Feed Analysis PDF

Feed Analysis CU: Animal Nutrition Margarida Cardoso Duarte, PhD www.egasmoniz.com/pt Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine - www.egasmoniz.com/pt the Weende system The “proximate” a...

Feed Analysis CU: Animal Nutrition Margarida Cardoso Duarte, PhD www.egasmoniz.com/pt Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine - www.egasmoniz.com/pt the Weende system The “proximate” analysis of food/ feed: www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt The “proximate” analysis of food For teaching purposes only! The objective behind feed analysis is to define the feed in terms of its ability to meet the nutrient requirements of the animal. The most common and basic system for broadly defining the food is called the ‘proximate’ analysis of the food, or ‘Weende’ system, which was devised in 1865 by Henneberg and Stohmann at the Weende -- Experiment Station in Germany. Medicine Veterinary Medicine The term ‘proximate’ refers to the fact that most of the measures are ‘proxies’ for the actual chemical in Veterinary parameters being defined. Degree in Master Degree The system of proximate analysis still forms the basis for the statutory declaration of the composition Master of foods in Europe. www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt The “proximate” analysis of food (cont.) – Weende system For teaching purposes only! The Weende Analysis This system of analysis divides the food into six fractions: moisture, ash, crude protein, -- crude fat (ether extract), crude fiber and carbohydrates Medicine Veterinary Medicine (nitrogen-free extractives). Master Degree Master in Veterinary Degree in Wu G. (2018). Principles of Animal Nutrition www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt The “proximate” analysis of food (cont.) – Weende system For teaching purposes only! Proximate or Weende Analysis of Feedstuffs provide information on:  crude protein (CP), which is estimated as nitrogen (CP % = 6.25 × N %). Hence it is termed ‘crude’ protein, not ‘true’ protein; --  carbohydrates, which are separated into crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract (NFE); Medicine Veterinary Medicine  nitrogen free extract (NFE), which is a misnomer in that no extract is involved; NFE is measured by: in Veterinary NFE = weight of original sample – Σ weights of (moisture, crude fat, CP, crude fibre, ash), rather than by direct analysis; Degree in Master Degree  volatile compounds (e.g., short-chain fatty acids [e.g. propionate, and butyrate] and essential oils Master [such as menthol and camphor]), which may be lost when dry matter (DM) is determined at 100–105°C for 12–24 h. www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt The “proximate” analysis of food (cont.) – Weende system For teaching purposes only!  Crude Protein includes protein and other nitrogenous substances, namelly peptides, AAs, amines, polyamines, carnitine, creatine, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleic acids, ammonia, urea, nitrite, and nitrate. --  Crude fat includes triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, carotenes, and Medicine Veterinary Medicine xanthophylls. in Veterinary  Crude fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose (partial), lignin (partial), and cutin. Degree in Master Degree  NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract) consists of sugars, starches, glycogen, fructan, pectins, hemicellulose Master (partial), and lignin (partial). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt The “proximate” analysis of food (cont.) – Weende system For teaching purposes only! + -- Master Degree Master in Veterinary Degree in Medicine Veterinary Medicine Hynd, P.I. (2019). Animal Nutrition – from Theory to practice. www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Dry Matter analysis in food/ feed For teaching purposes only! Water is an important component of animal foods. It contributes to the water requirements of animals and dilutes the nutrient content of foods. Water content varies widely between foods. -- Medicine Veterinary Medicine The Moisture content is determined as the loss in weight that results from drying a known weight of food to constant weight at 105 °C. in Veterinary DM (%) = (weight of the dry sample / weight of the fresh sample) x 100 Degree in (when the moisture content is known: DM (%) = 100 – Moisture (%)) Master Degree Master www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Dry Matter analysis in food/ feed (cont.) For teaching purposes only! Exception: Silage - significant losses of volatile material (short-chain fatty acids and alcohols) may take place. 1. The moisture content is determined directly by distilling the water from the sample under toluene. 2. The distillate is measured and corrected for the presence of fermentation acids and alcohols. -- 3. An estimate of the ‘corrected’ dry matter (g/kg) can be calculated from the oven dry matter (ODM g/kg) using a relationship such as that published by the Agriculture and Food Research Council: Medicine Veterinary Medicine Corrected DM = 0.99 ODM + 18.9 in Veterinary Degree in Master Degree Silage is the material produced by controlled fermentation of a crop Master of high moisture content. Fermentation under anaerobic conditions www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Ash analysis in food/ feed For teaching purposes only! The Ash content is determined by ignition of a known weight of the food at 550 °C until all carbon has been removed. residue = ash, and represent the inorganic constituents of the food; -- ash major component is silica; ash may contain material of organic origin (sulfur and phosphorous from proteins), and some loss of Medicine Veterinary Medicine volatile material in the form of sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphorus and sulphur will take place during ignition; Animals do not have a requirement for ash per se but require the individual mineral elements that it in Veterinary contains; Mineral elements are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma Degree in spectroscopy. Master Degree Master www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Crude Protein analysis in food/ feed For teaching purposes only! The Crude protein (CP) content is calculated from the nitrogen content of the food, determined by a modification of a technique originally devised by Kjeldahl over 100 years ago. -- Medicine Veterinary Medicine  In 2009, the European Commission confirmed the Kjeldhal method as an official method for food and feed control. in Veterinary  Determines Nitrogen based on organic nitrogen and ammonia;  Sample size is not limited, making it a valuable method for inhomogeneous sample types. Degree in Master Degree Master www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Crude Protein analysis in food/ feed For teaching purposes only! Kjeldhal method: 1. food is digested with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which converts all nitrogen present, except that in the form of nitrate and nitrite, to ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4); 2. ammonia (NH3) is liberated by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the digest (neutralization), distilled off and collected in standard acid (boric acid - H3BO3); 3. the quantity collected is determined by titration (with HCl, or H2SO4) or by an automated colorimetric -- method. Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary VHCl blank − VHCl sample x HCl x MW nitrogen x 6.25 Protein (% w/w) = Sample weight Degree in Master Degree Master Digestion Unit Molecular weight of N = 14.0067 g/mol www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Crude Protein analysis in food (cont.) For teaching purposes only! The estimation of crude protein assumes that the protein contains a constant amount of nitrogen (~16%) and uses in its calculation an average conversion factor of 6.25 (1000 g food protein/160 g N = 6.25). In fact, the nitrogen content of the proteins in which feed are composed varies (depending on its amino acid composition), so the assumption of 16% is (not totally correct, but) an average value. -- To account for this (nitrogen content), a set of factors known as Jones’ factors have been used to calculate Medicine Veterinary Medicine the crude protein content of specific feeds. in Veterinary Degree in Master Degree Conversion factors for true protein should be based on the amino acid content of the feed Master because this is the important nutritional component. www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Crude Protein analysis in food (cont.) For teaching purposes only! As an alternative to the standard Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen (crude protein) is the Dumas method. Highly automated analysis of batches of up to 100 samples at a time, but with limited sample size due to the combustion method employed. the sample (smaller than required for Kjeldhal) is combusted in pure oxygen; the products are carbon -- dioxide, water, oxides of nitrogen and nitrogen (organic material’s elements). Medicine Veterinary Medicine CO2 and H2O are absorbed on columns and the oxides of nitrogen are converted to nitrogen with a column packed with copper; the resulting total nitrogen (which includes inorganic fractions) is in Veterinary determined in a thermal conductivity detector. This method, although expensive in equipment, is rapid and does not rely on Degree in hazardous chemicals. Master Degree Master www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Crude Fat analysis in food For teaching purposes only! The Crude Fat or ether extract (EE) fraction is determined by subjecting the food to a continuous extraction with petroleum ether for a defined period. The residue, after evaporation of the solvent, is the ether extract. As well as lipids it contains organic acids, alcohol and pigments. This procedure is referred to AOAC (2006), method 920.39. -- In other official method (AOAC (2006), method 954.02), the extraction with ether is preceded by Medicine Veterinary Medicine hydrolysis of the sample with hydrochloric acid (HCl 40%) and the resultant residue is the acid ether extract. in Veterinary Example: Degree in Master Degree The cooking procedure of dry pet food may denature proteins and cause starch gelatinization, which results in the formation of amylose-lipid complex and makes it more difficult to extract lipids with ether. Master Therefore, the determination of crude fat with acid hydrolysis is recommended for dry foods (NRC, 2006). The acid hydrolysis method breaks the amylose-lipid complex and makes fat quantification possible. www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Carbohydrate analysis in food For teaching purposes only! The Carbohydrate of the food is contained in two fractions: Crude Fibre (CF) and Nitrogen-Free Extractives (NFE). The Crude fibre (CF) is determined by subjecting the residual food from ether extraction to successive -- treatments with boiling acid and alkali of defined concentration; the organic residue is the crude fibre. Medicine Veterinary Medicine The nitrogen-free extractives fraction (NFE) is a heterogeneous mixture of all those components not determined in the other fractions: in Veterinary NFE (%) = 100 – (moisture + crude fat + CP + crude fiber + ash) Degree in Master Degree Master www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Carbohydrate analysis in food (cont.) For teaching purposes only! The crude fiber fraction contains: cellulose, lignin (an indigestible component of plant fiber), hemicelluloses. -- Medicine  NOT whole of these are present in the food; Veterinary Medicine  variable proportion of cell wall material (plant species and stage of growth) is dissolved during the crude fiber extraction and thus is contained in the nitrogen-free extractives. in Veterinary Degree in This leads to Master Degree underestimation of the fiber (residue) & overestimation of the starch and sugars (NFE fraction) (dissolved) Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine - www.egasmoniz.com/pt van Soest analysis www.egasmoniz.com/pt Fiber analysis in feed – van Soest analysis For teaching purposes only! …..similarly crude fiber is a ‘proxy’ for the actual fiber content. Crude fiber in the proximate analysis system was meant to describe the indigestible component of the feed, but non-ruminants can digest some fiber components and ruminants can digest cellulose and hemicelluloses. - Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine The van Soest fiber analysis system was introduced to reflect more accurately the digestibility or indigestibility of the various fiber fractions in ruminants and non-ruminants.  van Soest represents an extension of the Weende feed analysis. www.egasmoniz.com/pt - Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Fiber analysis in feed (cont.) – van Soest analysis For teaching purposes only! The value of Crude Fiber content of a feed when analyzed by the Weende system is always less than the NDF fraction analyzed by the van Soest analysis www.egasmoniz.com/pt Fiber analysis in feed (cont.) – van Soest analysis For teaching purposes only! Procedures for the determination of plant fiber were developed by Peter van Soest and coworkers at the USDA laboratories in the 1960s (van Soest and Wine, 1967). NDF – ADF = hemicellulose ADF – ADL = cellulose - ADL – ash = lignin Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine this treatment removes the The hemicellulose has good hemicelluloses digestibility. The ADF is the least digestible fiber portion of forage or other roughage. NDF, ADF and ADL are not included in the Weende System. Hynd, P.I. (2019). Animal Nutrition – from Theory to practice. ADL – Acid Detergent Lignin www.egasmoniz.com/pt Fiber analysis in feed (cont.) – van Soest analysis For teaching purposes only! Thus, fibrous constituents are determined by application of detergent solutions and weighing the residue, or by the use of enzymes followed by weighing… The analytical method for determining neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was originally devised - for forages, but it can also be used for starch-containing foods provided that an amylase treatment is included in the procedure. Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Both NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) are useful measures of the fiber content of feeds and are therefore related to digestibility (the extent to which the food is digested), energy density and voluntary intake in monogastrics and ruminants. www.egasmoniz.com/pt Other analytical techniques For teaching purposes only! …..have been developed from simple chemical/gravimetric determinations. Modern analytical techniques attempt to measure nutrients in foods in terms of the nutrient requirements of the animal. Polarimetry (measures optical activity exhibited by inorganic - and organic compounds) – for starch determination. Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine wps.prenhall.com Gas–liquid chromatography (separation of components from a mixture based on the differential interaction they establish with a moving phase (e.g. gas) and a stationary phase (e.g. liquid)) – fibrous constituents determination; individual amino acids, fatty acids and certain vitamins. gas-liquid chromatography (chemguide.co.uk)  For teaching purposes only! Other analytical techniques (cont.) www.egasmoniz.com/pt Atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame photometry or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (the analyte concentration is determined from the amount of absorption) - individual mineral elements. - Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine https://www.agilent.com/ Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy (can analyze multiple constituents in a single scan by measuring light scattered off of a sample) - used routinely to determine food/ feed characteristics and to predict nutritive value. The evaluation of the NIR measurement is done by a mathematical estimation based on a calibration (recorded spectra of samples which nutritional contents were determined by reference analysis).  For teaching purposes only! Other analytical techniques (cont.) www.egasmoniz.com/pt Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (provides detailed information on the structure of small proteins and - dynamic properties of molecules in solution, through the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations of Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine atomic nuclei) - research technique for chemical structure determination of food components. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - NMR Manufacturer, Supplier, Exporter in Mumbai (laxmilab.com) Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine - www.egasmoniz.com/pt Labelling FEED LAW www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Some definitions For teaching purposes only! FEED: plant or animal products in their natural state, fresh or preserved, and the products of their industrial processing, as well as organic and inorganic substances, whether or not containing feed additives, intended for animal nutrition by feeding, either singly (feed material) or in mixtures (compound feeding stuffs). -- Medicine FEED MATERIAL: feeding stuffs intended for feeding directly as such or in processed form, for the Veterinary Medicine preparation of compound feeding stuffs or for use as carriers for pre-mixtures. in Veterinary COMPOUND FEED: mixture of at least two feed materials, whether or not containing feed additives, intended for oral animal feeding in the form of complete or complementary feed. Degree in Master Degree Master Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Some definitions (cont.) For teaching purposes only! COMPLETE FEED: compound feed which, because of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration. COMPLEMENTARY FEED: compound feed which, because of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration only in combination with other feed. -- Medicine Veterinary Medicine PARTICULAR NUTRITIONAL PURPOSE (PARNUT): the purpose of meeting the specific nutritional needs of animals whose process of assimilation, absorption or metabolism is, or could be, temporarily or in Veterinary irreversibly impaired and who can therefore benefit from the ingestion of feed appropriate to their condition. Degree in Master Degree Master Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023).  Feed Law – labelling For teaching purposes only! FEED www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt „Feed material“ (feed type) MATERIAL Name or business name and address of the feed business operator responsible for the labelling Lot or batch number Net mass or net volume (no number of pieces allowed !) Description of the feed material according art. 25(5) of Reg. 767/2009 -- Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Mandatory declaration of the contents of the ingredients according to Annex V or the feed materials catalog (Regulation (EU) 68/2013) Degree in  The feed catalog is not complete and its application is voluntary Master Degree Master Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt -- Degree in Master Degree Master Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Feed material labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt -- Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Degree in Feed material labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! FeBO - feed business operator Master Degree ABP – animal by-product Master rinderlunge = beef lung Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt -- Degree in Master Degree Master Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Feed material labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023).  Feed Law – labelling (cont.) For teaching purposes only! COMPOUND www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt FEED Feed type (complete, complementary, mineral or compound feed) Animal species or categories Name or company name and address of the FeBO responsible for labeling Batch number FeBO - feed business operator Net mass or net volume -- Shelf life Heading "Composition” Medicine Veterinary Medicine List of feed materials in descending order by weight or designation of the category according to the annex of the Directive 82/475/EEC in Veterinary Heading "Additives” Requirements concerning the labeling of additives according to Regulation (EC) 767/2009, Chapter I of Annex VII Degree in Mandatory information according to Reg (EC) 767/2009 Chapter II of Annex VII Master Degree (ingredients) Master Free telephone number or other appropriate means of communication Instructions for use Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023).  Categories according to Directive 82/475/EEC For teaching purposes only! Feed materials www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt -- Degree in Master Degree Master Medicine Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt -- Compound feed labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! Moisture Crude Protein Medicine Veterinary Medicine Fat content Ash in Veterinary Crude Fibre Degree in Master Degree Master Adapted from ESAVS course. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. (2023). Master Degree in Master Degree Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Medicine -- www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt for use Instructions Compound feed labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! Master Degree in Master Degree Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Medicine -- www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Dry Dog Food Compound feed labelling – example: For teaching purposes only! Master Degree in Master Degree Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Medicine -- www.egasmoniz.com/pt www.egasmoniz.com/pt Compound feed labelling – example: For teaching purposes only!