History Of Architecture 1 PDF

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 3 LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH BS Architecture Program HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 ARCH 30042 1st Semester 2024-2025 Compiled by: Ar. MARIA VILLA A. SARMIENTO Instructor ...

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 3 LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH BS Architecture Program HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 ARCH 30042 1st Semester 2024-2025 Compiled by: Ar. MARIA VILLA A. SARMIENTO Instructor LESSON 3: PRE-CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE 1. WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE 2. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Read: https://curatorhall.wordpress.com/2015/12/07/west-asiatic-architecture-detailed- clasification/ INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE Geographical Architectural character Geological Building materials, Climatic construction systems Religious Plans Socio-cultural Ornaments Historical Openings Structural element HISTORY OF WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE Chronology Beginning of prehistory 35,000 BC First Sumerian farmers 5,000 BC Sumerians develop a written language 3,500 BC Sumer and Akkad fall to the Babylonians 2,300 BC The use of wheels and horses for warfare 1,000 BC Assyrian Empire defeats Babylonians 1,365 BC Rule Ashurbanipal dies, Assyria crumbles 620 BC Babylonians take back control 620 BC Persians take over Mesopotamia 529 BC Alexander the Great invades Mesopotamia 334 BC  The Babylonian (Chaldean) West Asiatic period (c. B.C. 4000-1275). Architecture has been The Assyrian period (B.C. divided into 1275-538). three tolerably distinct periods: The Persian period (B.C. 538- 333). IMPORTANT CIVILIZATIONS Fertile crescent Green area marks the fertile crescent of the Middle East where farming was possible  Babylonians came from their capital Babylon (duh) and tool over Sumer and Akkad IMPORTANT CIVILIZATIONS Assyrians came from Nineveh Persians came from the East Origins of each important civilization Mesopotamia Lands around the twin rivers Tigris and Euphrates Mesos = Middle Potamos = River Earliest civilization of western asia civilization Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia 4,000 – 333 BC Distinction between prehistoric and historic times is the invention of written language (3,500 BC) by the Sumerians in present day Iraq and Iran 3,000 BC, maybe because of contact with Mesoporamia, another civilization emerged in NE Africa Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia Exploited and regulated the rivers to have a fertile Edenesque landscape Abundant crops for large-scale of foor permitted the large urban populations and corollary (result) of urbanism Other than priests, merchants, meso’s made beautiful objects to express their culture’s worldview, artisans, architects MAIN PERIODS Babylonian/Chaldean Period (4000-1275 BC) - Chaldea – South Meso Assyrian Period (1275-538 BC) - Nineveh Persian Period (538 – 333) BC - East, Persepolis WEST ASIATIC GEOGRAPHY Fertile lands because of irrigation that connected the two rivers Flat and exposed, vulnerable to attack, culture developed war- like behaviour Chaldea, first buildings were around the two rivers Ancient Persia, east of Babylonia and Assyria, extended over the high plateau of Iran from the Tigris to Indus WEST ASIATIC GEOGRAPHY BABYLONIA Alluvial district of thick mud and clay because of the rivers Soil, clay and mud became the building material, not stone or tress Walls made from crude, sun-dried brick, kiln-burnt and glazed with different colours WEST ASIATIC GEOGRAPHY ASSYRIA Lots of stone Used bricks to copy the Babylonians, used Alabaster and limestone slabs late on, carved with low bas-reliefs (Sculpture that slightly protrudes from the wall, Italian basso-relievo – low relief) and historical accounts carved into the stone WEST ASIATIC GEOGRAPHY PERSIANS Hard- coloured Limestone in Susa and Persepolis Trees, timbers from Elam (West) Known for their beauty of tecture and colour WEST ASIATIC CLIMATE BABYLONIA o Swaps and floods o Week-long rains o Long summer by unhealty miasmic exhalations (stinky swamp-like gas) o Swarms to aggressive and venomous insects (malaria) ASSYRIA o Similar climate but few swamps and less miasma PERSIA o Desert, dry, hot, gardens, deserts o Extremely hot days, and cold nights WEST ASIATIC RELIGION BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA o Polytheism o Worship of heavenly bodies, divisions of the universe o Superstition and symbolism everywhere ASSYRIA o King was the representation of Assur o Warrior god and leader in war PERSIA o Monotheism o Zoroaster o Belief in the final triumph of good WEST ASIATIC SOCIETY AND CULTURE BABYLONIA o Powerful priestly class promoted Chaldean wisdom and medicine men (philo and doctors) o Mostly traders o People divided into nobles with hereditary estates, landless class of freemen, and slaves o Employed slaves for building structures and their irrigation system o Cuneiform on clay tablets/cylinders last longer that Egyptian records on papyrus like accounts of Babylonian law and business documents WEST ASIATIC SOCIETY AND CULTURE BABYLONIA o Code of Laws of Hammurabi (2250BC) gave insights - Habits - Customs - Private life - Family ideals - Free and respected women - Feudal holdings - Police systems - Postal service WEST ASIATIC SOCIETY AND CULTURE ASSYRIA o Military autocracy (only ruling class), fighters and sportsmen o Irrigation and agriculture o Built palaces on raised platforms with slaves o Carpenters, masons, smith, instrument makers, engineers, scientists, mathematicians, poets, musicians o Merciless, goals to destroy enemy countries for nationalism and pride o Known for beheading and skinning to instil fear o Used the chariot for quick transportation and easily smashing into cities to conquer WEST ASIATIC SOCIETY AND CULTURE PERSIA o Military superiority (everyone was included) - Land owners – horsemen - People – Infantry o Satraps (province governors) imposed Persian culture on Western Asia WEST ASIAN HISTORY BABYLONIA o Sumerian King, Eannatum, brought the first union of Babylon cities o Hammurabi established the Code of Laws o Babylonian power declines until 1700BC as Assyria became independent ASSYRIA o Conquered in 1275 BC until 606 BC WEST ASIAN HISTORY PERSIANS o Contacted Greece and Egypt o Cyrus, after Babylon’s capture in 538 BC, made war on the King of Lydia in Croesus and eventually reached Greece o Cambyses, his son, extended conquests to Egypt o Inspired by the buildings in Memphis and Thebes, introduction of the column - CAPITAL: The top portion of the column o Darius carried Persians into Europe as far as the Danube river, went after Greece, captured Miletus and famous for destroying its Ionic temple WEST ASIAN HISTORY PERSIANS (cont.) o Defeated by Ephesus in Marathon o Xerxes tired to do the same thing but was defeated again WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE o Massive, monumental, grandeur o A way to intimidate o To stick out on flat land WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHTIECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC) o Plain architecture o Bricks o Arch and vault method o Ramps o Ziggurat - No columns, each wall bore the load - Stepped temple (important structure) towers, observatories of mud brick and faced with baked bricks, and bitumen (tar material, sticky, glue-like) WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHTIECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC) - Called ‘holy mountain”, keep the sacred fire burning - 4 corners would point at North, South, East, West WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC)  Types of ziggurat development Archaic Basic and first iteration  Multistorey Two or more stages Vaulting helped make higher structures ( a self- supporting arch used to provide a roofed space) Top stories collapsed due to lack of columns and support WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHTIECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC) o Types of Ziggurat development Seven-stages Assyrian type of ziggurat Continuous ramp Tchoga-Zanbil - One of the most important complexes from the Elamites (ancient people of the Middle East) - Choga Zanbil consists of 3 concentric (circles within circles, same center) walls, palaces and temples and a central ziggurat inside MAYBE TOWER OF BABEL WAS A ZIGGURAT Ishtar gate, iconic blue bricks MAYBE TOWER OF BABEL WAS A ZIGGURAT because of its height ASSYRIAN ARCHTIECTURE Hanging gardens, but no true evidence WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE ASSYRIAN ARCHTIECTURE (1275-538 BC) o Plain o Bricks o Arch and vault o Oval temple of Khafeje WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE PALACES o Temples with or without ziggurats o Introduces polychrome (painting), ornamental brickwork, and high fleets/pedestals made of Greek stone slabs o Decorative continuous stones in the interior o Palaces on lofty platforms, partly rock-cut and partly built-up o Vaulting had semi-circular arches now o Palaces of warrior-kings were the chief buildings of Assyria, temples had lesser importance WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE PALACE OF SARGON o Seraglio – Kings residences, state hall, men’s apartments, reception halls o HAREM – Private family apartments o Khan – Service chambers Ashurnasirpal II’s (884-859 BCE – the 3rd king of the Neo- Assyrian Empire) palace was built and completed in 879 BC in Kalhu, in Iraq, now in ruins, only pieces preserved depicting lamassu o Narrative relief sculptures - Assyrian art form - Carved into stone - Used to tell stories - Decorated places like the Palace of Ashurbanipal - Scenes depicting lion hunts and wings bulls with human faces (Lamassu) - Celestial being from ancient Meso religion WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE PERSIAN ARCHTIECTURE (538 – 333 BC) o Light and airy due to columns o Stones o Columnar and trabeated/post-lintel construction (use of vertical elements supporting horizontal like stonehenge o Adopted features from Assyrians - Raised platforms - Sculptured monsters - Slabs of bas-relief - Glazed and coloured brickwork (polychrome bricks) WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHTIECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC) o Types of Ziggurat development Seven-stages Assyrian type of ziggurat Continuous ramp Tchoga-Zanbil - One of the most important complexes from the Elamites (ancient people of the Middle East) - Choga Zanbil consists of 3 concentric (circles within circles, same center) walls, palaces and temples and a central ziggurat inside MAYBE TOWER OF BABEL WAS A ZIGGURAT WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN ARCHTIECTURE (4000 – 1275 BC) o Types of Ziggurat development Seven-stages Assyrian type of ziggurat Continuous ramp Tchoga-Zanbil - One of the most important complexes from the Elamites (ancient people of the Middle East) - Choga Zanbil consists of 3 concentric (circles within circles, same center) walls, palaces and temples and a central ziggurat inside PERSEPOLIS PLATFORM  Apadana Throne Hall Treasury Palace of Darius Council Hall Artaxerxes Tomb Palace of Xerxes Harem of Xerxes Gate of Xerxes PERSEPOLIS o 450 x 300m, 12m high - Palace of Darius - Palace of Xerxes - Hypostyle hall of Xerxes (Apadana_ ▪ Apadana of Persepolis had 36 columns in 6 rows, 18.5m high o 450 x 300m, 12m high - Palace of Darius - Palace of Xerxes - Hypostyle hall of Xerxes (Apadana_ ▪ Apadana of Persepolis had 36 columns in 6 rows, 18.5m high ▪ Inspired by Egyptian palm-patterns and Greek scroll patterns ▪ Double bull capital that held the roof’s wooden trusses (straight beams connected to form a frame)  - Hall of Hundred Columns (Throne Hall) built by Darius - Monumental entrance to the platform was the Propylaea by Xerxes o Achaemenid archi’s combined beauty and magnificence (Achaemenid dynasty, when Persepolis was built) o Mud brick walls decorated with painted floral designs o Ivory, gold, and precious stones used in mosaic works  Cuneiform is a logo- syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era Sumerian Writing cuneiform King of Sumer and Akkad was a royal title in Ancient Mesopotamia combining the titles of "King of Akkad", the ruling title held by the monarchs of the Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BC) with the title of "King of Sumer". King of the Universe also interpreted as King of Everything, King of the Totality, King of All or King of the World, was a title of great prestige claiming world domination used by powerful monarchs in ancient Mesopotamia. Sargon of Akkad The first ruler to use the title of King of the Universe was the Akkadian Sargon of Akkad (reigned c. 2334–2284 BC) and it was used in a succession of later empires claiming symbolical descent from Sargon's Akkadian Empire. Stele of Hammurabi Hammurabi (c. 1810 – c. 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty of the Amorite tribe, reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology. He was preceded by his father, Sin- Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city- states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. The code of Hammurabi Tablet of Hammurabi, King of Babylon. British Museum. The king of Babylon was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC. Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, was the longest-reigning and most powerful monarch of the Neo-Babylonian Empire His father Nabopolassar was an official of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who rebelled in 626 BC and established himself as the king of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar ascended the throne in 605 BC and subsequently fought several campaigns in the West, where Egypt was trying to organize a coalition against him. His conquest of Judah is described in the Bible's Books of Kings, Books of Chronicles and Book of Jeremiah. His capital, Babylon, is the largest archaeological site in the Middle East. Nebuchadnezzar is identified in the Bible as the king responsible for destroying Solomon's Temple and initiating the Babylonian captivity and is a significant character in the Book of Daniel. King Nebuchadnezzar Darius I c. 550 – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. Xerxes I (518 – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius the Great (r. 522 – 486 BC) and his mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great (r. 550 – 530 BC), the first Achaemenid king ZIGGURATS Religious buildings built next to temples On top was a small temple 2000 BC holy mountain White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk Hanging Gardens, Babylon Babel Palace Complex CITY OF BABYLON – with towers & 100 Bronze Gates. Ishtar Gate Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns 465 BCE–424 BCE Hall of Hundred Columns Apadana of Xerxes  Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, Southwestern gate, Relief of an audience Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, Southwestern gate Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, Southwestern gate, Relief of soldiers Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, Northwestern gate, Bull  Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, Bull- shaped capital Persepolis, Hall of 100 Columns, "Royal Warrior" ASSYRIA Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashur banipal– conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt PALACE OF SARGON, KHORBAD – entrance portals flanked with status of headed winged bulls & lions. It contains 700 rooms. IMPORTANT PARTS OF PALACE a). SERAGLIO – palace proper w/c includes the kings residence , men’s apartment & reception courts. b). HAREM - usually designed w/ a private family apartments or women’s quarter. c). KHAN - or service chambers , Khan is a Moslem “ inn”, for travelers prototype  PALACE FLATFORM PERSOPOLIS- occupies 1500 and 1000 ft. & is elevated 40 ft. It contains the following: a.) Palace of Darius b.) Palace of Xerxes c.) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes d.) Halls of Hundreds columns e ). Propylaea – entrance to hall design by Xerxes PALACE OF SARGON, Cyrus II of Persia, (c. 600-530 BC) commonly known as Cyrus the Great, and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire. Persepolis Persepolis, Palace of Darius, General view Persepolis Palace Hypostyle Hall of Palace of Xerxes at Persepolis Persepolis, Palace of Xerxes Propylaea – entrance to hall design by Xerxes Gate of Xerxes in the Propylaea of Persepolis. The monumental gate or Propylaea gave access to the great hypostyle hall that still conserves 13 mutilated columns. These winged bulls were traditional elements of the Assyrian decor that Persia adopted but giving them an unmistakable Aryan character. Persian Column Gate of All Nations Detail of the Frieze with the Achaemenid royal archers also known as Frieze of the Immortals, from the palace of Artaxerxes in Susa (Louvre), ca. 405-359 BCE. It represents the archers of the Persian guard, with a bow on their left shoulder and a panther skin quiver on their backs, while holding with both hands a long pike with a silver leaf. Each archer is 1.47 meters height. The Persian column was much taller and slender than the Egyptian. Its bell-shaped base resembled a huge inverted flower. The shaft had ridges but more numerous than in the Greek column and on its top the capital included a highly original group of volutes combined with two fantastic bulls or unicorns which serve as brackets to hold the ceiling beams. The transverse ceiling beams were ingeniously supported within these two monsters in the space between their necks and their rumps. Persian palaces were characterized by the disposition of their wooden ceiling. Above the Bull- capitals rested a wooden lattice formed by coffers. Persian columns of the Apadana of Darius and Xerxes in Persepolis. Capital from the columns of the palace of Artaxerxes II at Susa (Louvre). Each capital is 5.80 meters height. View of a Persian style tomb from the royal necropolis of Naqsh-i-Rustam. Xerxes on his throne receiving the homage of the tributary princes, relief from the palace of Xerxes in Persepolis. DWELLINGS Known as Megaron Entrance at end rather than on the long sides Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : PLAN: Babylonian palaces and temples were built on artificial flatforms 30’ above the plain. Ziggurat which grows in several tiers had their angles to the cardinal points, same with the Assyrians & Persians. WALLS: Babylonian walls are normally made-up of sun-dried bricks faced w/kiln- burnt Assyrian walls are also made-up of sun-dried bricks finished w/ polychrome. Persian walls are also made of bricks & followed the Assyrian style. OPENINGS: Babylonian and Assyrian doors are usually spanned by semi-circular while. Persian doors are spanned by lintels, and used of monster prior to doorways. WINDOWS: Babylonian and Assyrian windows are not in use. Persian windows are also spanned by lintels. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : ROOFS : Generally , roofs are flat externally & also in some cases, tunnel vaults and domes are used. COLUMNS : Babylonians & Assyrians have no columns. Persian column features, high moulded base , fluted shafts , bracket form of topmost capitals were of “ twin bulls “ , “ dragons “ , or sometimes “ human heads “. MOULDINGS: Babylonian & Assyrian mouldings were of little use. Persian adopted mldngs. from the Egyptians. ORNAMENTS: In Assyrian & Persian ornaments they have the monster planking entrance portals mural decoration by polychrome bricks of blue , yellow & green with low relief stabs. Ziggurat Pyramid, UAE Ziggurat Pyramid is a pyramid-shaped arcology that was conceived for Dubai in 2008. It was estimated to start construction in 2021 and be completed by 2028. The structure was designed to house nearly one million people and would be self-sustainable with all-natural energy sources. Like the pyramids of the Mayans and Egyptians, this structure in Dubai would be a giant; it would cover 2.3 square kilometers (0.88 square miles) and would be able to sustain a community of up to one million people. The “Ziggurat” is named after the temple towers of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, a terraced pyramid structure with successively receding stories. It would be a carbon-neutral structure. Watch: Videos in youtube – https://www.youtube.com Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sohXPx_XZ6Y The Babylonian Empire - Great Civilizations of History - See U in History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJZtfUKNK7w 1.5 Mesopotamia: The Old Babylonian Period and Old Assyrian Period https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cw926S6Orw Ancient Mesopotamia 101 | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVf5kZA0HtQ Watch: Videos in youtube – https://www.youtube.com The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H Feldman https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pa54hWROpQ Lecture: The Persian Period https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKFrTQ5OfMY Entire History of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC) / Ancient History Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34oQfaJiy7w Journal No. 5, 6, 7 Using your journal book, redraw in one page sheet each picture below using pencil. Use your usual freehand by using your knowledge and techniques in drawing. Make your own style. Materials and drafting tools to be used: ✓ Journal book ✓ Pencils H, HB, B, and 2B, 3B ✓ Technical pens – 0.20/.30 ✓ Technical pens – 0.50 and 1.0 (for title) Journal No. 5 ZIGGURAT AT UR ( IRAQ ) 2100 B.C (picture was downloaded in google). Journal No. 5 ZIGGURAT AT UR ( IRAQ ) 2100 B.C (picture was downloaded in google). Journal No. 5 ZIGGURAT AT UR ( IRAQ ) 2100 B.C (picture was downloaded in google). Journal No. 6 RUINS OF THE PALACE OF DARIUS AT PERSEPOLIS (picture was downloaded in google) Journal No. 7 BULL HEAD PERSEPOLIS (picture was downloaded in google) Rubric for Journals: Aesthetics 25% Technique 35% Proportion 20% Cleanliness 10% Presentation 10% TOTAL 100% Submission date: November 4, 2024