Pediatric Surgery (2024/2025) - Benha University PDF

‫كلية معتمدة‬ Pediatric surgery Nursing Institution Second year/first Term Dr / Hisham Elsayed Elareaf Lecturer of General surgery Benha faculty of medicine MD General surgery Benha U...

‫كلية معتمدة‬ Pediatric surgery Nursing Institution Second year/first Term Dr / Hisham Elsayed Elareaf Lecturer of General surgery Benha faculty of medicine MD General surgery Benha University 2024/2025 List of Contents: Contents No Introduction 4 Faecal incontinence in children 7 Acute appendicitis in children 8 Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 11 Congenital Anomalies of head and neck 13 Hirschsprung's disease 19 Inguinal hernia in children 22 Intussusception 25 Common Operations in children 27 Pediatric vascular access 30 Pediatric laparoscopy 32 Undescended Testis 35 Questions 38 Reference 42 )1( List of Figure: Figure No Figure 1 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 3 9 Figure 4 12 Figure 5 12 Figure 6 13 Figure 7 14 Figure 8 15 Figure 9 16 Figure 10 17 Figure 11 18 Figure 12 20 Figure 13 20 Figure 14 22 Figure 15 24 Figure 16 25 Figure 17 28 Figure 18 33 Figure 19 35 Figure 20 36 Figure 21 36 )2( Our dear students: We would like to introduce to you this book about Paediatric surgery in a simple concise clear form for your benefits in the field of nursing practice. We hope that, you will find in it all information you need and apply it successfully in your work and know that infant is not little adult and paediatric surgery is a sub special from general surgery with its privacy. With our best wishes )3(  Introduction Pediatric nursing It is part of the nursing occupation for the care of neonates and children up to adolescence. The word, pediatrics, comes from the Greek words 'paedia' (child) and 'iatrike„ (physician). 'Paediatrics' is the British/Australian spelling ,but 'pediatrics' is the American spelling. Pediatric surgery: It is a subspecialty of surgery including the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents. Figure (1) pediatric stages of development Pediatric. Surgery includes some Specialties : Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include: neonatal surgery and fetal surgery. pediatric cardiothoracic (surgery on the child's heart and/or lungs, including heart and/or lung transplantation), pediatric nephrological surgery (surgery on the child's kidneys and ureters, including kidney transplantation), pediatric neurosurgery (surgery on the child's brain, central nervous system, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves), )4(  pediatric urological surgery (surgery on the child's urinary bladder and other structures below the kidney necessary for ejaculation), pediatric emergency surgery, surgery involving fetuses or embryos (overlapping with obstetric/gynecological surgery, neonatology, and maternal-fetal medicine), surgery involving adolescents or young adults, pediatric hepatological and gastrointestinal surgery (including liver and intestinal transplantation in children), pediatric orthopedic surgery (muscle and bone surgery), pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery (such as for burns, or for congenital defects like cleft palate not involving the major organs), and pediatric oncological (childhood cancer) surgery. Why pediatric surgery has been evolved? Figure(2) children not small adults According to pediatric surgery:  Surgeon is handling/treating 2 “patients”: - Sick child - Parents and other family members  History taking is more difficult  Complete physical exam is essential and requires the consent of parents. Fluids & Electrolytes: )5(  Increased insensible fluid loss - Greater surface area  Increased water requirement - Greater metabolic activity  dehydration and fluid overload have small Margin in between Requirements of fluids: Volume Calculation : Normal Requirements + Ongoing Losses Maintenance: First 10 kg 100 ml/kg/ day Second 10kg plus 50 ml/kg/ day Each added kg plus 20 ml/kg/ day Blood Volume/ Replacement: Blood Volume Estimation: Group mL/kg Premature 85-100 term 85 >1 mo 75 3mo – older 70 Allowable blood loss should not be more than 10-15%. 3kg neonate 250-300 cc TBV blood loss should be