Science, Technology & Society in Middle Ages PDF

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Overview Why is it called the Middle Ages? Why are Middle Ages sometimes called dark ages? Were dark a...

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Overview Why is it called the Middle Ages? Why are Middle Ages sometimes called dark ages? Were dark ages really dark? Why is it the age of Faith? So, join me as I discuss with you the events during the middle ages and its contribution to science and technology. The Middle Ages is between 5th and 15th Overview centuries of European Objectives history. It is called Middle ages because it is the time between the Early, High & Late Middle Ages fall of Roman Empire and the beginning of the Early Modern Europe. It is also called The Technology Revolution as Dark Ages due to loss of technology of the Romans and Europe was dominated by superstitions. It is The Revival of said that there were no great leaders no emerged, scientific Science in accomplishments were made and no great art produced. During Europe the first centuries after the Fall of the Roman Empire, the standard of living in Europe returned to levels comparable to those just after The Islamic the Agricultural Revolution. Poverty was endemic and people Golden Age suffered from wars, piracy, famine and epidemics. There were no single state of form of government that united the people of European continent after the fall of Rome and because of that, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution during this period, kings, queens, nobles and the other leaders acquire their power from their alliances with and protection of the church. At that time, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East, ruled by a single caliph because of this medieval Islamic world was more than three times bigger than all of Christendom. The rise of Christianity and Islam is the reason this period was also called the Age of Faith. For SLSU use only 23 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Greek was the language of philosophy, encountered Greek philosophy for the first and therefore of science, in the time, and a systematic effort to translate Mediterranean world from the time of the Greek works received royal support and Greek city states through the period of late encouragement. The wide variety and antiquity. In the 7th century A.D., however, large number of Greek texts that were a new world power emerged. The rise of translated proved to be of lasting the Islamic Empire brought Muslim culture significance. to North Africa, Spain, Persia and India. During this period of expansion, Arabs Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to ➡ identify the causes of, and developments during the Islamic Golden Age and its contribution to science and technology. ➡ discuss the causes, main events and consequences of the Crusades, Great Famine, Black Death and the Hundred Years of War. ➡ identify various technologies that were developed during the middle ages in Europe. Lecture Notes Early Middle Ages (500-1000). This era is Bulgars, Alani, Suebi and Franks because often considered, to begin with the “fall of they hated the regime of Roman Empire. Rome” and end sometime in the 11th century. It encompasses the reigns of Epidemic diseases also strike in this period Charlemagne who is known for being first like smallpox that began to affect the Holy Roman Emperor. This era is Western Europe, caused by “variola virus”. sometimes referred as Late Antiquity Bishop Gregory of Tours described the because this is a time where the transition symptoms of smallpox. Plague of from classical antiquity, ancient Greek (Era Justinian, a disease from black rats, struck of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle), to Middle during the reign of King Justinian who Ages in both mainland of Europe and the trying to rebuild his empire in the middle Mediterranean world. It is also called as of 6th century. It was the first documented Migration Period a movement of barbarian pandemic in history that originated from people including Goths, Vandals, Huns, China and Northeast India. For SLSU use only 24 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Inventions that developed in Early Middle Ages improved the quality of life of every human. Some of these are watermill which generates electricity where can apply in different things like grinding grain to make a flour and important staple food; stirrups help warriors to maintain their balance while fighting; heavy plough is commonly known as “ard”/ scratch-plough. Plough is drawn by working animals like oxen and horses and it helps to loosen the soil or surface for preparation in planting. Water Mill. https://www.treehugger.com/important-things- that-were-invented-during-the-middle-ages-4868682 High Middle Ages (1000-1300). Many scholars called it "Medieval Period", which means going to the Renaissance period. The history of high middle ages is also a birth of the new ideas, thinkers, philosophers, writers and artist. After the fall of Rome, there is no single state or government united who lived in European context, because it is the time where Europe is just only began to stand because of the dark ages. The Catholic Church and the Monarchs (Kings and Queens) became the most Stirrups. https://www.quora.com/Was-the-stirrup-so- powerful institution in this era. It is the time important-in-battle-invented-during-the-Middle-Ages-or-by- in high Middle Ages that only literate the-Anglo-Saxons-who-fought-absorbed-the-Vikings-of- people are those in the church. the-8th-and-9th-centuries Inside the church, the hierarchy was according to their rank. First is the Pope, he is Church Hierarchy. https:// the supreme www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/ leader medieval-farming-technology- Heavy Plough. https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/ transforms-europe/ medieval-farming-technology-transforms-europe/ For SLSU use only 25 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES of the church, and who came from a very rich family or from a royal family. He is not only a leader of the church but also a king, a natural king with a papal state. Second is the Cardinal, he is known as the prince of the church, and has a chance to become Pope. A cardinal is also from the elite or royal family. Third is the Archbishop and Bishop. They also The Crusades; Causes and Goals. https:// come from the elite family. Last is the www.ancient.eu/img/c/p/1200x627/8983.jpg? priest, monks and nuns. v=1569519724 The highest in hierarchy in the European variety of reasons. These included fighting society are the Monarchs which are the pagans, the suppression of heresy and the Kings and Queens, Dukes, and other royal resolution of conflict between Catholic who is a member in the ruling class. This groups. followed by the nobles and barons. They are the members of counts, prince and What are the impacts of these crusades? princesses or also known as the aristocrats. Some of the impacts of the crusades may Next are the knights, the military forces in thus be summarized in general terms as the middle ages. Their first priority and follows: responsibility is to protect the nobles. Last in the rank is peasant. They composed of an increased presence of Christians farmers, laborers, artisans, slave in which in the Levant during the Middle they serve in their landlord’s land in Ages. exchange for their protection in times of wars and other benefits. the development of military orders. The Crusades. These were a series of a polarization of the East and West religious wars in western Asia and Europe based on religious differences. initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Catholic Church between the specific application of religious 11th and 17th century. The crusades goals to warfare in the Levant, differed from other religious conflicts in Iberian peninsula, and Baltic region, which participants considered them as a in particular. penitential exercise that brought absolution. Historians contest the the increased role and prestige of definition of the term with some restricting the popes and the Catholic Church it to armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem. The in secular affairs. most well known crusades are those fought against the Muslims of the eastern the souring of relations between the Mediterranean for the Holy Land between West and the Byzantine 1096 and 1271. Crusades were also fought Empire leading, ultimately, to the from the 12th century against the Iberian latter’s destruction. Moors, the Ottoman Empire and for a For SLSU use only 26 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe. a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe. an increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans. an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology. an increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa. Eyeglasses. https://2.bp.blogspot.com/- the appropriation of many Christian dQfqDbUBhDI/V5UQcnF2C1I/AAAAAAAAA6Q/ 81XNWAFXVHYoJvJkchsJPhEkVybe-ryEQCLcB/ relics to Europe. s1600/glasses.jpg the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism. There are some technology in the high middle ages, the hourglass, invented by Monk Liutprad, the tidal mill, the eyeglasses or spectacles invented by Friar Roger Bacon for correcting the vision of eyes, and the windmill invented by Terence Paul Smith. Late Middle Ages (1300-1500). The European prosperity and growth came to Hourglass. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/ 16th-century-hourglass.html a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315-1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population by as much as half according to some estimates. The Great Famine. Have you ever been really hungry for a day? Imagine what it would feel like to be hungry for days, weeks, months, and even years. This is what happened to the people in Europe The Great Famine. https://www.historicuk.com/ assets/Images/peasantsfields1310.jpg? during The Great Famine of 1315-1317. It 1392637992 For SLSU use only 27 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES is from the Russian Plains to the east, bite of infected fleas and rats. Many Ireland to the the Alps to the south. One of people believed that the Black Death was the reason of the famine is the climate in a kind of divine punishment and also they Europe that was constantly changing. believed that the only way to overcome Besides the weather issues, the way the plague was to win God’s forgiveness. society was organized made it difficult to handle the famine. In a feudal society the nobility was responsible for the care of the peasants (serfs) on their land; however, some of the nobility did not manage their land very well. Most of the nobility did not properly care for the soil that made it hard to grow food. During famine, food inflation hit the towns. The agriculture is destroyed. The grains could not ripen, straw and hay for the The Black Death; Symptoms, https:// images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/ animals could not be dried and there was 2007/08/dn12393-1_420.jpg?width=300 difficulty to produce salt which was used to preserve meat. Price of food especially bread began to rise. Situations were The Hundred Years of War. This was fought worsened in 1316 during the spring. between England and France and lasted People resorted to eating dogs and from 1337 to 1453. The war was a series of horses, incidences of cannibalism (rumor) battles with long periods of peace in and infanticides. Many people became between. Two factors lay at the origin of beggars and thieves. They believed that the conflict: First, the status of the duchy of famine was a punishment from God. Guyenne (or Aquitaine)- though it belonged to the kings of England, it The Black Death. It was a devastating remained a fief of the French crown, and global epidemic of bubonic plague that the kings of England wanted independent struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. possession. Second, As the closest The plague originated in China and relatives of the last direct Capetian king arrived in Europe in October 1347, when (Charles IV, who had died in 1328), the 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the kings of England from 1337 claimed the Sicilian port of Messina. Over the next five crown of France. years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe – almost After a series of battling, eventually, the one-third of the continent’s population. French gave in and King Charles VI named The symptoms were strange swellings, Henry as the heir to the throne. Many then followed by other unpleasant people in southern France did not accept symptoms such as fever, chills, vomiting, English rule. In 1428 the English began to diarrhea, terrible aches and pains and then invade southern France. They began a death. This Black Death was caused by a siege of the city of Orleans. However, a bacillus called Yersina pestis. It can be young peasant girl by the name of Joan of transmitted from rodents to human by the Arc took leadership of the French army. For SLSU use only 28 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES She claimed to have seen a vision from Middle Ages Catholic theology taught that God. She led the French to a victory at unnecessary work was unworthy of the Orleans in 1429. She led the French to dignity of man, and so great efforts were several more victories before she was made to develop labor-savor machinery. captured by the English and burned at the The monasteries were centers of stake. The French were inspired by Joan of technological innovation. Arc's leadership and sacrifice. They According to many historians, the first continued to fight back. They pushed the important technological revolution took English army out of France taking place during these years. It was a Bordeaux in 1453 signaling the end of the revolution mainly because of two favors: Hundred Years War. (1) several technologies from Antiquity that had been forgotten were used again on a large scale and a series of new inventions brought medieval technology to a more advanced stage that of the Romans, and (2) many of the tools and machines developed during these times remained practically unchanged until the Industrial Revolution. Hundred Years of War. https://www.history.com/ topics/middle-ages/hundred-years-war Despite the acquisition of many techniques from the East, the Western world of 500–1500 was forced to solve The Technology Revolution most of its problems on its own initiative. The Middle Ages were one of the most In doing so it transformed an agrarian outstandingly inventive periods in the society based upon a subsistence whole of human history. It was then that economy into a dynamic society with the foundations of modern sciences were increased productivity sustaining trade, laid and the same time saw what had been industry, and town life on a steadily justly called the first industrial revolution. growing scale. This was primarily a Much of this process involved recovering technological achievement, and one of the knowledge and achievements of the considerable magnitude. ancient world. The history of medieval Horseshoe, horse collar & stirrup. With no technology is thus largely the story of the large slave labour force to draw on, preservation, recovery, and modification of Europe experienced a labour shortage earlier achievements. Both were made that stimulated a search for alternative possible by the beliefs on the material sources of power and the introduction of world and on the mutual responsibilities of labour saving machinery. The first men towards each other that are inherent instrument of this power revolution was in Catholic theology. In ancient civilization, the horse. By the invention of the there were plenty of slaves carry out horseshoe, the padded, rigid horse collar, laborious work, and so there was no and the stirrup, all of which appeared in incentive to build machines, but in the the West in the centuries of the Dark Ages, For SLSU use only 29 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES the horse was transformed from an Norse mill requires a good head of water ancillary beast of burden useful only for to turn the wheel at an adequate grinding light duties into a highly versatile source of speed without gearing for the upper energy in peace and war. Once the horse millstone (the practice of rotating the could be harnessed to the heavy plough upper stone above a stationary bed stone by means of the horse collar, it became a became universal at an early date). Most of more efficient draft animal than the ox, and the Domesday water mills were used for the introduction of the stirrup made the grinding grain, but in the following mounted warrior supreme in medieval centuries other important uses were warfare and initiated complex social devised in fulling cloth (shrinking and changes to sustain the great expense of felting woolen fabrics), sawing wood, and the knight, his armour, and his steed, in a crushing vegetable seeds for oil. Overshot society close to the subsistence line. wheels also were introduced where there was sufficient head of water, and the competence of the medieval millwrights in building and earthworks and in constructing increasingly elaborate trains of gearing grew correspondingly. Horse Collar: dragging the plough with a Horse https://player.slideplayer.com/12/3559123/data/ images/img14.jpg Even more significant was the success of medieval technology in harnessing water and wind power. The Romans had pioneered the use of water power in the later empire, and some of their techniques probably survived. The type of water mill 1400’s Norse Mill. https:/www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/ that flourished first in northern Europe, brit-land/power/images/b-land-1400-norse-mill-s.jpg however, appears to have been the Norse mill, using a horizontally mounted Windmill. The sail had been used to waterwheel driving a pair of grindstones harness wind power from the dawn of directly, without the intervention of civilization, but the windmill was unknown gearing. Examples of this simple type of in the West until the end of the 12th mill survive in Scandinavia and in the century. Present evidence suggests that Shetlands; it also occurred in southern the windmill developed spontaneously in Europe, where it was known as the Greek the West; though there are precedents in mill. It is possible that a proportion of the Persia and China, the question remains 5,624 mills recorded in the Domesday open. What is certain is that the windmill Book of England in 1086 were of this type, became widely used in Europe in the although it is probable that by that date Middle Ages. Wind power is generally less the vertically mounted undershot wheel reliable than water power, but where the had established itself as more appropriate latter is deficient wind power is an to the gentle landscape of England; the attractive substitute. Such conditions are For SLSU use only 30 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES found in areas that suffer from drought or possible this fusion, with the result that the from a shortage of surface water and also molten metal could be poured directly in low-lying areas where rivers offer little into molds ready to receive it. The energy. Windmills have thus flourished in emergence of the blast furnace was the places such as Spain or the downlands of result of attempts to increase the size of England on the one hand, and in the the traditional blooms. fenlands and polders of the Netherlands on the other hand. The first type of windmill to be widely adopted was the post-mill, in which the whole body of the mill pivots on a post and can be turned to face the sails into the wind. By the 15th century, however, many were adopting the tower-mill type of construction, in which the body of the mill remains stationary with only the cap moving to turn the sails into the wind. As with the water mill, the development of the windmill brought not only greater mechanical Blast Furnace. https://c8.alamy.com/comp/ power but also greater knowledge of D89H6G/blast-furnace-1-D89H6G.jpg mechanical contrivances, which was applied in making clocks and other Magnetic Compass. It provided a means devices. of checking navigation on the open seas in any weather. The convergence of these improvements in the ships of the later Middle Ages, Compass. https:// together with other medievaltimes1400s.files. Farmers taking Grain to the Windmill. http:// improvements in wordpress.com/2016/03/ 4.bp.blogspot.com/mGtOy1hT_UY/UJusbPoH8LI/ construction and image2.jpg?w=656 AAAAAAAABzE/lepx4kmTtQE/s1600/windmill.jpg equipment—such as better barrels for carrying water, more Blast Furnace. The manufacture of cast reliable ropes, sails, and anchors, the iron is the great metallurgical innovation of availability of navigational charts (first the Middle Ages. It must be remembered recorded in use on board ship in 1270), that from the beginning of the Iron Age and the astrolabe (for measuring the angle until late in the Middle Ages the iron ore of the Sun or a star above the horizon)— smelted in the available furnaces had not lent confidence to adventurous mariners been completely converted to its liquid and thus led directly to the voyages of form. In the 15th century, however, the discovery that marked the end of the development of the blast furnace made Middle Ages and the beginning of the For SLSU use only 31 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES expansion of Europe that has was that characterized modern times. established at Mainz by Johannes Mechanical Clock. While transport Gutenberg, which technology was evolving toward these was producing a revolutionary developments, techniques sufficient quantity of recording and communication were of accurate type to making no less momentous advances. The print a Vulgate medieval interest in mechanical Bible about 1455. contrivances is well illustrated by the It is clear, however, development of the mechanical clock, the that this invention oldest of which, driven by weights and drew heavily Gutenberg ‘s’ Printing Press. controlled by a verge, an oscillating arm upon long http:// engaging with a gear wheel, and dated previous mrclarkskipp.weebly.com/ 1386, survives in Salisbury Cathedral, uploads/ experience with England. Clocks driven by springs had 6/3/4/5/63455079/21337 block printing— 62_orig.jp appeared by the mid-15th century, making using a single it possible to construct more compact block to print a mechanisms and preparing the way for the design or picture—and on developments in portable clock. typecasting and ink making. It also made heavy demands on the paper industry, which had been established in Europe since the 12th century but had developed slowly until the invention of printing and the subsequent vogue for the printed word. The printing press itself, vital for securing a firm and even print over the whole page, was an adaptation of the screw press already familiar in the wine press and other applications. The printers found an enormous demand for their product, so that the technique spread rapidly and the printed word became an Mechanical Clock. https://cdn.britannica.com/ essential medium of political, social, 40/60540-050-6A37C812/Reconstruction-clock- religious, and scientific communication as direction-Su-Sung-Joseph-Needham.jpg well as a convenient means for the dissemination of news and information. By Printing Press. Even more significant than 1500 almost 40,000 recorded editions of the invention of the mechanical clock was books had been printed in 14 European the 15th-century invention of printing with countries, with Germany and Italy movable metal type. The details of this accounting for two-thirds. Few single epochal invention are disappointingly inventions have had such far-reaching obscure, but there is general agreement consequences. that the first large-scale printing workshop For SLSU use only 32 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES The Revival of Science in Europe. How was of church for the science in Europe being revived? It revival of art, happened during the 9th century known as culture and the Carolingan Renaissance under the learning. Only the Frankish Empire. It was called as the member of the reversal of the decline of Western science church and and technology where knowledge from monastic orders ancient Greek started to returned in were literate. Let us Europe. Islam played a very important role say that they are because many works of ancient time have the only people been preserved and translated into Arabic that Charlemagne even before the Dark Ages. Trade and food can trust to production started to increase and water establish the was more abundant than in the system of Scholasticism. http:// Mediterranean countries and soil was more education in www.sheppardsoftware.com/ Europeweb/factfile/Unique- fertile. Europe. He took facts Europe35.htm a serious interest Frankish empire was in his and others' under the rule of scholarship. He gathered finest scholars Charlemagne also from other places and later on it was called known as Charles as“scholasticism”. the Great. He was born on 742 and Alcuin of York (732-804) from England, a died on 814 CE. He monk, poet, educator. He wrote number of is a ruthless and works on education, theology and brutal man. philosophy. Charlemagne met him in Italy Charlemagne on 778 and invited him to Aachen where learned to read became the head of Palatine school. Latin only when Aachen is the place where Charlemagne Charlemagne. http:// he was already an www.nndb.com/people/ gathered the leading Irish, English and adult and 180/000085922/ Italian scholars of that year and became the unsuccessfully to charlemagne-1-sized.jpg center of discussion and exchange of learn to write. He knowledge. According to him, his fear of realized that Charlemagne was as great as his love. education is the key of maintaining unity and peace. One of his great contribution was he reunited Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire and built an empire greater than any known since Ancient Rome. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, stimulated European economic and political life, and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Alcuin. https://www.bl.uk/people/alcuin-of-york Renaissance. Western Europeans tried re- systematized education through the help For SLSU use only 33 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES In 13th century Christian philosophers Muslims translated most of the famous establish a university called Scholastic works of antiquity - Plato, Aristotle and School. St. Thomas Aquinas is one of the Socrates to Arabic that save their works founder of this school. Many contemporary when the Great Roman Empire has fallen. philosophers are unsure how to read him. The Arab translated and preserved not only He was a primary theologian but find in his the scientific works of the ancients, but also writings and works could recognize as contributed much to several scientific philosophical. He argued that knowledge fields. The Arab mechanics and can be obtained through both religious engineering technology thrived between faith and natural reason. He explained the 8th and 16th centuries. Machines were difference between believer (religion) and designed and developed for irrigation and (philosophy). A philosopher started to ask industrial works such as the cylinder pump, question based from what he observe and the hydro powered perpetual flute and the generating reasons and started to explain. automated boat. The unsurpassed work on While the believer ultimately deciding to Arab mechanical engineering gave a true believe what is true on the basis of faith insight into Arab mechanical technology. and by the revelation of God. However, Even more than mechanical engineering, according to him, there are in fact elements Arab also made advancement in of what God has revealed that is subject to Mathematics, as they developed different philosophical analysis. mathematical concepts such as irrational numbers, algebra, analytical geometry and trigonometry, and development of Arabic numerals and decimal systems. In Astronomy, the Arab astronomers led to great advancements in this field and made a large number of accurate observations of the heavens and earth. The major astronomical instruments that were Thomas Aquainas: Teaching the Faith. https:// www.hprweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ employed and developed during Islamic Teaching-the-Faith-St.-Thomas-Aquinas-Contributions- period are mural quadrant, armillary collage-2.jp sphere, parallactic ruler, celestial sphere, portable quadrants, sundial and qibla The Islamic Golden Age (750-1500). finders. Using these instruments, Arab During the Middle Ages, Muslim Cities astronomers calculated the circumference such as; Baghdad, Cairo, Tripoli, Cordoba of the Earth, based from the assumption on became the center of intellectual and an ancient Middle Eastern hypothesis that cultural where theologians, scholars, the Earth is round, to be 32, 833 km and its scientists, artists, writers, philosophers, diameter is 10, 465 km; almost coinciding mathematicians and others convened for with the modern measurements (C=40,075 scholarship, experimentation and km; D=12,742 km). discovery. This led the naming of the period “the Islamic Renaissance or the Islamic Golden Age”. For SLSU use only 34 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES The Arab institutions were medical schools, medical scientists did so libraries and pharmacies. much research However, the science of anatomy did not work of different progress because dissection of corpses formula and is not allowed by Islamic Law. One of the experiment on medical giants in Islamic world is Abu Bkr how to convert Muhammad bin Zakariya al-Razi, now for baser metal into his great authority in infectious and medical gold. This is encyclopedias. He was a prolific author called alchemy who wrote more than 100 books on in the early in medicine, astronomy, logic, philosophy and https:// the early times physical sciences. www.newworldencyclopedia.or that later g/entry/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan became Around the year Chemistry. The 1,000 AD the scientist Abu Must Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber distinguished in the West) was the most famous Arab in surgeon Abu Al- the early chemical research and was called Qasim Khalaf Ibn as the “Father of Chemistry”. He wrote more Al-Abbas Al- that 100 treatise, of which 22 deal with Zahrawi (936-1013 alchemy and Chemistry. He introduced AD), also known in experimental investigation into alchemy, the West as and did much work with metals and salt, Abulcasisi, who which led to the invention of alembic and practiced in the discovery of antimony, aqua regia Cordoba, published (mixture of concentrated nitric and a 1,500 page hydrochloric acids) and sulfuric and nitric illustrated https://hekint.org/ acids. 2017/01/22/abulcasis- encyclopedia of the-pharmacist-surgeon/ surgery. It was In the field of hugely influential in medicine, the Europe, and many of his instruments are Arab highly still used today. He is credited with developed and inventing the scalpel, syringe, the forceps, continued to the surgical hook and needle, the bone improve the saw, and using dissolving catgut to stitch healing arts and wounds. In addition to his knowledge of practices of the medicine and surgery he was skilled in using ancients. simple and compound remedies and therefore Numerous was also known as the “Pharmacist Surgeon.” hospitals were established with The influence of Arab medicine encompassed https://www.researchgate.net/ codified in the early 13th century, the establishment of figure/Portrait-of-Abubakr- administration Muhammad-ibn-Zakariyya-al- one of Europe’s leading medical schools at Razi-or-Rhazes-865-925- Montpellier in Southern France, along the lines and wards, then CE_fig1_236331515 of Arab medical schools. added to these For SLSU use only 35 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES an inverted image of what lay outside onto a wall https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gx5OdXDALc https://www.famousinventors.org/ inside alhazen the Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and chamber. engineer Abbas Ibn Firnas is the Leonardo In the 1800’s, photographic plates were Da Vinci of the Islamic world. The 9th added to the camera obscura to capture Century inventor was 65 when he made his images permanently. The result? The famous attempt at controlled flight in a camera. All modern cameras—and indeed rudimentary hang-glider he built. He the eye itself—use the same physical launched himself off the side of a mountain principles as the camera obscura. and according to some accounts remained airborne for several minutes before landing Islamic scholar Badi al-Zaman Abu al-Izz badly and hurting his back. This was Ismail ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was born in probably the world’s first parachute jump. 1136 in Diyarbakır in what is today central- Ibn Firnas lived for another 12 years after southern Turkey. He was a brilliant inventor, this event. In these final years he reflected who made a significant contribution in on what went wrong on that faithful day engineering in 1206 by devising the and he reached the conclusion that his world's first crankshaft - the most important design did not include a mechanism to single mechanical device after the wheel. slow his descent. A bird uses its tail and This conceptually simple device transforms wings in unison to slow its speed and stall continuous rotary motion into a linear just above the ground before touching reciprocating motion, but it is now used in down. Ibn Firnas realized that he forgot to a huge number of modern machines, design a tail. including automobiles. The scholar Alhazen or Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham from Basra was the first person to describe how the eye works. He carried out experiments with reflective materials and proved that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, as Greek scientists had believed. In addition, https://ismailaljazariblog.wordpress.com/crankshaft/ Alhazen identified the principles that underpin photography when he built what could amount to the first camera obscura on record. This enclosure consisted of a “dark room” into which light entered through a pinhole-size aperture, projecting For SLSU use only 36 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Arabic Numerals. Arabic numbers, or more Hygiene. History lives in everything, and precisely Hindu-Arabic numbers, were personal hygiene is no exception. When it invented sometime in fifth century in India. comes to hygiene in the Arab and Middle From India they spread westwards, Eastern culture, there is a long and rich together with the spread of Islam, reaching history that is often forgotten. The Arab the Mediterranean around the eighth hamman (public bathhouse) century. is greatly believed to have inspired Europeans to readopt the culture of Europe picked up these numbers from the bathing during the twelfth and thirteenth Arabic civilization, that is why we call them centuries. So, what did Arabs use to ‘Arabic’. But it took a long time before maintain personal hygiene in the past? Europeans widely adopted Arabic numbers in their practice due to difficult Toothbrush. Islam was the first global relationships with Islam, and also to the low religion that promoted bodily hygiene. The levels of literacy and numeracy in Europe at Prophet Mohammed popularized the first the time, together with a more general toothbrush around the 7th century (600). cultural backwardness in comparison with Using the twig of Miswak tree, he cleaned the Arabic civilization. However, with the his teeth and freshened his breath. development of international trade in Substances similar to Miswak are used in Europe from the eleventh century to modern toothpaste. thirteenth century, several key financial and organizational innovations were introduced. This is when the first international companies appear, together with the earliest examples of banking and international finance. This new economic complexity raised the need for a higher level of computing power, especially to solve calculations of interest and exchange rates. It is at this stage that merchant- bankers, who were already literate and numerate, realized that Hindu-Arabic numerals suited their needs better than Roman ones. Arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals became part of the required training for merchant-bankers. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Miswak-tree-and- Miswak-teeth-cleaning-twig-are- shown_fig1_334610314 Soap. Arabs went on to develop their soap production, making liquid and hard soaps that were often perfumed and colored. They did so by using vegetable oils, https://www.archimedes-lab.org/numeral.html including olive oil, or some aromatic oils, such as thyme oil. For SLSU use only 37 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES The medieval time period played a large to new technologies--or new uses--or new role in social evolution. Without the social modes. It is this interplay of inventions and discoveries of the Middle technology and society throughout the Ages, today’s technology would not be Medieval Age that it so interesting. By now, nearly as advanced as it is. Science would you should see why the older term "Dark still be based on the Church’s ideas and Ages" is inappropriate. All the foundations ideals, travel and transportation would be for our modern society were laid in the slower, agriculture would be harder, Medieval Age. architecture wouldn’t be as diverse as it has been throughout time. Even the simple But, technology did not develop solely in invention of linen undergarments allowed Europe. Many technologies, instead, were people to design more comfortable and the result of inventions that were suiting clothes and fabric. transferred from the East such as China, India, and the Muslim world. The impact of a technology on society is always unexpected because technologies -END OF THE LESSON- are rarely "the end of the story." They lead Reflection: If you were one of those who lived in the late middle ages where the people suffered from the the effect of bubonic plague and you have the capacity to do something in controlling the epidemic, how and what are you going to do to help out the government and the community? Self Assessment #3: The result of this test will reveal how much you understand the lesson and will be recorded as part of your performance. Go to your Google Classroom; click the link to redirect you in the Google Form to answer this test. Say aloud your promise of honesty (below) before taking the quiz. In taking this quiz, I (your name) understand that I may not work with anyone else, including conferring with others (student, or anyone else); exchanging information, answer or ideas; or in aiding or being aided by others in the completion of this test. I understand that failure to follow this rules is considered cheating, and may subject me to a significant reduction in my grade at the discretion of the professor. I certify that I have personally prepared the answers to this test in accordance with the above stated rules. 1. What period of time is covered by the Middle Ages? (A) 500 BC to 500 AD (B) 1 AD to 1500 AD (C) 500 AD to 1500 AD (D) 1000 AD to 2000 AD 2. Which is not the acceptable name for the Middle Age time period? (A) Renaissance (B) Dark Ages (C) Medieval Times (D) None of these For SLSU use only 38 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES 3. Which event marks the beginning and end of medieval time period? (A) The split of Roman Empire to the Black Death (B) The Siege of Constantinople to Hundred years of War (C) The Fall of Roman to the Renaissance (D) The Viking raids to Voyage of Columbus 4. Which of the following did NOT Charlemagne do during his rule? (A) Promoted education (B) Spread Christianity (C) Promoted Scholasticism (D) Provided unity and a government 5. Which of the following is true of the Black Death? (A) The virus was carried by rats and transmitted by fleas. (B) It was also known as the Bubonic plague. (C) It sometimes started with tumors that would grow under the armpit and groin (D) All of these. 6. Which of the following statements about The Great Famine is INCORRECT? (A) It was one of the longest-running famines in European history. (B) It occurred because of adverse weather conditions and poor economic planning with the communal way of farming. (C) Parents sold their children to save them from hunger. (D) Cannibalism became wide spread. 7. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the High Middle Ages? (A) The revival of commerce led to higher standard of living and the population increased. (B) The series of holy wars against Muslims weakened. (C) More castles and churches were built. (D) Trading between cities helped rejuvenate Europe; new merchants and craftsmen were created. 8. Europeans acquired "new" learning during the late middle ages. – What is meant by the word new in this sentence? (A) Most knowledge learned during this time was entirely new to the whole world. (B) Many of the ideas had been lost to Europeans, but were well known to Muslim civilizations that were willing to share this knowledge. (C) Only certain segments of the population in Europe were learning this new knowledge. (D) Muslim civilizations would not share their knowledge, so Europeans had to discover it on their own. 9. How were the Islamic scholars able to preserve many classical works of antiquity from Greece? (A) After learning how to speak Latin, they gave several lectures in Greece, which led to the preservation of many classical works of antiquity from Greece (B) They started their own university, which resulted in the preservation of many classical works of antiquity from Greece. (C) They tried to gather and translate most of the world's knowledge into Arabic, which resulted in the preservation of many classical works of antiquity from Greece. (D) Islamic scholars traveled the Silk Road, spreading classical knowledge Greece. 10. Which statement about the Golden Age of Islam is a fact rather than an opinion? (A) Muslims were the best early mathematicians. (B) Islamic art was more abstract than Greek art. (C) Islamic society preserved Greek and Roman culture. (D) Muslim artists had more talent than European artists. For SLSU use only 39 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY IN MIDDLE AGES Project #3: Three-minute Vlog Create a group vlog about the current pandemic that the world is facing including the Philippines; relate this to the epidemic happened during the Middle Ages. Discuss in the vlog the origin, causes and effects, action of the Philippine government (from LGU to National Government) to reduce (if stopping the spread of the virus is not yet possible) the number of infected people. Log in to Google Classroom for further instructions. Rubric for a video blog Criteria/ 4 3 2 1 Ratings Content It covers all the It includes basic It includes essential The content topics in depth with knowledge of the information about includes minor details and topic. The content the topic but it has details and it has examples. The seems to be good. 1-2 mistakes in the several mistakes in knowledge of the facts. the facts. topic is excellent. Originality The product shows The product shows The product uses The product uses great originality. certain originality. It ideas from other ideas from other The ideas are shows the use of people (quoting people without creative and witty. new ideas and of them), but there is quoting them. shrewdness. little evidence of original ideas. Use of There are no any Three or fewer Four mistakes in More than four Language mistakes in spelling mistakes in spelling spelling or mistakes in spelling or grammar and or grammar and grammar and or grammar and punctuation punctuation. punctuation. punctuation. Videography A lot of different Several (3-4) and One or two Little effort has (Interest) shots, camera different shots, different shots, been made to angles, sound camera angles, camera angles, provide variety to effects, and an sound effects, and/ sound effects, and/ the video. adequate use of or an adequate use or an adequate use zooming providing of zooming of zooming variety in the video providing variety in providing variety in the video the video Videography The overall quality Most of the quality The quality of the The quality of the (Clarity) of the video and of the video and video is not very video and the focus the focus were the focus were good but the focus were not very good. excellent. excellent. was excellent. For SLSU use only 40