IDE 302 Sprinkler and Micro Irrigation Systems (1+1) PDF

IDE 302 Sprinkler and Micro Irrigation Systems (1+1) Dr. A.Valliammai, Prof and Head Dept of Irrigation and Drainage Engg. AEC & RI, Kumulur  Sprinkler Irrigation Adaptability, Limitations Classification Components Sprinkler selection Performance Evaluation  1. A.M.Michael...

IDE 302 Sprinkler and Micro Irrigation Systems (1+1) Dr. A.Valliammai, Prof and Head Dept of Irrigation and Drainage Engg. AEC & RI, Kumulur  Sprinkler Irrigation Adaptability, Limitations Classification Components Sprinkler selection Performance Evaluation  1. A.M.Michael, 2010. Irrigation - Theory and practice, Vikas publishers, New Delhi. Second edition. 2. Ravikumar. V, M.V.Ranghaswami, K.Appavu and S.Chellamuthu, 2011, Microirrigation& Irrigation Pumps, Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana., First Edition. 3. Suresh, R., 2010, Microirrigation theory and practice, Standard Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, First Edition. 4. Keller Jack and Bliesner Ron D. 2001. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation. Springer Science+ business Media, New York.  Irrigation Methods of Irrigation Efficiencies Surface Sprinkler Drip Conveyance 40-50 (canal) 100 100 efficiency 60-70 (well) Application 60-70 70-80 90 efficiency Surface water 30-40 30-40 20-25 moisture evaporation Overall efficiency 30-35 50-60 80-90  Sprinkler irrigation system composed of network of pipes and sprinklers pipes convey water and supply to sprinklers at appropriate pressure Spray water like rain Spray through nozzle under pressure At nozzles of sprinklers pressure head is converted to velocity head. Water flows out of the nozzle in the form of a jet which breaks down into drops of water which fall on the land and foliage of growing plants like rain drops. area wetted by a sprinkler depends on Water pressure - velocity head given to the water jet, angle of flow of the jet, type of sprinkler and its design wind conditions during irrigation.. Relatively, sprinkler irrigation needs more pressure than drip irrigation.  Modification of weather extremes by increasing humidity and cooling crops. Sometimes water would be available in the soil for the roots to absorb. If the atmospheric temperature is too high, plants may not be able to extract water and show wilt symptoms. In such situations, external cooling of the crop by sprinkling water on the foliage would remove the wilt. In groundnut crop sprinklers are very useful in external cooling.  High investment cost The operating cost for pressurizing water is more Saline water may cause problems because salt water is absorbed by the leaves of some crops and high concentrations of bicarbonates in irrigation water may affect the quality ofthe fruit. If Sodium level is more than 70 ppm or chloride level is above 105 ppm, then leaf burning problems may occur  Even with the good quality water the crop like citrus, and grapes suffer. During sprinkler irrigation, the foliage gets wetted. Before next irrigation, the water in the foliage evaporates leaving sodium chloride on the leaves. Even low concentration of sodium chloride causes leaf burning in these crops  efficiency of system depends pressure head available at sprinklers proper spacing of sprinklers to suit soil type and crop as well as the wind conditions. quantity of water applied can be adjusted to precisely meet the water requirement of the crop. When properly designed, sprinkler irrigation can achieve high values of water application and water distribution efficiencies. Apply light and frequent irrigations to maintain favourable soil moisture regime in the crop root zone, resulting in higher crop yields. Crops Water Saving, % Yield increase, % Bajra 56 19 Barley 56 16 Bhindi 28 23 Cabbage 40 3 Cauliflower 35 12 Chillies 33 24 Cotton 36 50 Cowpea 19 3 Fenugreek 29 35 Garlic 28 6 Gram 69 57 Groundnut 20 40 Jowar 55 34 Lucerne 16 27 Maize 41 36 Onion 33 23 Potato 46 4 Sunflower 33 20 Wheat 35 24  suitable to almost all soil types, topographic situations and all types of crops, especially close growing crops, except rice and jute. not suitable for heavy clay soils with very low infiltration rates. suited to sandy soils that have high infiltration rate. Extensive field surface channels, which occupy considerable land area (often 2 to 3%) are not necessary. substantial saving of labour in irrigation application.  Soils too shallow to be levelled properly for surface irrigation methods, can be irrigated safely by sprinklers. flexibility of sprinkler equipment and its efficient control of water application make this method adaptable to most topographic especially suitable for steep slopes or irregular topography. If soil erosion is hazard, sprinkler irrigation can be used in conjunction with contour bunding, terracing, mulching and strip cropping.  Land levelling is not essential for irrigation with sprinklers. smoothing or grading if surface drainage is a problem or to provide a more uniform surface for sowing, tillage and harvesting. Soluable fertilizers, herbicides and fungicides can be applied. Penetration of fertilizers into the soil can be controlled by applying the fertilizers at selected times during the application of water. Sprinkler irrigation can be used to protect crops against frost and against high temperatures that reduce the quantity and quality of harvest. Labour costs are usually less than for surface methods. does not interfere with the movement of farm machinery.  Uneven water distribution due to high winds High investment cost as compared to surface irrigation operating cost for pressurizing water is more. Ripening soft fruits must be protected from the spray. Power requirements are usually high {since sprinklers operate with a water pressure of 0.5 (micro sprinkler) to more than 10 kg/cm2 (giant nozzle sprinklers)). Saline water may cause problems because salt water is absorbed by leaves of some crops and high concentrations of bicarbonates in irrigation water may affect the quality of fruit. If soils have very (Fine Textured) less infiltration rate (