4 - Environmental Diseases II.docx

OS 230: Environmental Diseases II Minocycline Binds to calcium and iron Tetracycline Deposits in teeth Not in bone due to bone remodelling Stains skin during long-term use Oral contraceptives Decrease endometrial and ovarian cancers Increase in cervical cancer (HPV progression) Aspirin Chronic aspir...

OS 230: Environmental Diseases II Minocycline Binds to calcium and iron Tetracycline Deposits in teeth Not in bone due to bone remodelling Stains skin during long-term use Oral contraceptives Decrease endometrial and ovarian cancers Increase in cervical cancer (HPV progression) Aspirin Chronic aspirin toxicity Nonselective NSAIDS inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 Cyclooxygenase 1 (inhibition of COX-1 is BAD) Expressed and active in the normal platelet Involved in synthesis of gastro-protective lipids Prolonged bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Cyclooxygenase 2 (inhibition of COX-2 is GOOD) Induced expression in inflamed tissue Reye’s syndrome Aspirin + Flu / Chicken pox Encephalopathy Ammonia passes the blood brain barrier causing Salicylates prevent oxidative phosphorylation Swelling in the liver and brain Cocaine Vasoconstrictor Opioids Inflammatory response Intranasal abuse of cocaine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone Nasal septum loss and Saddle nose Palatal perforation Physical injury Chemical burn Ex: acidity from Aspirin (pH 3.5) Thermal injury Electrical injury Mechanical trauma Abrasion Scrapping or rubbing of skin removes superficial epidermis layers Not an ulcer (complete epithelium loss) Contusion / Bruise Blood into tissues or an organ without rupture of its surface Produced by blunt trauma Laceration Irregular unintentional injury Vessels and tissues are not completely torn Still connected by a bridge of tissue from one side to the other Incised wound Inflicted by an object with a sharp edge Bridging vessels are severed Puncture wound Cause by long and narrow object Ex: needle Radiation injury Replicating cells have open chromatin Susceptible to radiation DNA damage Anorexia / Bulemia Altered serotonin Vomiting Electrolyte imbalance Aspiration of gastric contents Acidic erosion of teeth More common on maxillary lingual Tongue protecting mandibular teeth Vitamins Vitamin A For eyes Retinol (A1) is carcinogenic on the fetus Vitamin D Albumin acts as vitamin D’s chaperone Deficiency Childhood = rickets Epiphyses are open Cartilage overgrowth Ex: bowlegs Adults = osteomalacia Bone matrix is not calcified Vitamin K Required by clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X Warfarin is a Vitamin K antagonist (anticoagulant) Competes for the same enzyme as vitamin K Can cause prolonged bleeding Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Deficiency common in alcoholics Vitamin C Minerals Iodine Deficiency leads to goiter Fluoride Fluorosis in excess Obesity BMI ≥ 30 Adipokines (adipocytokines) Systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Leptin Secreted from adipocytes to suppress appetite Obese people can become leptin resistant → Overeating