Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a research instrument?
What is a research instrument?
A research instrument is a tool, method, or procedure used to collect data in research.
Which of the following is NOT a way to develop a research instrument?
Which of the following is NOT a way to develop a research instrument?
What are the three main structures of a questionnaire?
What are the three main structures of a questionnaire?
Questionnaires are always anonymous.
Questionnaires are always anonymous.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key advantage of using a questionnaire in research?
What is the key advantage of using a questionnaire in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What are two disadvantages of questionnaires?
What are two disadvantages of questionnaires?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of an open-ended question in a questionnaire?
What is an example of an open-ended question in a questionnaire?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of test is typically used in quantitative research?
Which type of test is typically used in quantitative research?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the difference between recall and recognition questions in tests.
Explain the difference between recall and recognition questions in tests.
Signup and view all the answers
A ______ test is a type of recognition question that requires respondents to choose the best answer from a list of options.
A ______ test is a type of recognition question that requires respondents to choose the best answer from a list of options.
Signup and view all the answers
True or false: Matching questions assess a student's ability to apply knowledge.
True or false: Matching questions assess a student's ability to apply knowledge.
Signup and view all the answers
True or false: Dichotomous questions provide only two options for respondents to choose from.
True or false: Dichotomous questions provide only two options for respondents to choose from.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of how a performance-based question can be used in a test.
Give an example of how a performance-based question can be used in a test.
Signup and view all the answers
What is an interview in research?
What is an interview in research?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of interview uses closed-ended questions and focuses on numerical data?
Which type of interview uses closed-ended questions and focuses on numerical data?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the interviewer effect?
What is the interviewer effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of interview is more suitable for gathering in-depth information and exploring individual perspectives?
Which type of interview is more suitable for gathering in-depth information and exploring individual perspectives?
Signup and view all the answers
True or false: Interviews are generally not suitable for participants who are blind or cannot read or write.
True or false: Interviews are generally not suitable for participants who are blind or cannot read or write.
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the purpose of observation in research.
Explain the purpose of observation in research.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of observation is commonly used in experimental research?
Which type of observation is commonly used in experimental research?
Signup and view all the answers
True or false: Natural observation is conducted in a controlled setting.
True or false: Natural observation is conducted in a controlled setting.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of observation involves the researcher becoming a member of the group or community being observed?
Which type of observation involves the researcher becoming a member of the group or community being observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Hawthorne effect?
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the role of a complete participant observer in participant observation.
Describe the role of a complete participant observer in participant observation.
Signup and view all the answers
True or false: Researchers should always avoid using multiple recording schemes in observation.
True or false: Researchers should always avoid using multiple recording schemes in observation.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the importance of ethical considerations in observational research?
What is the importance of ethical considerations in observational research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the final step in the observation process, according to the presentation?
What is the final step in the observation process, according to the presentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main message of the final slide of the presentation?
What is the main message of the final slide of the presentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Research Instrument
Research Instrument
Tools or methods used to collect data in research.
Adopted Instrument
Adopted Instrument
A pre-existing tool or method used as is for research.
Adapted Instrument
Adapted Instrument
A modified version of a pre-existing tool for a specific study.
Researcher-Made Instrument
Researcher-Made Instrument
Signup and view all the flashcards
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Signup and view all the flashcards
Structured Questionnaire
Structured Questionnaire
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unstructured Questionnaire
Unstructured Questionnaire
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semi-Structured Questionnaire
Semi-Structured Questionnaire
Signup and view all the flashcards
Advantages of Questionnaires
Advantages of Questionnaires
Signup and view all the flashcards
Disadvantages of Questionnaires
Disadvantages of Questionnaires
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guidelines for Questionnaires
Guidelines for Questionnaires
Signup and view all the flashcards
Test
Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Standardized Test
Standardized Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Standardized Test
Non-Standardized Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recall Questions
Recall Questions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recognition Questions
Recognition Questions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Open-ended Questions
Open-ended Questions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Interview
Interview
Signup and view all the flashcards
Observation
Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Controlled Observation
Controlled Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Observation
Natural Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Participant Observation
Participant Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complete Observer
Complete Observer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Observer as Participant
Observer as Participant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Participant as Observer
Participant as Observer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complete Participant
Complete Participant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guidelines for Observation
Guidelines for Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Research Instrument
- A research instrument is the tools, methods, or procedures for collecting data during research. (Babbie, 2016; Creswell, 2014; Johnson & Christensen, 2014; Neuman, 2013)
Objectives
- Identify different types of research instruments.
- Determine which type of instrument best suits the research.
- Construct the research instrument.
Ways in Developing Research Instrument
- Adopted: Pre-existing instrument
- Adapted: Modified instrument
- Researcher-made: Instrument made by the researcher
Kinds of Research Instrument
Questionnaire
- A questionnaire involves a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from participants.
- The questions should align with the research questions. (Barrot, 2018, p138).
Structure of Questionnaire
- Structured: Closed-ended questions (QN)
- Unstructured: Open-ended questions (QL)
- Semi-structured: Combination of QN and QL
Questionnaire Advantages
- Data collection is fast from many participants.
- Participants are more open due to anonymity.
Questionnaire Disadvantages
- Questions can be interpreted differently by participants.
- Some participants may not complete all responses.
- Some questionnaires may not be returned on time.
- Some questionnaires may be lost.
- Answers may lack depth.
Questionnaire Guidelines
- Divide into parts:
- Personal information (names are optional).
- Main section.
- Open-ended questions (for mixed-methods research).
- Craft questions and choices that align with research questions/objectives.
- Provide specific directions for respondents.
- Use routing techniques to skip questions.
- Start with general questions followed by specific ones.
- Use simple terms in the questionnaire.
- Predetermined responses should match the question type.
- Beliefs: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
- Behaviors: very great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all.
- Frequency: always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never.
- Quality: excellent, very good, good, poor.
- Avoid negative or leading/biased questions.
- Avoid double-barreled or sensitive questions.
- Do not split the questions/choices across pages.
- If possible, schedule appointments before distributing questionnaires.
- Attach a cover letter, especially for agency-connected respondents.
- Make a follow-up on participants who did not return the questionnaire.
- Tally and encode data immediately and archive digitally.
Test
- Used to evaluate various skills and behaviors and describe characteristics.
- Typically used in quantitative research.
Types of Test
- Standardized: Scored uniformly; wide range of groups.
- Non-standardized: Not scored uniformly; specific set of people.
Types of Test Questions:
- Recall: Participants retrieve information from memory. Subtypes include:
- Cloze test: provide words or phrases missing from a text.
- Identification: provide answers using pure recall.
- Enumeration: List down answers (chronological or not).
- Recognition: Participants select from given choices. Subtypes include:
- Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer from 3-5 options.
- Matching: Match items in one column with items in another.
- Dichotomous: Choose between two options (True/False). Open-ended: Allow respondents freedom in expressing thoughts.
- Example subtypes: Essay tests, other performance-based tests.
Types of Test Questions: Open-Ended
- Non-performance based: Provide lengthy answers (orally or in writing).
- Performance-based: Perform tasks (presentation or written work).
- Examples:
- explain a process,
- role play.
Interview
- Method for collecting data about behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographics.
- Can use words (qualitative) or numbers (quantitative).
Interview Differences (QL & QN)
| Quantitative Interviews | Qualitative Interviews |
|---|---|
| - Uses closed-ended questions. | - Uses open-ended questions. |
| - Includes rating scale/rubric. | - No rating scale/rubric needed. |
| - Numerical responses. | - Non-numerical responses. |
| - Large sample size. | - Small sample size. |
| - Structured format. | - Unstructured, semi-structured, informal interviews, or FGD used. |
| - Items read to the participants. | - Participants answer on own. |
| - Can ask follow-up questions. | - May not ask follow-up questions. |
| - Useful for participants who cannot read/write. | - Not applicable for participants who cannot read/write. |
Observation
- Researcher observes actual events/phenomena. Highly flexible method.
- Often used in qualitative research; can be used in quantitative research if observable characteristics are quantifiable.
- Types:
- Controlled Observation: Done under standard procedure for greater reliability; used in experimental research. Non-participant role; easier analysis.
- Natural Observation: Done in a non-controlled setting.
- Participation Observation: Observer becomes a member of the group. Observer can be covert (unknown to participants) or overt (known to participants).
Roles for Observer in Participation Observation
- Complete Observer: Observer records spontaneous natural behavior. No external factors affect the observed behavior. Unrecognized by the observed, reduced Hawthorne Effect.
- Observer as Participant: Researcher records natural behavior but is known and recognized by participants; limited interaction.
- Participant as Observer: Observer is a researcher not in the group or community but actively engaged.
- Complete Participant: Researcher acts as an “undercover” member of the observed group; fully engaged with participants unaware of observation.
Observation Guidelines
- Before observation:*
- Clarify research objectives.
- Use observation checklists.
- Determine observation time and technique.
- Record relevant information.
- Prepare consent forms (human observation).
- During observation:*
- Record date, time, and place of observation.
- Limit the number of observers.
- Inform participants (when applicable) about the purpose of observations.
- Avoid disruptions.
- Guarantee participant anonymity.
- Use various record schemes (notes, videos, audios, photos).
- After observation:*
- Code or arrange data according to variables.
- Tabulate data (use numerical values in quantitative research).
- Review all data for gaps/missing parts before proceeding.
Research Time!
- Start constructing research instrument.
- Make sure the instrument is validated before data collection.
- Provide a letter of validation request to three validators during validation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on research instruments, including various types and methods for developing effective tools for data collection. You will explore questionnaires, their structures, advantages, and how to choose the best instrument for your research needs. Test your knowledge and understanding of research methodologies!
