Political Geography Review Guide (4.4-4.10) PDF

**Unit 4-Political Geography 4.4-onwards, Amsco 217-267** **4.4 Defining Political Boundaries ** - I can define political boundaries used by geographers - Types of political boundaries - - - - - - **4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries ** - I can explain the...

**Unit 4-Political Geography 4.4-onwards, Amsco 217-267** **4.4 Defining Political Boundaries ** - I can define political boundaries used by geographers - Types of political boundaries - - - - - - **4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries ** - I can explain the nature and function of international and internal boundaries. - Boundaries are  - defined  - delimited  - demarcated - administered to establish limits of sovereignty  - *often contested * - Political boundaries often coincide with cultural, national, or economic divisions. Some boundaries are created by demilitarized zones or policy -  the Berlin Conference - Land and maritime boundaries & international agreements can influence national or regional identity & encourage or discourage international or internal interactions & disputes over resources. - The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  - defines the rights & responsibilities of nations in the use of international waters  - established territorial seas - exclusive economic zones  **4.6 Internal Boundaries ** - I can explain the nature and function of international and internal boundaries. - Election results at various scales can be affected by - Voting districts - Redistricting - gerrymandering  **4.7 Forms of Governance ** - I can define federal and unitary states. - Forms of governance include unitary states and federal states - I can explain how federal and unitary states affect spatial organization  - Unitary states tend to have a more top-down, centralized form of governance  - Federal states have more locally based, dispersed power centers **4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors ** - I can define factors that lead to the devolution of states - the division of groups by physical geography,  - ethnic separatism  - ethnic cleansing  - terrorism  - economic and social problems  - Irredentism 9. **Challenges to Sovereignty** I can explain how political, economic, cultural, and technological changes challenge state sovereignty - Devolution occurs when states fragment into autonomous regions (subnational political-territorial units)  - Spain  - Belgium  - Canada - Nigeria - Devolution occurs when states disintegrate - Eritrea  - South Sudan  - East Timor - States that were part of the former Soviet Union - Advances in communication technology have facilitated  - devolution  - Supranationalism - Democratization - Supranationalism is further helped by - Global efforts to address transnational & environmental challenges  - create economies of scale  - trade agreements  - military alliances  - Supranational organizations can challenge state sovereignty by limiting the economic or political actions of member states - the United Nations (UN)  - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  - European Union (EU) - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)  - Arctic Council  - African Union  **4.10 Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal forces** - I can explain how the concepts of centrifugal and centripetal forces apply at the state scale. - Centrifugal forces may lead to  - failed states  - uneven development  - stateless nations  - ethnic nationalist movements  - Centripetal forces can lead to  - Ethnonationalism - more equitable infrastructure development - increased cultural cohesion. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Big Ideas** | | | | *Be able to fully and confidently answer these questions. * | | | | 1. How do historical and current events influence political | | structures around the world? | | | | 2. How are balances of power reflected in political boundaries and | | government power structures? | | | | 3. How can political, economic, cultural, or technological changes | | challenge state sovereignty? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+