Branches of Biology - Lyceum of Alabang Inc. PDF

LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Branches of Biology  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Morphology: This branch deals with both the external and internal structures of organism. The subject concerning internal. structure is also known as Anatomy.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Cytology: Each living or...

LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Branches of Biology  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Morphology: This branch deals with both the external and internal structures of organism. The subject concerning internal. structure is also known as Anatomy.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Cytology: Each living organism consists of one or more cells. Structures and functions of cells are treated in this branch of Biology.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Histology: In this branch discussion is made on structure, location and function of different tissues.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Physiology: This branch includes all the activities of living things e.g. growth respiration, excretion, photosynthesis and other biological activities.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Taxonomy: In this branch discussion is made on identification nomenclature, and classification of plants and animals into groups and subgroups. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Plant and Animal Reproduction  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Asexual Reproduction in bacteria Asexual reproduction is very common in microorganisms. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. During binary fission, the cell divides into two daughter cells that are similar in size and shape.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Asexual reproduction in plants is also called vegetative reproduction. It is usually involves only the plant’s vegetative structure like roots, stems, and leaves.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Budding Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature, leaving behind scar tissue. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Budding LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction. It is an asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism i.e., an adult sponge. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Regeneration In the process of regeneration, detached pieces of the parent’s body can develop into a new organism if this body part contains enough genetic information. Some flat worms and starfish can reproduce by regeneration  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Sexual Reproduction in Algae The simplest form of sexual reproduction in algae is conjugation Conjugation in which two similar organisms fuse, exchange genetic material and then break apart. Some multicellular green algae undergo a process called alternation of generations. During this process, generations of different types of organisms are produced: haploid and diploid. Haploid generation reproduces sexually. It is followed by diploid generation that reproduces asexually. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Flowers contain both male and female parts. The female part is called the pistil, which consists of the ovary, ovule, style and stigma at the tip. The male structure is called the stamen. It consists of the filament and the pollen- producing anther. A new seed is formed when an egg cell joins with a pollen cell in the process of pollination. Pollination occurs when pollen grains are carried from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of the plant, thereby enabling fertilization and reproduction.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Types of Fertilization There are two main types of fertilization. 1. Internal fertilization - During internal fertilization, eggs are fertilized inside the female's body. - Animals, like reptiles and birds, lay eggs after fertilization. New offspring develop outside the female's body. All eggs are covered by a protective shell.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Types of Fertilization 1. Internal fertilization - Mammal females, except monotremes, develop a new embryo inside their body. - This extra protection increases an organism's chances of survival.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Types of Fertilization 2. External fertilization - During external fertilization, the egg is fertilized outside the female's body. - Male and female gametes are released into these species' surroundings where they fuse, forming a zygote.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. 2. External fertilization - This type of fertilization usually occurs in water. Amphibians and fish are examples of animals that reproduce in this way.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Hermaphrodites are animals that have both female and male reproductive organs. Earthworms and leeches are hermaphrodites, but as they produce eggs and sperm at different times, they need a mate to reproduce. Flatworms are hermaphrodites that can self-fertilize.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Parthenogenesis - In some animal species, eggs can develop without fertilization in a process called parthenogenesis. - Some types of birds and bees can reproduce by parthenogenesis. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Animal Reproduction  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Stages of Animal Development A. Gametogenesis B. Fertilization C. Cleavage D. Gastrulation E. Organogenesis F. Differentiation G. Growth LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Human male reproductive system LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Human female reproductive system LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. The fertilized egg and embryonic stages remain surrounded by the zona pellucida until the blastocyst reaches the uterus and hatches out of the zp before impalntation. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Plant Reproduction  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Structure of a Flower A. Pistil – Central female organ of the flower. It is generally bowling-pin shaped and located in the center of the flower. B. Stigma – receives pollen, typically flattened and sticky C. Style – connective tissues between stigma and ovary  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Structure of a Flower D. Ovary – contains ovules or embryo sacs E. Ovules – unfertilized, immature seeds F. Stamen – male flower organ G. Anthers – pollen-producing organs H. Filament – stalk supporting anthers  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Structure of a Flower I. Petals – Usually colorful modified leaves that make up the “flower”, collectively called the corolla. They may contain perfume and nectar glands. J.Sepals – Protective leaf-like enclosures for the flower buds, usually green, collectively called calyx.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Structure of a Flower K. Receptacle – base of the flower L. Pedicel – flower stalk of an individual flower LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Nutrient Procurement  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. The two types of organisms based on the mode of nutrition are: A. Autotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food. B. heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Food uptake in cells  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Different types of animals based on feeding mechanisms  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Different types of animals based on feeding mechanisms  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Different types of animals based on feeding mechanisms  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Different types of animals based on feeding mechanisms LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Different kinds of digestive compartments in animals  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Stages of Food Processing A. Ingestion B. Digestion C. Absorption D. Secretion E. Defecation LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Mechanical – involves breaking down food into tiny pieces Chemical – involves breaking down of food with the aid of acids and enzymes  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Two Large Digestive glands 1. Pancreas release pancreatic juices that includes enzymes like: Trypsin – breaks protein into amino acid Amylase – converts starch into sugar Lipase – converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol 2. Liver – plays an important role in the catabolic process by receiving glucose in blood from the intestines and converting it to glycogen that are stored in the liver. Functions: produce bile for fat digestions. Bolus – mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing. Chyme – a thick liquid made up of partially digested proteins, starches, and acids and undigested sugars and fats. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Gas Exchange  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Principles of Gas Exchange The random movement of molecules is called diffusion. The net diffusion of a substance occurs because of a difference in its concentration, or gradient , along its course. Within an animal's body as oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide produced, the concentration gradient of the two gases provides the direction for their diffusion. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Circulation – The Internal Transport System is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Two Types of Circulatory System 1. open circulatory system - blood moves freely inside the body cavity and soaks the cells with nourishment 2. closed circulatory system - blood is pumped through tube, supplying cells with food and oxygen and carrying away waste products  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Hematopoiesis is the process which includes HEMATOPOIESIS origin, development and maturation of all the blood cells.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Atria Ventricles - Upper chambers - Lower chambers - Left and right - Left and right - Separated by interatrial septum - Separated by interventricular septum blood to blood to the lungs the body blood from blood from the body the lungs Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. How does this system work? pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein head & arms aorta main vein Right Left liver digestive system kidneys legs LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Regulation Of Body Fluids  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. three types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals Ammonia  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Urea  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. Uric acid LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. excretory systems in invertebrates LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. excretory systems in invertebrates LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. excretory systems in invertebrates LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.  LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC. urethra ✓ Is a passage way through which urine is discharged from the bladder. ✓ In men the urethra is longer than in females. ✓ It passes through the penis, and also has a passage for the discharge of semen. ✓ In women the shorter urethra opens immediately in front of the vagina. ✓ It serves solely for the discharge of urine.