Diabetes Mellitus PDF

Diabetes Nhung H. Nguyen Mellitus  Definition: “A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.”  Types of diabetes: Type 1 Type 2 Gestational diabetes Prediabet...

Diabetes Nhung H. Nguyen Mellitus  Definition: “A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.”  Types of diabetes: Type 1 Type 2 Gestational diabetes Prediabetes  Type 1 diabetes: – Also known as juvenile diabetes – Usually diagnosed in children and young adults – When body’s own immune system destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas – beta cells – which produce insulin – Only 5% of people have this disease – Body does not produce insulin – Is not preventable No primary intervention – Causes? Predisposition to diabetes – genetics - and something (i.e. weather, virus... etc ) in environment triggers the disease Symptoms of Diabetes:  Type 2 diabetes: – Most common form of diabetes – about 90% of cases – Used to be called adult onset, non insulin dependent diabetes – Body produces insulin, but does not use it properly glucose doesn’t move into cells, they pile up in the bloodstream – sx’s when they do occur are often ignored because they may not seem serious  Risk factors: Genetics Family pmHx Polycystic ovary syndrome – Irregular menses Race – African Americans, Hispanics and Asians > whites Age – After age 45, but increases in younger adults and children Environmental factors – Inactivity – Weight gain Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): Having diabetes during pregnancy Family Hx of diabetes, overweight prior to pregnancy? Having gestational diabetes puts you at risk for diabetes type 2 Giving birth to a baby >9 lbs also puts you at risk for type 2 18 out of every 100 pregnant females will develop GDM Complications for uncontrolled diabetes: How to monitor your diabetes: 70-110 126  Type 1: Preventions: – Not preventable, as of right now. Studies on ways to possible prevent further destruction of the beta cells – Maintain and control sugar levels, insulin injection – Healthy life style – exercise and diet – Islet transplantation?  Preventions: Type 2: – Primary: maintain a healthy lifestyle – Secondary: check HgA1c, adjust diet HgA1c – blood sugar avg over span of 3 months – Measures what % of your Hg is coated with sugar – Nl = 4 % - 5.6%, pre diabetes = 5.7% -6.4% and diabetes = 6.5% + – Tertiary: exercise and eat well – Foot exam?  Preventions: Gestational diabetes: – Physical activity Researchers found being physically active before and after their pregnancy reduced their risk of GDM by about 70% or more – Diet A study showed that each 10 gram increase in fiber a day reduced their risk of GDM by 26% U.S. Prevalence: U.S. Prevalence: Diabetes and Obesity: Research: Cost of Diabetes (US): Global prevalence: http://www.idf.org/atlasmap/atlasmap Global prevalence: Prediabetes:  Prediabetes: Diabetes prevention program – Lifestyle intervention group vs medicated group with Metformin vs placebo group – 3,243 participants were overweight and had prediabetes – Lifestyle intervention reduced diabetes by 58% – Metformin reduced diabetes by 31% Effective in both sexes ages 25-44 yoa and BMI of 30 + Summary: Type 2 diabetes can be prevented/delayed with activity and diet. Twin study: The Future: The Future:  Websites: http://www.idf.org/about-diabetes – global http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/home/ http://www.diabetes.org/ – U.S.  Questions?