محاضرة المفاصل 3 PDF
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Uploaded by WarmheartedSerpentine4722
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Summary
This document is a lecture about joints. It defines and classifies joints, covers different types of joints, their structures, and functions. It also touches upon diseases and disorders related to the joints.
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ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ www.onlinedoctranslator.com - ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ)(3 ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ -ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ؛...
ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ www.onlinedoctranslator.com - ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ)(3 ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ -ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ؛ -ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ. -ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻫﻢﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻬﻢ؟ -ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ -ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻢ؟ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ -ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻲ -ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ )ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ - ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﻞﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻫﻨﺎ؟ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ،ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ… ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ؟ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ _ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﻜﻞﻋﻈﻤﻲ؟ _ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ؟ _ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ؟ ﺣﺴﻨﺎً،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ. ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ - ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ - ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ - ﻳﺤﻤﻞﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻳﻌﻄﻲﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺯ ﺟﻮﻣﻔﻮﺳﻴﺲ .1ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ -1ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ .2ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ 2ry ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ .3ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻏﺮﺯﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ، ﻏﻤﻔﻮﺳﻴﺲ، ﻻﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍءﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻼﺕ 1ﺷﺎﺭﻉ ﺻﻔﺎﺉﺢﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺷﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻨﺒﻮﺏﺍﻟﺸﻈﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔﻭﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﺍءﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡﻣﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺩﺍءﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ - ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ - ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻄﺔ - ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺯ - ﻣﺸﺮﺷﺮ - ﻃﺎﺉﺮﺓ - ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ - -ﺟﻮﻣﻔﻮﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡﻣﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑـﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ -ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ -ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ -ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ -ﻣﺆﻗﺖ -ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ: -ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ -ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﻴﻔﻲ & ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ -ﺩﺍﺉﻢ ____________________ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ:ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ - ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻲ )ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ( -ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺸﺎءﻟﻴﻔﻲ - ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻲ - ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻲ:ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑـ - ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ:ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺍﺕﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ - ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺏﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻲ )ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺕ - ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻢ - ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ :ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ - ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻟﻲﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻱ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ - ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻄﺔ))ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ( ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ -ﺍﻝﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ. ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء -ﺍﻝﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ. ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻗﻲ ﻣﺮِﻓ َ ﻖ ﺑﻴﻦﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺣﻞ 17 ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺴﺮﺝ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﻋﻈﺎﻡﻣﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﺇﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻧﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﻠﻘﻤﻲ ﻭﺻﻠﺔﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻋﻈﺎﻡﻣﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ ﺑﻴﻦﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ -ﺟﻴﻨﺠﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ -ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻭﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ -ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻤﻲ -ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺟﻲ -ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﻭﻱﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ - ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺲ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ )(1 ﺣﻮﻝﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ: -ﺍﻧﺜﻨﺎءﻭ -ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ )(2 ﺣﻮﻝﺳﻬﻤﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ: ﻓﻲﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ: - ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ: - ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ )ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ( ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻄﺎﻑ )ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ( ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ )(3 ﺣﻮﻝﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ :ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ -ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ:ﻭﺳﻄﻲﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ -ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺪ:ﻧﻄﻖﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻠﻘﺎء ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ )(4 ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ - ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ - ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ - ﺇﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ: - ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺉﺎﺏ،ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ، ﺍﻹﻃﺎﻟﺔﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺰﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ. ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻒﺍﻟﻐﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍءﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏﻛﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻁﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻬﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻳﺪﻱ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺱ 28 ﺃﺳﺉﻠﺔﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺱ:1ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ )ﺃﻭﻟﻲ -ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ(. ﺱ:2ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ -ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ(. ﺱ:3ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ )ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ -ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ -ﺯﻻﻟﻴﺔ(. ﺱ:4ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ………).ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ -ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ -ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ(.