Highway Design Data - Existing Pavement Evaluation PDF

CHAPTER 3: Highway Design Data Existing Pavement Evaluation THEORIES AND PROCEDURES ON VISUAL ROAD CONDITION (ROCOND) ASSESSMENT Road Condition (RoCond) Survey Objectives: Record, describe and measure the condition of the road at the time of rating Provide a sequence of rec...

CHAPTER 3: Highway Design Data Existing Pavement Evaluation THEORIES AND PROCEDURES ON VISUAL ROAD CONDITION (ROCOND) ASSESSMENT Road Condition (RoCond) Survey Objectives: Record, describe and measure the condition of the road at the time of rating Provide a sequence of recorded condition that can be analyzed to indicate performance trends Provide condition data for analysis in the Pavement Management System (PMS), Routine Maintenance Management System (RMMS), and eventually for budgeting in the Multi-Year Programming System (MYPS).  Procedures in RoCond Assessment I. Survey Preparation Survey schedule and form a survey team. Survey instruments, survey forms, service vehicle, etc. Prepare survey gadgets, food and water. Survey Equipment: Measuring tools and Safety gears Service Vehicle Measuring Wheel/Measuring Crack Width Scale Tape Straight Edge, 1.2m long & Spray Paint (or other appropriate road Measuring Wedge Field Worksheets/pen or marking materials, e.g. Chalk, Charcoal) pencil Jackets/Long Sleeves Shirt Hats/Caps Rubber Shoes Safety devices for Traffic guide: Safety Vests Traffic Guidance Cones Appropriate Advance Warning Signs (Flags, Tarpaulin, etc…) Straight Edge and Measuring Wedge  Procedures in RoCond Assessment II. RoCond Survey Activities a) Ensure the observance of proper road safety precaution, before and during the survey.  Procedures in RoCond Assessment II. RoCond Survey Activities b) Establish RATING SEGMENTS along the entire road sections. c) Establish the GAUGING LENGTH for every rating segment created and mark every 100m distance thereafter within the segment. d) Mark the measured distances with paint along the edge of the pavement or other adjacent permanent references in increasing direction. These markings will be the basis of the conduct of surveys for the succeeding years to avoid re-measurement of distances and shorten the duration of survey. e) Start assessing, measuring and recording the distresses found along each segment in accordance with RoCond Procedures and Guidelines. Road Condition Survey Lane Designation: GENERAL RULE: Negative Direction Asphalt Surface Positive Direction If there are road Negative widening in both Direction outer lane. The designation of Positive Lane number will Direction change. Elements of RoCond Assessment I. RATING SEGMENT I. GAUGING LENGTH I. ROAD DISTRESSES/DEFECTS I. RATING SEGMENTS  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure GENERAL RULE: Assessment of segments designated as between consecutive kilometer posts of homogenous surface types but should not exceed 1300-meters. Segment 1 Concrete Surface L ≤ 1300m  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure: a.) If the distance between two (2) consecutive kilometer posts exceeds 1300m of homogenous surface type, adopt the 1000 meter rating segment and the remaining length should be considered as another segment.  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure: b.) Change in Surface Type  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure: c.) Change in No. of Lanes  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure: d.) Distinct change in the condition of pavement  RATING SEGMENT Segmenting Procedure: e.) Segments of asphalt and concrete with length less than 50m are considered not assessable except for gravel/earth which are assessed (regardless of length). Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 (not assessable) (assessable) Asphalt Concrete Earth Concrete Surface Surface Surface Surface L1 L2 200mm Width = 220mm Length = 13m Width = 210mm Length = 1m  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) EDGE BREAK Edge Break: 75 < 200mm Width = 150mm Length = 1m  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) EDGE BREAK DES FORM: 15 L  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) PATCHES Defined as a successfully executed permanent repair with a surface condition similar to the surrounding pavement Assessed over the total area of segment Defective patches are not rated as patches but the defects within the patch are rated under the applicable defects (ex. Cracks, potholes/base failure) The length of patches is recorded per width category  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) PATCHES  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) PATCHES DES FORM: 10  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE Defined as the holes of various shapes and sizes in the pavement surface reaching the base coarse/unbound layer. For rating purposes, severe cracking with base failure/settlement/ depression shall also be considered as potholes. Potholes/Base failures are recorded as the number of potholes equivalent to 0.25 m2 per pothole. The total area of potholes for the first 100m multiply by 4 to get the no. of potholes. Assessed over the total area of segment.  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE No. of Potholes = Area*4 Width 1.0m  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE No. of Potholes = Area*4 Width 1.5m  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE Split or Cut the rating segment to separate the portion with base failure (at least 50m length)  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE DES FORM:  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) SURFACE FAILURE Defined as loss of the wearing course layer. These failures can be caused by surface delamination or mechanical damage. Assessed over the total area of segment Surface Failures are recorded as the number of surface failures equivalent to 0.25 m2 per surface failures. The total area of surface failures multiply by 4 to get the no. of surface failures.  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) SURFACE FAILURE No. of Surface Failure = Area*4 Width Width 1m 0.5m Length 1m  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) SURFACE FAILURE DES FORM:  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) WEARING SURFACE This rating includes both Raveling and Bleeding Raveling is the loss or disintegration of stones, typically occurring in the wheel path Bleeding/Flushing is the occurrence of excessive bitumen on the surface of the pavement Assessed over the total area of segment  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) Minor Wearing WEARING SURFACE Raveling Bleeding/Flushing  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) WEARING SURFACE SEVERITY: Minor 'M' = Surface still relatively smooth with only some loss of fine aggregate or in the case of bleeding there are some signs of excess binder. Severe 'S' = Surface rough or pitted with both fine and coarse aggregate lost or in the case of bleeding the surface is covered with excess binder with skid resistance poor.  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) WEARING SURFACE DES FORM:  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (ASPHALT) PAVEMENT CRACKING Assessed over the total area of segment Rated according to the type of cracking, i.e. Longitudinal, Crocodile, or Transverse Crackings Severity: Wide Cracks (>300mm) Narrow Cracks ( 3(W) Severity = Narrow or N Ligao-Tabaco Rd (S03651LZ), Albay 1st DEO CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH = 6.70m LANE WIDTH = 3.35m 4. Crocodile Cracks Area, Length, and Severity of Crocodile Cracks (Using 1-Lane Width Category) A = 2*10 + 1.5*7 A = 30.5m2 L = 30.5/3.35 or L = 9.104 = 9m Severity = Wide or W  Ligao-Tabaco Rd (S03651LZ), Albay 1st DEO CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH = 6.70m LANE WIDTH = 3.35m 5. Patches 6. Edge Break Area and Length of Patches (Using 2m Width Category) Length and Severity of Edge Break A = 2*5 + 1.5*5 L = 4m Severity = Moderate or M A = 17.5m2 L = 17.5/2 or L = 8.75 = 9m Ligao-Tabaco Rd (S03651LZ), Albay 1st DEO CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH = 6.70m LANE WIDTH = 3.35m 7. Surface Failures 8. Potholes and Base Failures Area and Number of Surface Failures Area and Number of Potholes/Base Failures A = 1*2.5 + 1.5*2.5 A = 0.4*0.8 + 3.35*5 + 1.5*5 A = 6.25m2 A = 24.57m2 Number Number N = 6.25/0.25 or 6.25*4 N = 24.57/0.25 or 24.57*4 N = 25 N = 98.28 = 98 A. RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SURFACE DISTRESS METHOD OF MEASUREMENT TYPE TYPE Measured over the 1st ten (10) slabs Faulting at Transverse Joints along lane-1 (representative) Measured over the 1st ten (10) slabs Spalling at Joints along lane-1 (representative) Measured over the 1st ten (10) slabs RIGID PAVEMENT Joint Sealant Distress along lane-1 (representative) (CONCRETE) Shattered Slabs Measured over the whole segment Wearing Surface Defects Measured over the whole segment Pavement Crackings (Longitudinal, Measured over the whole segment Transverse and Multiple Cracks) Visual RoCond Assessment Form - Concrete Pavement  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) FAULTING (TRANSVERSE JOINTS) Defined as the difference in the levels of abutting concrete slabs Assessed within the first 10 transverse joints Ten transverse joints are measured in each wheel path The measurements are taken using the 1.2m straight edge and measuring wedge. The straight edge is placed on the 10mm feet and the appropriate scale on the wedge is used In the case of continuously reinforced concrete, which has no joints, the Faulting should be rated as 0.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) FAULTING (TRANSVERSE JOINTS)  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) FAULTING (TRANSVERSE JOINTS)  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) FAULTING (TRANSVERSE JOINTS) DES FORM: Negative Direction Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Lane 2 20 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 10 Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Lane 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lane 1 0 20 0 20 10 Positive 0 0 Direction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Start of Segment  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SPALLING (JOINTS) Defined as the mark left of chipped-off concrete at joints. Assessed over first 10 slabs The transverse joint at the start of the slab and the adjacent Longitudinal joint are rated  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SPALLING (JOINTS) Two width measurements (mm) and a DES FORM: length measurement (m) are taken at each occurrence of spalling. The width measurements are taken at one third of the length from each end of the spalling 50 60 1.20 Cracking along the joints should be rated under cracking In the case of a Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), which has no joints, the spalling value is equal to 0.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SPALLING (JOINTS) Negative Direction Lane 2 Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Positive Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Direction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lane 1 0 Start of Segment  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) JOINT SEALANT DETERIORATION Defined as an elastic joint sealant in joints Assessed within the first 10 slabs Ten joints, both Transverse and Longitudinal, are inspected for the length of deterioration of the sealant. The length of deterioration is recorded in meters In the case of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), which has no joints, the joint sealant deterioration should be rated as 0.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) JOINT SEALANT DETERIORATION  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) JOINT SEALANT DETERIORATION With Joint Sealant (No Deterioration) Length = L1 + L2 =0 Length 2 = 0 Length 1 = 0  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) JOINT SEALANT DETERIORATION DES FORM: Lane 2 Negative Direction 3 Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.5 2 0.5 2 2 3 Positive 0 Lane 1 3.5 2 Direction 1 Slab Slab Slab 5.5 Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab 1 2 0.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 3 0 2 Start of Segment  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SHATTERED SLAB Shattered slabs are defined as slabs that are severely cracked and need to be re-blocked. Assessed over the total area of segment. Slabs normally considered shattered if a slab is damaged to an extent where it needs to be re-blocked. Slabs may have only one (1) severe crack but with base failure and/or settlement/displacement are considered shattered slabs. The number of shattered slabs within the carriageway area is recorded. In the case of continuously reinforced concrete pavement where there is no transverse joint, assume the 4.5m slab length as one shattered slab.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SHATTERED SLAB 1 2 Shattered Slab: Lane 1 = 2 Lane 2 = 0  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SHATTERED SLAB Cracks with settlement 2 Shattered Slab: Lane 1 = 1 Lane 2 = 1 1  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SHATTERED SLAB Investigate if the sealed slabs are previously shattered or wearing surface.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) SHATTERED SLAB Split/Cut the rating segment to separate the portion with Shattered Slabs/Road Slip of at least 50m length. L ≥ 50meters  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS Defined as the disintegration or loss of concrete from the surface of the pavement (Scaling, Polishing and Temperature cracks). Severity (Minor and Severe) Polishing occurs when the surface mortar and texturing worn away to expose coarse aggregate. For severity, use only Minor (surface still relatively smooth). Temperature cracks (series of cracks that extend only into the upper surface of the slab) are not considered as cracks but can be considered as wearing surface defects. Assessed over the total area of segment The length of wearing surface defects are rated per slab width.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS The severity is rated as follows: Minor “M” = Surface still relatively smooth with only some loss of fine aggregates. Severe “S” = Surface rough or pitted with both fine and coarse aggregate loss. The severity to be adopted is the predominant severity.  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS SEVERE SCALING  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS SCALING - Severe wearing  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS POLISHING - Severe wearing  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS MINOR SCALING NO SCALING - with Broom  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS TEMPERATURE CRACKS - Minor wearing  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS DES FORM:  RIGID PAVEMENT (CONCRETE) PAVEMENT CRACKING Assessed over the total area of segment Rated according to the type of cracking, i.e. Longitudinal, Multiple, and Transverse Cracks - Hairline cracks are not considered as cracks - Temperature cracks (series of cracks that extend only into the upper surface of the slab) are not considered as cracks but can be considered as wearing surface defects. - The severity of the cracking, i.e. Wide Cracks (>3mm) or Narrow Cracks ( 30.15(S) Severe Severity = Minor or M A = 30.15m2 Ligao-Tabaco Rd (S03651LZ), Albay 1st DEO CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH = 6.70m LANE WIDTH = 3.35m 2. Longitudinal Cracks 3. Transverse Cracks Length and Severity of Transverse Cracks Length and Severity of Transverse Cracks Narrow: Narrow: L = 9 + 7 = 16m L = 1 + 3.35 + (3.35 – 0.5) + 3.35 = 10.55 =10m Wide: Wide: L = 0m L = 0m Total Length = 16m Total Length = 10m Severity = Narrow or N Severity = Narrow or N Ligao-Tabaco Rd (S03651LZ), Albay 1st DEO CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH = 6.70m LANE WIDTH = 3.35m 4. Multiple Cracks 5. Shattered Slabs Length of Multiple Cracks for each lane Number of Shattered Slab for each lane Lane 1: Lane 1 = 1 L = 4.5 = 4m Lane 2 = 1 Lane 2: L = 4.5+4.5 = 9m Severity = Narrow or N 6. Number of Cracked Slabs Total Number of Cracked Slabs N = 10  GUESS THE PICTURE ?? End  Wearing Surface Surface Failure (Temperature Cracks) Shattered Slab Base Failure  Severe Minor No Wearing Wearing Surface Spalling Longitudinal Cracks Multiple Cracks Rutting Transverse Cracks END C. UNSEALED PAVEMENT (Gravel and Earth) Unsealed Roads are either Gravel or Earth Roads. Gravel Roads have been surfaced with an imported gravel. Earth Roads might have been formed using in-situ material. There is no gauging length in Gravel Roads. Visual RoCond Assessment Form - GRAVEL/EARTH ROAD C. UNSEALED PAVEMENT (Gravel and Earth) SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS METHOD OF TYPE TO BE EXAMINED MEASUREMENT Measured over the Gravel Thickness whole segment UNSEALED Measured over the Material Quality PAVEMENT whole segment (GRAVEL & Measured over the Crown Shape EARTH) whole segment Measured over the Roadside Drainage whole segment  UNPAVED ROAD A. Gravel Thickness ⮚ Refers to the thickness of the imported gravel layer. ⮚ Earth Roads have no imported gravel and therefore are rated as 0 mm. ⮚ Occasional test holes might be required to be dug to determine the gravel thickness. CONDITION SCORE: 1 - Depth of gravel >99mm 2 - Depth of gravel 50mm - 99mm 3 - Depth of gravel 25mm - 49mm 4 - Depth of gravel 0mm - 24mm  UNPAVED ROAD B. Material Quality ⮚ The Material Quality of the imported material or exposed sub-grade is rated for Gravel roads. ⮚ The in-situ Material Quality is rated for Earth Roads. ⮚ Local knowledge of the roads must be used, if the surveyors know the road is problematic after rains, then this must be considered when rating the condition. CONDITION SCORE: 1 – GOOD MATERIAL QUALITY 2 – FAIR MATERIAL QUALITY 3 – POOR MATERIAL QUALITY 4 – BAD MATERIAL QUALITY  UNPAVED ROAD B. Material Quality Even size distribution with sufficient plasticity to bind the material – no significant oversize material (not bigger than 2 inches in diameter). Material Quality - Good (1)  UNPAVED ROAD B. Material Quality Material Quality - Fair (2) Loose material or stones clearly visible  UNPAVED ROAD B. Material Quality Poor particle size distribution Material Quality - Poor (3) with excessive oversize material. Plasticity is high enough to cause slipperiness or low enough to cause excessive loose material resulting in loss of traction  UNPAVED ROAD B. Material Quality Poorly distributed range of particle sizes, zero or excessive plasticity, excessive oversize material Material Quality - Bad (4)  UNPAVED ROAD C. Crown Shape ⮚ Crown Shape is determined to be the height of the center of the road above the edge of the road ⮚ This determines the ability of the road to shed water from it surface CONDITION SCORE: 1 – GOOD MATERIAL QUALITY 2 – FAIR MATERIAL QUALITY 3 – POOR MATERIAL QUALITY 4 – BAD MATERIAL QUALITY  UNPAVED ROAD C. Crown Shape Crown Shape - Good (1) >2% crossfall – no significant ponding  UNPAVED ROAD C. Crown Shape Crown Shape - Fair (2) Crossfall mostly