then, when this is granted, escalate to a larger one (the one they desired all along) (we are more likely to say “yes” to subsequent and larger ones because refusing these would be inconsistent with our previous behaviour.) 2. lowball procedure: A persuasion technique that uses a very attractive initial offer to commit a potential customer to it, and then makes the offer less favourable (e.g., increase the price of the product or service) 3. The Lure Effect: A technique for gaining compliance in which individuals are first asked to do something they find appealing and then, once they agree, are asked to do something they dislike. Based on Reciprocity: 1. Door-In-The-Face Technique: A procedure for gaining compliance in which requesters begin with a large request and then, when this is refused, retreat to a smaller one (the one they desired all along). 2. That’s not all-along: This is known as the that’s-not-all technique. Here, an initial request is followed before the target person can say “yes” or “no,” by something that sweetens the deal—a small extra incentive from the people using this tactic (e.g., a price reduction, “throwing in” something additional for the same price). Based on Sarcasity: 1. Deadline Technique: A technique for increasing compliance in which targeted people are told that they have only limited time to take advantage of some offer or to obtain some item. Based on Friendship/liking: 1. ingratiation: Getting others to like us so that they will be more willing to agree to our requests. 2. flattery: Praising others in some manner. a. Self-promotion: Informing others about our past accomplishments or positive characteristics. Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 3  Obedience:- A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one or more others to perform some action(s). Social Facilitation:- Social Facilitation is a psychological phenomenon where the presence of others improves an individual’s performance on simple or well-learned tasks but can hinder performance on complex or unfamiliar tasks. Social Loafing:- Social loafing is the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they work alone. This reduction in effort occurs because individuals feel their contributions are less noticeable or less critical to the group's overall success. By-standard effect: The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a person in need when other people are present. The probability of assistance decreases as the number of bystanders increases. Polarization: Polarization refers to the process by which a group’s attitudes, beliefs, or decisions become more extreme over time, often shifting toward a more extreme position than any individual member initially held. It is a key phenomenon in social psychology, politics, and group dynamics. Deindividualization is one of the causes of polarization. Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 4  Aggression:- Aggression refers to behaviors or actions intended to harm, injure, or dominate another person, either physically, emotionally, or psychologically. It is natural thing in human for survival but should be control. Theories: Drive Theory: External condition motivate for aggression. Aggression hypothesis: Something which is powerful and can become obastcal between our goals or it can prevent us from getting what we want. Modern Theory (General aggression model): Aggression is triggered by various outputs Arousal: boxing…. Affective: Mood level affects aggression Cognition: Maladaptive cognition Basic sources of aggression are 1. Direct provocation 2. Social cause 3. Media 4. Hostile attribution bias: They think that everything is hurting them so they are always in aggression state. 5. Narcissism 6. Heat in inversely proportional to aggression 7. Availability of things Punishment: Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 5  How to regulate aggression? Deep breath or water intake. Katherses-venting emotions: Hurt→ Write poem, story or letter or boxing just to avoid bad consequences, Psychology: SEM-3 (Social Psychology) Module 1 6