Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry Organic Chemistry Notes PDF

Edexcel​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry Topic​ ​4:​ ​Organic​ ​chemistry Introduction Notes www.pmt.education 4.1​ ​know​ ​that​ ​a​ ​hydrocarbon​ ​is​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​only Hydrocarbon​ ​=​ ​compound​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​and​ ​c...

Edexcel​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry Topic​ ​4:​ ​Organic​ ​chemistry Introduction Notes www.pmt.education 4.1​ ​know​ ​that​ ​a​ ​hydrocarbon​ ​is​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​only Hydrocarbon​ ​=​ ​compound​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​ONLY 4.2​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​represent​ ​organic​ ​molecules​ ​using empirical​ ​formulae,​ ​molecular​ ​formulae,​ ​general​ ​formulae, structural​ ​formulae​ ​and​ ​displayed​ ​formulae Empirical​ ​formula​ ​=​ ​simplest​ ​whole​ ​number​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​each​ ​element​ ​in​ ​a​ ​compound (e.g.​ ​for​ ​ethene​ ​=​ ​CH​2​) Molecular​ ​formulae​ ​=​ ​actual​ ​numbers​ ​of​ ​each​ ​element​ ​in​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​(e.g.​ ​for ethene​ ​=​ ​C2​​ H​4​) General​ ​formulae​ ​=​ ​a​ ​type​ ​of​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​that​ ​represents​ ​the​ ​composition of​ ​any​ ​member​ ​of​ ​an​ ​entire​ ​class​ ​of​ ​compounds​ ​(e.g.​ ​for​ ​ethene​ ​=​ ​Cn​​ H​2n​) Structural​ ​formulae​ ​=​ ​formula​ ​which​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​arrangement​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​in​ ​the molecule​ ​of​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​(e.g.​ ​for​ ​ethene​ ​=​ ​CH​2​CH​2​) Displayed​ ​formulae​ ​=​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​symbols​ ​for​ ​each​ ​atom​ ​in​ ​a​ ​compound,​ ​with straight​ ​lines​ ​representing​ ​covalent​ ​bonds E.g.​ ​for​ ​ethene… 4.3​ ​know​ ​what​ ​is​ ​meant​ ​by​ ​the​ ​terms​ ​homologous​ ​series,​ ​functional​ ​group and​ ​isomerism Homologous​ ​series​ ​=​ ​series​ ​of​ ​compounds​ ​with​ ​the​ ​same​ ​general​ ​formula​ ​and similar​ ​properties Functional​ ​group​ ​=​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​the​ ​chemical​ ​reactions​ ​of​ ​a compound Isomerism​ ​=​ ​compounds​ ​with​ ​the​ ​same​ ​molecular​ ​formula​ ​exist​ ​in​ ​different forms​ ​due​ ​to​ ​different​ ​arrangements​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​(different​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​isomerism exist) www.pmt.education 4.4​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​name​ ​compounds​ ​relevant​ ​to​ ​this​ ​specification​ ​using the​ ​rules​ ​of​ ​International​ ​Union​ ​of​ ​Pure​ ​and​ ​Applied​ ​Chemistry​ ​(IUPAC) nomenclature;​ ​students​ ​will​ ​be​ ​expected​ ​to​ ​name​ ​compounds​ ​containing​ ​up to​ ​six​ ​carbon​ ​atoms Prefixes​ ​(beginning​ ​of​ ​the​ ​name) o Any​ ​compound​ ​with​ ​1​ ​carbon​ ​has​ ​the​ ​prefix​ ​of:​ ​Meth- o 2​ ​carbons:​ ​Eth- o 3​ ​carbons:​ ​Prop- o 4​ ​carbons:​ ​But- o (Then​ ​follow​ ​the​ ​same​ ​rules​ ​as​ ​shapes​ ​in​ ​mathematics)​ ​5​ ​carbons:​ ​Pent-​ ​6 carbons:​ ​Hex- o remember​ ​the​ ​first​ ​4​ ​prefixes​ ​using​ ​MEPB​ ​Monkeys​ ​Eat​ ​Peanut​ ​Butter The​ ​suffix​ ​of​ ​any​ ​compound​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​functional​ ​group o Alkanes​ ​–​ ​ane​ ​(C-C​ ​//​ ​C-H)​ ​e.g.​ ​ethane o Alkenes​ ​–​ ​ene​ ​(C=C)​ ​e.g.​ ​ethene o Alcohols​ ​–​ ​ol​ ​(OH)​ ​e.g.​ ​ethanol o Carboxylic​ ​acids​ ​–​ ​anoic​ ​acid​ ​(-COOH)​ ​e.g.​ ​ethanoic​ ​acid 4.5​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​write​ ​the​ ​possible​ ​structural​ ​and​ ​displayed​ ​formulae of​ ​an​ ​organic​ ​molecule​ ​given​ ​its​ ​molecular​ ​formula use​ ​information​ ​provided​ ​above e.g.​ i​ f​ ​given​​ ​molecular​ ​formula​ ​C2​​ H​6​,​ ​structural​ ​formula​ ​would​ ​be​ ​CH​3​CH​3​ and ​ displayed​ ​formula​ ​would​ ​be: 4.6​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​classify​ ​reactions​ ​of​ ​organic​ ​compounds​ ​as substitution,​ ​addition​ ​and​ ​combustion;​ ​knowledge​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​mechanisms is​ ​not​ ​required Addition​ ​reactions​ ​involve​ ​only​ ​ONE​ ​PRODUCT o I.e.​ ​2​ ​reactants​ ​→​ ​1​ ​product o I.e.​ ​addition​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​to​ ​ethene​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​ethane​ ​(H​2​​ ​is​ ​added​ ​onto C=C​ ​to​ ​form​ ​H-C-C-H) Substitution​ ​reactions​ ​involve​ ​TWO​ ​PRODUCTS o I.e.​ ​2​ ​reactants​ ​→​ ​2​ ​products o I.e.​ ​Hydrogen​ ​chloride​ ​+​ ​ethanol​ ​→​ ​chloroethane​ ​+​ ​water​ ​(Cl​ ​replaces​ ​OH –​ ​they​ ​switch​ ​places) Combustion​ ​involves​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​of​ ​a​ ​fuel​ ​with​ ​OXYGEN o Products​ ​are​ ​water​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​only​ ​from​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​(if combustion​ ​is​ ​COMPLETE) www.pmt.education