A Union of Law: From Paris to Lisbon (PDF)

CONSILIUM EN GENER AL SECRETARIAT OF THE COUNCIL A Union of law: from Paris to Lisbon Tracing the treaties of the European Union...

CONSILIUM EN GENER AL SECRETARIAT OF THE COUNCIL A Union of law: from Paris to Lisbon Tracing the treaties of the European Union RS 1951–2011: 60 YEA A UNION OF LAW THE EUROPEAN UNION 11 011 20 S OF THE TR EATIE r 2011 of Croatia, 9 Decembe Treaty of Accession ratiﬁcation in progress N UNION r 2009 THE EUROPEA Lisbon Treaty, 1 Decembe 1 January 2007 of Bulgaria and Romania, Treaty of Accession a Constitution for Europe, 2004 Treaty establishing signed on 29 October did not come into force ber 2007 Lisbon: 13 Decem Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, of the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia, CHRONO UJPO JMCFDPNFTBOJOTUJUV Treaty of Accession t ЅF&VSPQFBO$PVOD UXFFOUIF&VSPQFBO Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, 1 May 2004 t -BXNBLJOHQBSJUZCFPVODJM 2003 1BSMJBNFOUBOEUIF$ OBMQBSMJBNFOUT Treaty of Nice, 1 February t *OWPMWFNFOUPGOBUJPUIF&6 , 1 May 1999 t -FHBMQFSTPOBMJUZPG OUBM3JHIUT Treaty of Amsterdam t $IBSUFSPG'VOEBNF 1995 Sweden, 1 January Union of Austria, Finland and he European Treaty of Accession EIB: Eu p on the Statute of the NOLO Act amending the Protocol © The ry 2001 t Fund, Nice: 26 Februa signed European Investmen May 1994 1 UJPOT when the Treaty was t 3FGPSNPGUIFJOTUJUVPG 13 December 2007 in Lisbon Union (TEU), GPSUIFGVUVSF6OJPO Treaty on European 1 November 1993 S 1 July 1987 G SIG NI NG October 1997 Single European Act, Amsterdam: 2 GY A ND EN of Spain and Portugal, t "SFBPGGSFFEPN TFDVSJUZBOEKVTUJDF Treaty of Accession 1 January 1986 FOHFOacquis t *OUFHSBUJPOPGUIF4DI , 1 January 1985 t )VNBOSJHIUT OBOEXPNFO Treaty on Greenland 1981 t &RVBMJUZCFUXFFONF FOU of Greece, 1 January t 4VTUBJOBCMFEFWFMPQNGPSUIF$'41 Treaty of Accession of t )JHI3FQSFTFOUBUJWF BQBDJUZ Protocol on the Statute Union t $SJTJTNBOBHFNFOUD Treaty amending the Investment Bank (EIB): © The European the European method, unit of account; conversion 1977 1 October Modification of the ry 1992 Treaty Maastricht: 7 Februa for the the signing ceremony 25 April 2005 in Luxembourg during Bulgaria financial provisions, of Accession of Romania and Treaty amending certain 1 June 1977 AGES A ND O6OJPO t #JSUIPGUIF&VSPQFB UBSZVOJPO t &DPOPNJDBOENPOF P of Denmark, Ireland and ARCHIVE SERIES t.PWFUPXBSETUIFFVSETFDVSJUZQPMJDZ $'41 Treaty of Accession the United Kingdom, 1 January 1973 TR Y IN TO t $PNNPOGPSFJHOBO JST +)" t +VTUJDFBOEIPNFBĊB budgetary provisions: Treaty amending certain ‘Own resources’, 28 February 1986 1 January 1971 Single Act: 17 and JOH t 2VBMJmFENBKPSJUZWPU FDPPQFSBUJPOCFUXFFOUIF$PVO DJM executive bodies, Treaty merging the 1 July 1967 t #FHJOOJOHPGMFHJTMBUJWSMJBNFOU BOEUIF&VSPQFBO1B Union OBMNBSLFU Netherlands Antilles, Convention on the 1 October 1964 © The European t 5PXBSETBMBSHFJOUFSSBUJPO TA t 'PSFJHOQPMJDZDPPQF&VSPQFBO$PVODJM t 'JSTUNFOUJPOPGUIF to the institutions common K E Y ST in Rome during the signing ceremony Convention on certain Assembly, Court of Justice, 25 March 1957 ies: for the EEC and Euratom Treaties European Communit Committee, Economic and Social January 1958 FORC E 1957 1 Rome: 25 March union among the T‘… an ever closer the European Atomic t 5XPGPVOEJOHUSFBUJF Treaty establishing &&$QSFBNCMF (EAEC), peoples of Europe’ Energy Community 1958 1 January © The European UPGB (SBEVBMFTUBCMJTINFOSLFU &&$ HFOFSBMDPNNPONB the European FSHZ$PNNVOJUZ Treaty establishing &VSPQFBO"UPNJD&O y (EEC), &"&$PS&VSBUPN Economic Communit 1958 1 January Union, 2011 — the European Defence 1951 Treaty establishing signed on 27 May 1952 Paris: 18 April Community, ISBN 978-92-824·346 did not come into force © Union européenne t 'JSTUGPVOEJOHUSFBUZ T and UIFTUSBUFHJDQSPEVDU the European Coal $PNNPONBSLFUGPS TUFFM Treaty establishing Community (ECSC), Steel PGUIFUJNFDPBMBOE Foreign 23 July 1952 3-5 — doi:10.2860/147 Zeeland, Belgian ECSC: Paul van Joseph Meurice, establishes the Treaty of Paris Affairs Minister; 18 April 1951: the Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Foreign Affairs Minister; Robert expired on 23 July 2002 Affairs Minister; Carlo Sforza, Italian Federal Chancellor Trade Minister; Adenauer, German 51 Affairs Minister; Konrad Netherlands Federal Foreign 95 9 Belgian Foreign The treatiees are ar 19 Foreign Affairs Dirk Stikker, Schuman, French of the Netherlands er States, Affairs Minister; Economic Affairs and Federal Foreign van den Brink, Minister for ber mbe 47 — QC-32-11-757-E dationn nion. off the Uni entatives Memb ive of the Mem Minister; Johannes iament. the foundatio epresenta g ed byy the repre and ssign Parlia uroppean Parl r re: ey aare: They p iame ed and tted otiate negotia approved by the Euro nts and o l parl eu N-P ratiﬁedd by the natitiona um iu liu siliu sili m.e ro uro m..eeeu p pa. opa urop..eeu.eu paaa.e h i s t or i ca l se w..co w w.c ww ns nsi ons co con ww MARCH 2012 Notice This brochure is produced by the General Secretariat of the Council; it is for information purposes only. For any information on the European Council and the Council, you can consult the following websites: http://www.european-council.europa.eu http://www.consilium.europa.eu or contact the Public Information Department of the General Secretariat of the Council at the following address: Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 175 1048 Bruxelles/Brussel BELGIQUE/BELGIË Tel. +32 22815650 Fax +32 22814977 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/infopublic More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 ISBN 978-92-824-3507-6 doi:10.2860/78263 © European Union, 2012 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF) A Union of law: from Paris to Lisbon Tracing the treaties of the European Union Contents Foreword..................................................................... 4 Introduction.................................................................. 5 The 1950s and 1960s: from the founding treaties to the merger of the executives........ 6 The 1970s: financial and institutional treaties; the first accession treaty............... 10 The 1980s: Single European Act and accession treaties............................. 12 The 1990s: Treaty on European Union and accession treaties........................ 14 Twenty-first century treaties................................................... 17 From Paris to Lisbon: timeline of the treaties..................................... 21 3 Foreword This brochure traces the history of the European Union through the treaties. It was published to accompany the poster produced for the ‘Historical series’ collection, ‘The treaties of the European Union’, which you can find in the Council archives. The booklet is aimed at academics and researchers but is also for anyone who is interested in the history of European integration. The annex contains a chronological table of the treaties. You can access the full text of the treaties at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu If you like, you can e-mail comments or suggestions to us at: [email protected] 4 Introduction The treaties are the foundation of the European Union (EU). They are negotiated by the representatives of the governments of the Member States and adopted by common accord. They are signed by all Member States and ratified in accordance with their own constitutional requirements. They enter into force only when this process has been concluded and provided each step has been completed. If we look back over the history of the treaties, we can: see how the Union has evolved into an economic and political community which is active in a growing number of increasingly complex areas; see how Member States have responded, every step of the way, to new internal and international challenges; and trace the development of a Union of peoples and states for whom the rule of law is both a core value and a basic aspiration. 5 The 1950s and 1960s: from the founding treaties to the merger of the executives Following Robert Schuman’s declaration on 9 May 1950 in which he called on France and Germany to pool the production of coal and steel, the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was signed on 18 April 1951 in Paris. After ratification by Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (‘the Inner Six’), the treaty entered into force on 23 July 1952 and would remain in force for 50 years. It expired on 22 July 2002. The immediate objective of this first treaty was to establish a common market for coal and steel, which were strategic raw materials at the time. It also aimed to lay the foundations of an economic community which would gradually become a political union. This treaty, which established a High Authority, a Common Assembly, a Special Council of Ministers and a Court of Justice, was the basis for the institutions of the European Union as we now know them. Shortly after the establishment of the ECSC, France presented a proposal for supranational military integration. And so, on 27 May 1952, the six ECSC members met in Paris and signed the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). This treaty provided for the establishment of a European army. However, the French National Assembly refused to ratify it and, on 30 August 1954, it adjourned discussions indefinitely. The EDC Treaty did not therefore enter into force. Its rejection meant that the related draft Treaty on the Statute of the European Community was also aborted. The draft treaty had been worked out by the ad hoc assembly of the ECSC which, on 10 March 1953, presented it to the governments of the Inner Six. 6 After the failure of the European Defence Community, the economy became the focus of the European project. Following a conference held in Messina on 1 and 2 June 1955, a commit- tee chaired by the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Paul-Henri Spaak, was tasked with modelling a European common market. The committee produced two draft texts which were to become known as the Treaties of Rome, after the city in which the Inner Six signed them on 25 March 1957. They entered into force on 1 January 1958. © European Union Signing of the EEC and Euratom Treaties (Hall of the Horatii and Curiatii at the Capitol in Rome, 25 March 1957) The first treaty established the European Economic Community (EEC). The EEC Treaty extended the principles established in the ECSC Treaty to new areas. It provided for the establishment of a common market founded on the free movement of persons, services, goods and capital, a customs union and the introduction of common policies, such as the agricultural policy and the trade policy. By setting and achieving economic goals, the treaty sought to contribute towards the construction of a political Europe. In the preamble to the 7 EEC Treaty, the signatories declared that they were ‘determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’. The second treaty established the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom). The objective of the EAEC Treaty was to coordinate and pool Member States’ research pro- grammes on the civilian use of nuclear energy. Italian poster celebrating the signing of the Treaties of Rome on 25 March 1957 © European Union 8 That same day, 25 March 1957, saw the signing of the Convention on certain institutions common to the European Communities. This convention established a Common Assembly, a Court of Justice and an Economic and Social Committee for the EEC, EAEC and ECSC. The EEC Treaty arrangements for the association of overseas countries and territories (1) were rendered applicable to the Netherlands Antilles regarding petroleum products by the Protocol on the Netherlands Antilles, which was signed on 13 November 1962 in Brussels, and which entered into force on 1 October 1964. On 1 July 1967, after the episode known as the ‘empty chair crisis’, during which France boycotted the meetings of the Council and of Council bodies, the first major institutional reform took place. The Treaty establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities, better known as the Merger Treaty, entered into force, hav- ing been signed by the Inner Six in Brussels on 8 April 1965. The three Communities would now have a single Council, a single Commission and a single budget. Article 4 of this treaty formalised the role of the Permanent Representatives Committee (Coreper) by providing that a committee consisting of the permanent representatives of the Member States would be responsible for preparing the work of the Council and for carrying out the tasks assigned to it by the Council. (1) Annex IV to the EEC Treaty: Overseas countries and territories to which the provisions of Part Four of the Treaty apply. 9 The 1970s: financial and institutional treaties; the first accession treaty Institutional reforms continued during the 1970s and financial reforms were born. Following a Council Decision on 21 April 1970 replacing the system whereby the Commu- nities were funded by contributions from Member States with that of own resources, two treaties were signed. On 22 April 1970, the Treaty of Luxembourg, amending certain budgetary provisions. It entered into force on 1 January 1971. It granted the European Parliament certain budgetary powers and established two main kinds of own resources: agricultural levies and customs duties (2). On 22 July 1975, the Brussels Treaty, amending certain financial provisions. It entered into force on 1 June 1977. It gave the European Parliament the power to reject the budget as a whole and to grant the Commission a discharge for its implementation. It created the Court of Auditors. These two treaties amending the Treaty of Rome marked the beginning of budgetary power-sharing between the Council and the European Parliament. The Treaty of 10 July 1975 amending certain provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank was also signed in Brussels and entered into force on 1 October 1977. In the context of an international economic crisis, this treaty authorised the Board of Governors of the European Investment Bank (EIB) to alter the definition of the unit of account and change the method of converting units of account into national currencies. (2) Council Decision 70/243/ECSC, EEC, Euratom on the replacement of financial contributions from Member States by the Communities’ own resources (21 April 1970). 10 In the course of the same period, the Treaty concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the EEC and the EAEC was signed on 22 January 1972 and entered into force on 1 January 1973. A Council Decision of 22 January 1972 also provided for accession to the ECSC. Meanwhile, following a negative referendum result on 25 September 1972, Norway withdrew from the accession process (3). © European Union Edward Heath signing the UK Accession Treaty (Palais d’Egmont, Brussels, 22 January 1972) (3) Council Decision of the European Communities of 1 January 1973 adjusting the documents concerning the accession of the new Member States to the European Communities. 11 The 1980s: Single European Act and accession treaties From 1979, changes swept through the political regimes of southern Europe. In order to stabilise restored democracy in Greece and to bolster the Greek economy, the Treaty on the Accession of Greece to the European Communities was signed in Athens on 28 May 1979. It entered into force on 1 January 1981. Likewise, the Treaty on the Accession of Spain and Portugal was signed in Madrid and Lisbon on 12 June 1985 and came into force on 1 Janu- ary 1986. The Europe of the Six, then of the Nine and of the Ten, henceforth became known as the Europe of the Twelve. © European Union Copy of the Single European Act held in the Council’s archives 12 Following the referendum held by the government of Greenland on 23 February 1982, the Greenland Treaty was signed on 13 March 1984, which allowed Greenland to withdraw from the Community treaties and gave it the status of an overseas territory. On 17 February in Luxembourg and on 28 February 1986 in The Hague, the Twelve signed the Single European Act to give fresh political and economic impetus to the European integra- tion process. The act came into force on 1 July 1987. The then President of the Commission, Jacques Delors, summed up the objectives of the Single European Act as follows, in a speech before the European Parliament in February 1987: ‘To put it in a nutshell, the Single Act means the obligation to proceed simultaneously with creating the frontierless single market, greater economic and social cohesion and a European research and technology policy, with strengthening the European Monetary System, making a start on creating a European social area and carrying out significant environmental action.’ The Single European Act provided for an internal market to be put in place and for the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital to be established by 1 January 1993. Com- munity powers were extended (on the environment, research and technological develop- ment) and the areas in which the Council could vote by qualified majority also increased. The European Parliament saw its law-making powers strengthened with the creation of the assent and cooperation procedures. This signalled the start of a progressive increase, with each new treaty, in the powers of the European Parliament as co-legislator with the Council in tandem with an increase in the number of areas where the Council could decide by quali- fied majority rather than unanimously. The Single European Act referred for the first time to the European Council. It included pro- visions on European political cooperation (EPC) — cooperation on foreign policy — which were kept separate from the provisions relating to Community matters. 13 The 1990s: Treaty on European Union and accession treaties Following two intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) launched in Rome on 15 Decem- ber 1990, the Treaty on European Union was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht. It entered into force on 1 November 1993. The treaty created a European Union based on a structure of three pillars: the three European Communities (EC), the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and cooperation in the fields of justice and home affairs (JHA). Economic and monetary union (EMU) was launched under the first pillar. This culminated in the issuing of a single currency, the euro, on 1 January 2002. Community powers were extended in the areas of the environment, research, industry and cohesion policy. Regarding law-making, the creation of the co-decision procedure gave the European Parliament the power to adopt legal acts jointly with the Council. The assent and cooperation procedures were extended to new areas, as was qualified majority voting in the Council. The Court of Auditors, established in 1975, became the fifth European institution, and the Committee of the Regions was set up. Under the second pillar, the CFSP brought together and developed the mechanisms and achievements of EPC, sketching the outlines of a common security and defence policy. Under the third pillar (JHA), the treaty contains provisions relating to controls at the external borders, combating terrorism, the creation of Europol, the establishment of a common asylum policy, combating illegal immigration and judicial cooperation in criminal and civil cases. In order to stimulate economic growth, the European Investment Fund was set up by an act signed on 25 March 1993. It entered into force on 1 May 1994. 14 The Treaty on the Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden was signed on 24 June 1994 in Corfu and entered into force on 1 January 1995. As had happened in 1972, Norway, which had also signed the treaty, withdrew from the accession process following the referendum of 28 November 1994. © European Union Family photo, Corfu European Council (24 June 1994) On 29 March 1996, a new IGC was launched in Turin to make preparations for a revision of the treaties as provided for in Article N of the Treaty on European Union. Upon its com- pletion, the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed on 2 October 1997 and entered into force on 1 May 1999. It was intended to meet the need to adapt the institutions and the decision-making process. It also signalled the Member States’ desire to bring the Union closer to citizens and, to that end, provided for measures on transparency. 15 Emphasis was also placed on sustainable development and gender equality, while the prin- ciples of respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law were enshrined as precon- ditions for accession to the EU. The powers of the European Parliament were increased once more with the extension of the co-decision procedure to new areas and the possibility of approving or rejecting the nomina- tion of the President-designate of the Commission. Also, the CFSP was strengthened by the creation of a High Representative (4) and the establishment of closer links with the Western European Union (WEU). The Schengen acquis (comprising the Schengen Agreement signed on 14 June 1985, the Schengen Convention adopted on 19 June 1990 and several sets of implementing measures) was incorporated into the EU framework by means of a protocol annexed to the Treaty of Amsterdam. This acquis consists of two major components: harmonisation of external border controls and enhanced police and judicial cooperation. It provided for the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice. Provisions on visas, asylum, immigration and judicial cooperation on civil matters were transferred from the third pillar to the first and thus governed by the Community method. The treaty also defined the conditions under which Member States that intend to cooperate more closely with one another might be authorised to do so. (4) Position held by the Secretary-General of the Council. 16 Twenty-first century treaties A declaration annexed to the Treaty of Amsterdam stated that ‘reinforcing the institutions … is an indispensable condition for the conclusion of the first accession negotiations’. A new IGC was therefore held to revise the treaties when accession negotiations with the candidate countries of eastern and southern Europe were launched in 1998. As a result, the Treaty of Nice was signed on 26 February 2001 and entered into force on 1 February 2003. It altered the EU’s institutional arrangements with a view to enlargement to 25 members. The Treaty on the Accession of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia was signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens. It entered into force on 1 May 2004. © European Union Family photo on the occasion of the signing of the Treaty of Nice (Nice, 26 February 2001) A ‘Declaration on the future of the Union’, annexed to the Treaty of Nice, provided for an IGC to be held in 2004. Arrangements were made for a Convention on the Future of the European Union during the Laeken European Council in December 2001 in order to draw 17 up a document that would ‘provide a starting point for discussions in the Intergovernmental Conference, which will take the ultimate decisions’. The convention, chaired by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, drew up and proposed a draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. The treaty, negotiated by a new IGC in 2003 and 2004, was signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome. It was intended to repeal the preceding treaties — with the exception of the Euratom Treaty — and to replace them with a single, constitutional text. However, following negative referendum results on 29 May 2005 in France and on 1 June 2005 in the Netherlands, the ratification process was suspended. In the interim, on 25 April 2005, the Treaty on the Accession of Bulgaria and Romania was signed in Luxembourg. It entered into force on 1 January 2007. As it was not possible for the Constitutional Treaty to enter into force, fresh negotiations were launched in 2007 leading to the signing on 13 December 2007, and the entry into force on 1 December 2009, of the Treaty of Lisbon. © European Union Family photo on the occasion of the signing of the Treaty on the Accession of Bulgaria and Romania (Luxembourg, 25 April 2005) 18 The Treaty of Lisbon was intended to improve institutional efficiency and to strengthen the democratic nature of the Union. The Union was henceforth founded on two treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which replaced the Treaty establishing the European Community. The Euratom Treaty, which was also amended by the Treaty of Lisbon, continued to exist for an indefinite period (5). The Treaty of Lisbon conferred legal personality on the EU and created two new institutions: the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European Council, with a President elected for two and a half years. The system of pillars set up by the Treaty of Maastricht was removed. The rules on voting in the Council were amended with the introduction of the dual- majority system (of Member States and of population). The role of the European Parliament as co-legislator with the Council was strengthened as the co-decision procedure became the ordinary legislative procedure. The treaty comprised a set of measures aimed at strength- ening the democratic nature of the Union. In addition to strengthening the powers of the European Parliament, there were also provisions on involving national parliaments in the decision-making process and on citizen participation (for example through the citizens’ initiative (6)). The Treaty of Lisbon gave the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union the same legal value as the treaties. For the first time, provision was made for the possibility of a Member State leaving the Union: ‘Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.’ (7) The Treaty on the Accession of Croatia was signed on 9 December 2011 in Brussels. It is due to enter into force on 1 July 2013 (8). Several amendments to the Treaty of Lisbon are currently being discussed. To be continued... (5) The ECSC Treaty expired on 23 July 2002. (6) Article 11(4) TEU. 7 () Article 50(1) TEU. 8 () Provided that all the instruments of ratification have been deposited before that date. 19 1951–2011: 60 YEARS THE EUROPEAN UNION A UNION OF LAW 2011 THE TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Treaty of Accession of Croatia, 9 December 2011 ratiﬁcation in progress Lisbon Treaty, 1 December 2009 Treaty of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania, 1 January 2007 Lisbon: 13 December 2007 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, t ЅF&VSPQFBO$PVODJMCFDPNFTBOJOTUJUVUJPO signed on 29 October 2004 t -BXNBLJOHQBSJUZCFUXFFOUIF&VSPQFBO did not come into force 1BSMJBNFOUBOEUIF$PVODJM t *OWPMWFNFOUPGOBUJPOBMQBSMJBNFOUT Treaty of Accession of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia, CHR t -FHBMQFSTPOBMJUZPGUIF&6 t $IBSUFSPG'VOEBNFOUBM3JHIUT 1 May 2004 Treaty of Nice, 1 February 2003 RONOLOGY A ND ENTRY INTO FORCE Nice: 26 February 2001 Treaty of Amsterdam, 1 May 1999 n © The European Union t 3FGPSNPGUIFJOTUJUVUJPOT Treaty of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden, 1 January 1995 A ND SIGNINGS GPSUIFGVUVSF6OJPOPG Act amending the Protocol on the Statute of the EIB: 13 December 2007 in Lisbon when the Treaty was signed European Investment Fund, 1 May 1994 Amsterdam: 2 October 1997 Treaty on European Union (TEU), t "SFBPGGSFFEPN TFDVSJUZBOEKVTUJDF 1 November 1993 t *OUFHSBUJPOPGUIF4DIFOHFOacquis t )VNBOSJHIUT Single European Act, 1 July 1987 t &RVBMJUZCFUXFFONFOBOEXPNFO Treaty of Accession of Spain and Portugal, t 4VTUBJOBCMFEFWFMPQNFOU 1 January 1986 t )JHI3FQSFTFOUBUJWFGPSUIF$'41 t $SJTJTNBOBHFNFOUDBQBDJUZ Treaty on Greenland, 1 January 1985 Treaty of Accession of Greece, 1 January 1981 © The European Union Maastricht: 7 February 1992 Treaty amending the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank (EIB): t #JSUIPGUIF&VSPQFBO6OJPO Modification of the unit of account; conversion method, 25 April 2005 in Luxembourg during the signing ceremony for the Treaty t &DPOPNJDBOENPOFUBSZVOJPO of Accession of Romania and Bulgaria 1 October 1977 t.PWFUPXBSETUIFFVSP t $PNNPOGPSFJHOBOETFDVSJUZQPMJDZ $'41 Treaty amending certain financial provisions, t +VTUJDFBOEIPNFBĊBJST +)" 1 June 1977 Treaty of Accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, K E Y STAGES Single Act: 17 and 28 February 1986 1 January 1973 t 2VBMJmFENBKPSJUZWPUJOH Treaty amending certain budgetary provisions: t #FHJOOJOHPGMFHJTMBUJWFDPPQFSBUJPOCFUXFFOUIF$PVODJM ‘Own resources’, BOEUIF&VSPQFBO1BSMJBNFOU 1 January 1971 TA t 5PXBSETBMBSHFJOUFSOBMNBSLFU t 'PSFJHOQPMJDZDPPQFSBUJPO Treaty merging the executive bodies, t 'JSTUNFOUJPOPGUIF&VSPQFBO$PVODJM 1 July 1967 © The European Union Convention on the Netherlands Antilles, 1 October 1964 Rome: 25 March 1957 25 March 1957 in Rome during the signing ceremony for the EEC and Euratom Treaties Convention on certain institutions common to the t 5XPGPVOEJOHUSFBUJFT‘… an ever closer union among the European Communities: Assembly, Court of Justice, peoples of Europe’ &&$QSFBNCMF Economic and Social Committee, (SBEVBMFTUBCMJTINFOUPGB 1 January 1958 HFOFSBMDPNNPONBSLFU &&$ &VSPQFBO"UPNJD&OFSHZ$PNNVOJUZ Treaty establishing the European Atomic &"&$PS&VSBUPN Energy Community (EAEC), 1 January 1958 © The European Union, 2011 — ISBN 978-92-824·3463-5 — doi:10.2860/14747 — QC-32-11-

A Union of Law: From Paris to Lisbon (PDF)

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