Chapter 7 How Can We Build Sustainable Cities PDF

Chapter 7 HOW CAN WE BUILD SUSTAINABLE CITIES? 1  Guiding Questions 1. What are cities? 2. What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? 3. How do cities affect their inhabitants and their environment? 4. How can cities be sustainably built...

Chapter 7 HOW CAN WE BUILD SUSTAINABLE CITIES? 1  Guiding Questions 1. What are cities? 2. What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? 3. How do cities affect their inhabitants and their environment? 4. How can cities be sustainably built and managed? 2 Learning Outcomes I will be able to describe: ❑the characteristics of cities ❑how cities are related to rural areas ❑the ways cities impact the environment and people; and ❑the strategies used to 3 3 sustainably build cities.  Recall what you learnt in Sec 1 1. Think-pair-share 2. Types of environment (What types? Characteristics?) 3. What kind of environment do we live in in SG? 4. Why do you say that? 5. Do you think more people will live in cities? Why? 4  Powerful TWOs Watch the YouTube video on ‘Urbanisation and the Future of Cities’. Partner A (smaller index no.) – How did cities come about? What were cities like in the past? Partner B – What are current cities like? Characteristics? Challenges? Both – Discuss what future cities will be like, including possible developments and challenges. 5 6 What is urbanisation? Using the 5W1H question framework, work in pairs to pose questions How…? on urbanisation. Why…? Who…? When…? What…? Where…? 7 8  A city is a Percentage of defined the world’s population who urban area live in cities within a 1. What country. 50% in 2007 60% in 2030 are cities? Why are What is the difference more people between a living in town and a cities? city? 9 9  Most populated cities Skills Practice- What do the Proportional Circles Study Figure 7.1 on proportional circles Coursebook p6. represent? (Hint: Check the legend) Rank the top 10 most populated cities from How many of these the largest to the cities are within Asia? smallest. 10 11  Most populated cities ▪ Rank the top 10 most populated cities from the largest to the smallest. 1._______________________________________ 2._______________________________________ 3._______________________________________ 4._______________________________________ 5._______________________________________ 6._______________________________________ 7._______________________________________ 8._______________________________________ 9._______________________________________ 10.______________________________________ ▪ How many of these cities are within Asia? 12  Try this interactive game !! https://www.geoguessr.com/vgp/3127 World 25 major cities 13  Other video resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enwu AjRfKPY (urban vs rural - introduction) ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGJ tYMwOXtQ (Top 10 largest cities in 2022) 14  1.Large population size 2.High population Features density of cities 3.Built-up area 4.Range of functions 15  Features of cities 1. Large population size Many people live and work in cities. Cities have large population size compared to other locations in the country. Minimum population size to be called a city. Different minimum population sizes in different countries (Fig. 7.2) 16 17  Features of cities 2. High population density Population density refers to the number of people living in a unit area of land. High population densities in cities i.e. large population size living in a given area of land. Try Questions for Understanding Coursebook p8 Population density=Number of people living in an area Land area (in sq km) 18 19 Try this. 20  Features of cities 3. Built-up Area Cities are built-up areas – i.e. land surface is mostly covered by buildings. Extensive infrastructure – a system of buildings and equipment to provide basic services (e.g. water, electricity, sanitation, telecommunications & transport) for its residents. 21 Built-up areas in Tokyo, Japan 22  Features of cities 4. Range of functions Range of functions or activities. E.g. administrative functions, commercial & educational activities. E.g. Jakarta, Indonesia – administrative function (President’s office, highest court of law); key economic function – manufacturing industries. It has well- connected transport & telecommunication systems. What types of functions does Singapore have? 23 What types of functions does Singapore have? 24 25 What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? Why do people migrate from Rural-urban rural to urban migration areas? Think of some reasons. Push factors Pull factors (rural areas): (urban areas): 26 27  2. What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? o Rural-urban migration Rural-urban migrants move for different reasons. Push factors – reasons why migrants want to leave their place of origin i.e. rural area. e.g. poverty, lack of job & educational opportunities, natural disasters, war, famine. 28  2. What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? oRural-urban migration Pull factors – reasons why migrants are attracted towards a destination i.e. urban areas/cities. Urban areas usually have Better educational and job opportunities Better sanitation and amenities e.g. shopping malls with wider range of goods and services Better infrastructure such as transport More advanced healthcare 29  2.What is the relationship between cities and rural areas? Provision of goods and services - Cities usually have limited land area so agriculture in rural areas provide food supply for cities. - Farmers in rural areas also benefit as they can earn income. - Cities have better amenities e.g. hospitals with expert medical help & more advanced treatment – rural dwellers can travel there. - They can also buy goods from cities. 30  Farmers’ market in Australia 31  3.How do cities affect their inhabitants and the environment? Opportunities Education & employment - Cities have variety of educational institutions → produce large pool of skilled employees - After receiving education in cities, some young people continue to work in cities. Technological innovation - Use of scientific knowledge to create new products & services e.g. promote environmental sustainability (see p. 14 – 15). 32 33 Technological innovations to improve city life in Singapore by addressing urban heat challenge. 34  3.How do cities affect their inhabitants and the environment? Challenges Increased environmental pollution - Water pollution – household and industrial waste is disposed directly or leaked into waterways; threatens human health and aquatic life. - Air pollution – electricity generation using coal, factory and vehicular emissions; threatens human health e.g. respiratory infection, lung cancer. 35 What are some sources and impacts of the different types of pollution? (watch the first 3 minutes) 36 4.How can cities be sustainably built and managed? 37  3. How do cities affect their inhabitants and the environment? Challenges Competition for natural resources - Land resource – for different purposes, to accommodate large and growing population. - Competing uses of land may cause unhappiness in people. - Water resource – needed for domestic, industrial and other uses. - Competition for land limits expansion of reservoirs; also more natural vegetation cleared. 38  Solar panels Solar in different panels in cities around different the world cities around the world  4. How can cities be sustainably built and managed? Sustainable management of cities Environmental management - Physical environment Reducing water pollution through water treatment ponds e.g. Kranji Reservoir (see CB p21) Reduce air pollution through laws e.g. Environmental Protection and Air Pollution Prevention and Control in some China cities 40 A water treatment plant in Kranji 41  4. How can cities be sustainably built and managed? Sustainable management of cities Environmental management - Hazards Use of better-quality building materials E.g. earthquake-resistant buildings in Japan Land-use planning – decisions on how land will be used for different purposes, some uses disallowed in unsafe locations e.g. Coastal Erosion Hazard Area Map in New York City (p. 24) 42 43 44 Land use planning of New York City, USA 45  4. How can cities be sustainably built and managed? Sustainable management of cities Improve quality of life - Providing safe housing To shelter people from weather elements, for rest & social gatherings. Singapore – affordable public housing for the masses. Unsafe housing - squatter settlements located in unsafe areas (e.g. steep slopes) 46 47  4. How can cities be sustainably built and managed? Sustainable management of cities Improve quality of life - Providing a variety of transportation modes Land, air & water Benefits – easier to travel around the city, reduced traffic congestion, reduced environmental pollution - Considering the needs of different groups i.e. the elderly, persons with disabilities – pedestrians, traffic crossings. Provide the infrastructure for housing and transport. 48 Universal Design applied in public areas 49