3rd Quarter General Biology Past Paper 2024-2025 PDF

3RD QUARTER - GENERAL BIOLOGY AmRIEVIEWER 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENETIC A circular DNA molecule smaller than and ENGINEERING separate from the bacterial chromosomes....

3RD QUARTER - GENERAL BIOLOGY AmRIEVIEWER 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENETIC A circular DNA molecule smaller than and ENGINEERING separate from the bacterial chromosomes. Has the capacity to carry virtually any gene and replicate in bacteria. INTRODUCTION 1. For the past decades how do people PLASMID AS MAIN TOOL FOR DNA develop and get the best varieties of crops TECHNOLOGY and animals? By using traditional breeding methods 1. A plasmid is first isolated from a bacterium such as selection method wherein they 2. DNA carrying a gene of interest is obtained choose parent organisms with desired from other cells. traits to produce offspring with those 3. A piece of DNA containing the gene is traits. inserted into the plasmid, producing 2. What is a breeding process? recombinant DNA Process of sexual reproduction, typically 4. A bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by plants or animals, to produce offspring. transformation 3. How breeding of animals and plant crops 5. The genetically engineered, recombinant affects the lives of most people from then till bacterium is then cloned to generate more now. copies of the gene. Develop and gain best quality of organisms. 4. What are the modern processes used to improve the characteristics of one organism to the other? Genetic Engineering GENETIC ENGINEERING (DNA TECHNOLOGY) where scientists build up DNA until they form and create new organisms. used to engineer the genes of cultured cells for numerous practical purposes. BACTERIA’S ROLE Bacteria are simple organisms that are easy to reproduce and have simple mechanisms of gene transfer. TRANSDUCTION a transfer via virus TRANSFORMATION RECOMBINANT DNA uptake of DNA from the surrounding fluid. TRANSGENIC CONJUGATION when a microorganism contains materials bacterial version of mating from other organisms. usually carried out due to a specific piece of VECTOR (e.g., plasmid) DNA called plasmid. vehicle for getting the recombinant DNA another example is the virus, which can PLASMID target any living cells GOOD LUCK! 3RD QUARTER - GENERAL BIOLOGY AmRIEVIEWER 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Microinjection - inject genes of interest through a cytoplasm into the nucleus. Gene Gun - shoot particles to shoot DNA in thick cell walls like plants. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) - editing of DNA using a special kind of nuclease called Cas9, which cuts the Dna and also acts as a natural defense system. - guided by RNA to cut points around a specific target - Multitasking Queen: one removes targeted genes and places the other gene. ENZYMES USED IN DNA TECHNOLOGY RESTRICTION ENZYMES work by cutting the foreign DNA and restricts foreign DNA from surviving in the cell. CONJUGATION Short nucleotide sequences in DNA bacterial version of mating molecules usually carried out due to a specific piece of cuts at specific areas within the recognition DNA called plasmid. sites PROCESS CLONED GENES IN RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS 1. Bacterial restriction enzymes cut DNA 1. A restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid in only molecules at specific DNA sequences called one place, but cuts the human DNA restriction sites. molecule at a thousand sites. One of those 2. A restriction enzymes make many cut, fragments carries the protein-V genes. resulting to restriction fragments 2. The sticky ends of the plasmid match up 3. The most useful restriction enzymes cut with the sticky ends of the human DNA DNA in a staggered way, producing fragment according to the base-pairing fragments with ‘sticky ends’ that bonds with rules. complementary sticky ends of other 3. DNA ligase joins the two DNA molecules, fragments forming a recombinant DNA plasmid. 4. DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals the 4. Under the right conditions, a bacterial cell bonds between restriction fragments takes up the recombinant plasmid. 5. Cell division results in many identical copies of the bacterial cell,, all carrying the protein-V gene. When the genes are expressed, multiple copies of protein-V are made. GOOD LUCK! 3RD QUARTER - GENERAL BIOLOGY AmRIEVIEWER 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 GOOD LUCK!