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Peking Union Medical College Hospital

Jiang Xianyong

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bone marrow morphology hematology blood cell medical science

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This document presents an overview of bone marrow cell morphology. It details the objective, classifications, and abnormalities of red blood cells, and is accompanied by images and diagrams. The document is intended for use by hematology professionals.

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Bone Marrow Cell Morphology Department of Hematology, PUMCH Jiang Xianyong Objective  Blood Smear: The morphology of red blood cells: 冷凝集 Agglutination, Hypochromia, Schistocyte, Spherocyte, Teardrop cells  Bone marrow smear: 1.BM Cellular...

Bone Marrow Cell Morphology Department of Hematology, PUMCH Jiang Xianyong Objective  Blood Smear: The morphology of red blood cells: 冷凝集 Agglutination, Hypochromia, Schistocyte, Spherocyte, Teardrop cells  Bone marrow smear: 1.BM Cellularity 骨髓增生 2.AA,APL,CML,CLL, MM,MA Wright's and Giemsa stain 伊红:酸性物质;伊红染色的物质嗜酸性,本身是碱 性; Eosin(伊红) : acid dyes,red Azure dyes(天青): basic dyes,blue 天青染色细胞核,可以显示核仁; RED BLOOD CELLS 正常红细胞形态 Irregular distribution of RBC on the blood film 血涂片:红细胞不规则分布;1)冷凝集:红细胞聚集成堆,产生冷凝集素 (??),红细胞聚集,溶血;2)缗钱状,血沉ESR,炎性蛋白(铁蛋白、 球蛋白、骨髓免疫蛋白)增高 Agglutination Rouleaux formation 冷凝集素:感染、淋巴瘤(CLL) 红细胞缗钱状:M蛋白(蛋白电泳); Abnormalities of RBC size and/or colour 红细胞大小、颜色 正常幼红细胞:内有散在分布铁颗粒; 环铁幼粒细胞:铁颗粒环绕细胞核分布 双色性:缺铁贫血,新生正常色素 中心淡染扩大,超过1/3,低色素贫血 血细胞,缺铁血细胞还未凋亡; Hypochromia: Dimorphism: Iron deficiency After treatment for iron 低色素:血红蛋白合成异常;缺铁、地贫、慢 thalassaemia RS:环形铁幼粒细胞,铁颗粒环 deficiency anemia 性病、铁粒幼贫血,MCHC降低,MCV降低; 绕排列;RS(遗传),MDS-RS RS,MDS-RS 铁四项;地贫基因; (获得性) 巨幼贫、外周可见白细胞多分叶核,尤其是中性粒;MCV增大 嗜多色性红细胞:血红蛋白、残留核糖体 (酸性),网织红细胞 Macrocytes:red cells with a Polychromasia: residual ribosomal RNA diameter greater than 8.5 μm Haemolytic anaemia B12/folate deficiency Haematinic treatment Liver disease MDS 网织红细胞:溶血性贫血、失血; 溶血性贫血:遗传、 Abnormalities of RBC shape 裂片红细胞/红细胞碎片:外周循环机械型损伤导致红细胞碎片,提示微血管溶 Schistocyte: 血性贫血 fragments of red blood cells produced by extrinsic mechanical damage within the circulation and are a diagnostic feature of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA). 裂细胞是危急值,提示TTP血小板减少性紫癜 Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, 裂细胞形态:角型、盔型、三角形 TTP, HUS, DIC,renal disease 微血栓,纤维蛋白形成网络,红细胞 系统性红斑狼疮也会有碎片; 通过网,碎裂成各种形状; TTP需要血浆置换,不可以输血小板; 有裂细胞:网织红细胞(嗜多色红细胞)增多,小红细胞增多 Spherocytes 遗传性球形红细胞增多:膜结构异常,经过脾脏,红细胞损伤 自身免疫性球形红细胞:存在自身抗红细胞抗体,抗体Fc HS AIHA TTP 球型红细胞增多:小、圆、厚;伴有溶血, TTP:红细胞通过纤维 ABO and warm AIHA 蛋白丝网被切割; 小:<6 μm; 厚: HS:微小球形红细胞 Elliptocytes and ovalocytes 椭圆红细胞:长轴:短轴>2:1;遗传椭圆,缺铁贫血早期 Hereditary elliptocytosis Iron deficiency 二者区别?凸起少、少量细胞有突起。凸起少,凸起大,不均匀;凸起小且均 匀; 棘刺红细胞:丙酮酸激酶缺乏症、肝 棘形红细胞:神经科,舞蹈病; 肾疾病、送检太晚;制片失误; Acanthocytes:2-20 irregularly spaced Echinocytes:10-30 projections or projections or spicules of variable spicules of fairly regular form length, thickness and shape Liver and renal disease Liver disease, vitamin E deficiency, Pyruvate kinasedeficiency, postsplenectomy, abetalipoproteinaemia, storage artefact McLeod RBC phenotype 小舞蹈症??、 氧化性溶血性贫血 Oxidant haemolysis 咬红细胞:经过脾,被咬 Blister cells: 泡红细胞 Bite cells: 掉一小块 Oxidative haemolysis removal of Heinz bodies by the spleen G6PD deficiency G6PD deficiency 蚕豆病;G6PD缺乏, NADPH不足;GHS不足 Target cells: Stomatocytes: 口型红细胞 Alcoholic liver disease Liver disease, 血红蛋白病; Haemoglobinopathies, Hereditary stomatocytosis Thalassaemia 泪滴红细胞:髓外造血,被纤维组织牵 拉;骨髓纤维化; Sickle cells: Teardrop cells: 贫血、xx?? Sickle cell anaemia Myelofibrosis 骨髓纤维化,造血组织被纤维组织取 代,髓外造血,脾造血,脾大,红细胞 被脾 Inclusions in RBC 嗜碱性点彩红细胞:核糖体残留,凝结,变性;核 糖体不变性—>嗜多色红细胞;最常见:铅中毒; 豪焦小体:细胞核残余物,常 见于巨幼贫;脾切除,正常, Basophilic stippling: Howell-Jolly bodies: abnormally aggregated ribosomes 残留有细胞核的红细胞会在脾 fragments of nuclear Lead poisoning 内清除;; material (DNA) Haemoglobinopathies Hyposplenism, Thalassaemia Postsplenectomy Abnormal haemsynthesis Haemolytic anaemia Megaloblastic anaemia Intracellular haemoglobin crystals: malaria 内有疟原虫,紫核蓝浆 HbC and HbSC disease Recommended Nomenclature Common clinical conditions associated with Acanthocyte Liver disease, vitamin E deficiency, postsplenectomy, abetalipoproteinaemia, McLeod RBC phenotype Basophilic stippling Lead poisoning, haemoglobinopathies, thalassaemia, abnormal haemsynthesis Bite cell G6PD deficiency Blister cell Oxidative haemolysis, G6PD deficiency Echinocyte Liver and renal disease, pyruvate kinase deficiency, storage artefact Elliptocyte Hereditary elliptocytosis, iron deficiency Howell-Jolly body Hyposplenism, postsplenectomy, haemolyticanaemia, megaloblastic anaemia Hypochromic cell Iron deficiency, thalassaemia Macrocyte B12/folate deficiency, liver disease, MDS Ovalocyte Hereditary elliptocytosis, iron deficiency Polychromatic cell Haemolytic anaemia, haematinic treatment Schistocyte Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, TTP, HUS, DIC, renal disease Sickle cell Sickle cell anaemia and other sickle cell diseases Spherocyte Hereditary spherocytosis, ABO and warm AIHA, Clostridium perfringens sepsis, burns Stomatocyte Alcoholic liver disease, hereditary stomatocytosis Target cell Liver disease, haemoglobinopathies, thalassaemia Teardrop cell myelofibrosis Bone marrow puncture Quick and easy Local anesthesia Sites – Anterior superior iliac spine – Posterior superior iliac spine – Sternum 尽量少抽骨髓; 张某某 2007-12-03 骨髓小粒:成纤维细胞形成的股 一定要推 价,内有造血组织 出尾巴 (舌 型),观 测体尾交 界处; 骨髓活检:很拥挤、骨髓涂片:展开啦! Bone marrow examination Bone marrow Bone marrow aspiration biopsy →Cytology →Pathology Draw material situation of bone marrow 取材稀释; Diluted bone marrow 稀释:混入外周血。骨髓纤维化,骨髓 减少,难以抽取,混入血液 Dry tap(干抽)疾病本身原因:难以抽取,干抽 Coagulation 凝固;凝固到纤维蛋白丝内 Examination items of BM  MICM – Morphology + Cytochemistry – Immunophenotype 免疫分型 – Cytogenetics 染色体:异位、倍体; – Molecular biology 分子生物(基因测序、靶点)  BM biopsy – Pathology + Immunochemistry Bone marrow evaluation Draw material situation of bone marrow Cellularity: degree of marrow proliferation – The ratio of nucleated cells to red blood cells 骨髓增生:有核细胞:红细胞 Myeloid to erythroid(M:E) – Normally 2-5.2:1 Morphology and percentage of different lineages Dysplastic hematopoiesis (病态造血) Abnormal cells Parasites 原始粒细胞 0-1 早幼粒细胞 0.04-2.5 中性中幼粒细胞 3.2-13.2 中性晚幼粒细胞 5.2-20.2 中性杆状核粒细胞 8.5-24.4 中性分叶核粒细胞 6.1-24.9 嗜酸性中幼粒细胞 0-1.1 嗜酸性晚幼粒细胞 0-2 嗜酸性杆状核粒细胞 0-1.1 嗜酸性分叶核粒细胞 0-3.4 嗜碱性中幼粒细胞 0-0.1 嗜碱性晚幼粒细胞 0-0.1 嗜碱性杆状核粒细胞 0-0.1 嗜碱性分叶核粒细胞 0-0.3 原始红细胞 0-0.5 早幼红细胞 0-2 中幼红细胞 3.8-13 晚幼红细胞 3.4-10 幼稚淋巴细胞 0-0.6 淋巴细胞 8.4-32.4 单核细胞 0-2.9 M:E=1-5.2:1 浆细胞 0-1.2 红细胞(无核细胞):有核细胞:判断骨髓造血功能,骨髓增生 BM Cellularity RBC : Nucleated Cellularity nucleated cells common diseases cells/LP 1. Extreme hypercellular 1:1 200 leukemia leukemia、MPN,MDS, 2. Hypercellular 10 : 1 100 hemolytic anemia 3. Normocellular 20 : 1 50 Normal BM,MDS AA、some MDS和AL、 4. Hypocellular 50 : 1 20 post-chemotherapy sAA 、post- 5. Extreme hypocellular 200 : 1 10 chemotherapy 红细胞:有核细胞越多,骨髓增生越活跃 Extreme hypercellular 增生极度低下 Hypocellular 增生低下 正常增生==增生活跃 Normocellular Hypercellular 增生明显活跃 增生极度活跃 Extreme hypocellular Marrow evaluation-M:E Increased M:E 粒红比:所有的粒系:所有的红系 Reactive :Infection 感染,外周粒细胞增高;骨髓幼粒增高 Abnormal: 纯红细胞贫血:红系造血异常,无法产生 Pure red cell anemia红系细胞,因此骨髓内红系细胞减少; Leukemia 白血病也有M:E降低的 Decreased M:E Reactive : Hemolytic anemia 外周溶血,造血功能正常,骨髓内代偿 性产生更多红细胞,因此骨髓内红系 IDA/MA (E)增多 Abnormal: MDS Marrow evaluation-M:E Decreased M:E MA Increased M:E Acute Leukemia Normal M:E The role of bone marrow examination  Diagnosis / differential diagnosis: – hematological diseases – non-hematological diseases  Evaluating the therapeutic effect and disease prognosis Disorders diagnosed by BM examination 1. Hematologic diseases:  nutritional anemia:IDA、MA  aplastic anemia(AA)  leukemia:AML、CML;ALL、CLL、HCL  myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS)  multiple myeloma(MM)  myeloproliterative neoplasms:CML、PV、ET、 PMF  lymphoma(BM involved)  hemolytic disease:HS、 sickle cell anemia ( SCA ), Thalassemia, etc.  immune thrombocytopenia(ITP) 2. Non Hematologic diseases (1) Metabolic disorders  Gaucher disease、Niemann-Pick disease (2) Infectious diseases 利士曼原虫,黑热病:山西阳泉  malaria、kala-azar,etc. (3) Metastatic carcinoma Abnormal morphology dysplasia of myeloid lineage and Hematologic diseases  Nutritional anemia:IDA、MA  Aplastic anemia(AA)  Leukemia:AML、CML;ALL、CLL、 HCL  Myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS)  Multiple myeloma(MM) 粒系发育小结 粒系发育 1、早幼粒细胞与原始粒细胞的鉴别:出现嗜天青颗粒,与 原始粒细胞的染色质相同或稍粗超,可依据颗粒数量判定, <20个嗜天青颗粒,可作为II型原粒 2、早幼粒细胞与中幼粒细胞的鉴别:染色质聚集或呈小块, 胞浆核糖体不均匀的消失,形成嗜碱性不均匀。 3、中幼粒细胞与晚幼粒细胞的鉴别:晚幼粒细胞胞体减小, 细胞核凹陷,染色质更为固缩,胞浆出现更多的粉红色中 性颗粒。 4、在细胞发育过程中,嗜天青颗粒会逐渐减少,但不会消 失,在成熟粒细胞中由于失去嗜染料的特性,无法着色。 5、染色质与其它系细胞发育相同,先fine,然后聚集 condensed(coarse),最后聚集成小块、大块(clump), 染色质聚集或成块越明显,着色越深。 骨髓涂片:AML、浆细胞/多发、 Acute leukaemia(AL) 急性白血病:原始细胞异常增殖,原幼单、原粒、早幼粒 Blast ≥20%(Bone marrow or blood smear) Blasts Include myeloblast, Monoblast+ promonocyte, lymphoblast MICM 重现性基因异常 AML伴病态造血:预后差 治疗相关的:卵巢癌/乳腺癌治疗4-5年后 出现白血病 AML非特指;FAB分期 唐氏综合征容易患白血 髓系肉瘤:绿色瘤 病 AML-M2 AML-M4Eo AML-M3 AML-M0 AML-M1 AML-M2 AML-M4 AML-M5 AML-M6 AML-M7 2022WHO AML伴确定性遗传性异常 AML-M3 AML-M2 AML with BCR::ABL1 AML-M4Eo and AML with CEBPA mutation are the only disease types with a defined genetic abnormality that require at least 20% blasts for diagnosis. 除了BCR-ABL和 CEBPA,其他基因突 变,不需要原始细胞 >20%,也可以诊断急性 髓系白血病; AML-M1 BM:myeloblasts i≥90% PB <20%:骨髓异常增生综合征; >20%:(急性)白血病 过氧化物酶POX(MPO??):髓系;MPO染色阳性,表明 POX:+,≥3% 是髓系;粒系=单核?? AS-DCE:+, AML-M2:胞浆内可见假性Chediak-Higashi颗 粒, myeloblasts in BM 20%~90% 危急值 急性早幼粒白血病:M3型,PML-RARa。能治愈; AML-M3 急性早幼粒,危急,因为早幼粒细胞容易破裂导致 DIC、出血; M3a Auer小体是M3的特征性标志; M3b Auer小体:柴束样小体 柴困细胞 Abnormal promyelocytes≥20%, Faggot cells, PML-RARa(+) 现在只需要基因,不需要>20% 急性早幼粒的基因突变类型很多,只有 PML-RARa+预后良好; 特异性酯酶:粒系、肥大细胞; POX,AS-DCE:strongly positive 非特异性脂酶:单核细胞,单核细胞必须做非特异染 色 现在叫MDN:骨髓异常增生性肿瘤; MDS与急性髓系白血 病比较? Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) The MDS are a group of clonal haematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia in one or more of the major myeloid lineages, ineffective haematopoiesis, recurrent genetic abnormalities and increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). 无效造血 血细胞减少:1)营养;2)抗体;3);4)MDS、白血病 MDS:原始细胞<20%,存在克隆性造血细胞; 2017 WHO 维奈克拉:BCL2抑制剂;原 分类基于药物治疗、预后; 2022WHO 始细胞10-20的MDS治疗好, 现在分类为MDS-AML 预后好 环形铁粒幼 病态粒细胞造血 Dysgranulopoiesis 大小、形状、细胞核、胞质 Small or unusually large size Binuclear granulocyte or Multinuclear granulocyte Pseudo-Pelger Huet Decreased granules,agranularity,orange pink granules Auer rods Binuclear granulocyte Multinuclear granulocyte Small granulocyte Pseudo-Pelger Huet 分2叶,且相聚很远,花生形、眼睛形 单叶Pelger Huet Pelger Huet:有遗传性 Megaloblastoid changes 奥氏小体:嗜天青颗粒融合 Auer rods 染色质松散; 成;髓系标志;急性粒细胞、 急性单核、原幼单白血病、原 粒细胞 Orange pink granules Decreased granules,agranularity 黄沙土样颗粒,黄粉颗粒:没有粉红色中性颗粒(中性粒细胞特殊颗粒) Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), BCR-ABL1-positive Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), BCR-ABL1-positive, is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) in which granulocytes are the major proliferative component. It arises in a haematopoietic stem cell and is characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2), which results in the formation of the Philadel phia (Ph) chromosome, containing the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. 白细胞高、脾大、外周血幼稚粒细胞(原早中晚)多、嗜酸粒多、 PB BM 分类的逻辑??血涂片(髓系、淋巴系、粒系?) 红系发育小结 红系发育 1、胞体变小 2、红的核最圆,特别是中幼红细胞。 3、由于染色质聚集、固缩的过程中会向核 膜聚集,导致中幼红细胞的核膜比早幼红细 胞清晰,边缘粗糙,而中幼红细胞向晚幼红 细胞染色质更为浓缩时,会导致晚幼红细胞 核及核膜光滑。 4、胞浆由于血红蛋白化及核糖体消失,会 导致蓝色减弱,红色增加。 5、由于胞浆量增多,会导致核质比减低。 Dyserythropoiesis 病态造血 Nuclear Nuclear budding 核出芽: Karyorrhexis 花瓣红细胞 Multinuclearity 多核红细胞 核碎裂 Megaloblastoid changes Cytoplasmic Ring sideroblasts PAS positivity Nuclear budding Multinuclearity 类巨成红细胞 Megaloblastoid changes 普鲁士蓝染色Fe,正常Fe颗粒分散 存在,环形铁粒幼红细胞:形成 Karyorrhexis 核碎裂 Ring sideroblasts 遗传性:RS;获得 性:MDS-RS; Nutritional anemia 1. Iron-deficiency anemia(IDA) 2. Megaloblastic anemia(MA) MA:核幼,浆老; MA:核幼:DNA超螺旋,染色体断裂,松散:巨幼 变 染色体断裂,出现豪焦小体, iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) megaloblastic anemia (MA) Lymphocyte、monocyte  lymphocyte: – Only mature lymphocytes in normal BM – Lymphoblast and immature lymphocyte: occuring in child、ALL or lymphoma  monocyte: – Only mature monocytes in normal BM – monoblast and immature monocyte: occuring in AML-M4, AML-M5 and CMML Lymphocyte 淋巴细胞:小、中、大淋巴细胞; 反应性增高、相对增高、绝对增高 Normal value:8.4-32.4% S: 7-18 μm N: Round to oval; may be slightly indented C: Scant to moderate; sky blue; vacuoles may be present Lymphocytosis 1. Reactive lymphocytosis 2. Relative lymphocytosis 3. Absolute ymphocytosis Reactive lymphocytosis 不典型淋巴细胞/异型淋巴细胞:病毒感 染,淋巴细胞激活,细胞质蓝,核不规 则;传染性单核细胞增多(自限性) CMV、疱疹、EBV; Virus infection: EBV;CMV;HPV 相对增多:再障,粒红巨都无,只剩下淋巴细胞; Relative lymphocytosis: Aplastic anemia (AA) 粒缺:粒细胞很少,白细胞很低;网织红细胞很低,再生障碍,网织红细胞 低是最重要的特征;溶血性贫血,网织红细胞增多; Aplastic anemia is bone marrow failure that is characterized by pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and a hypoplastic bone marrow. Severe AA (SAA) is present when patients meet at least two of the following criteria: absolute neutrophil count less than 0.5 × 10^9/L, platelet count less than 20 × 10^9/L, or reticulocytes less than 20 × 10^9/L. The patients are at risk of infection and hemorrhage due to neutropenia and thrombocytopenia and suffer from symptoms of anemia. The main treatment approaches are allogeneic stem cell transplantation and immunosuppression. 骨髓小粒 骨髓小粒内没有造血细胞 正常骨髓小粒 成纤维细胞骨架:内有非造血细胞、造血细胞; 正常人,造血细胞多;再障:骨架造血细胞少,变成非造血细胞团;老年人骨髓 小叶内造血细胞也减少 Bone marrow biopsy 再生障碍性贫血:非造血细胞增 多,但实际上可能是浆细胞、肥大 细胞增多,而不是间充质细胞增多 Increased non-hematopoietic cell 梭形细胞:肥大细胞, Absolute lymphocytosis: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia /small lymphocytic lymphoma(CLL/SLL) CLL/SLL is a neoplasm composed of monomorphic small mature B cells that coexpress CD5 and CD23. There must be a monoclonal B-cell count ≥ 5 x109 /L, with the characteristic morphology and phenotype of CLL in the peripheral blood. BM BL Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) 毛细胞 HCL is a indolent neoplasm of small mature lymphoid cells with oval nuclei and abundant cytoplasm with so-called hairy projections involving peripheral blood and diffusely infiltrating the bone marrow and splenic red pulp. Immunophenotype: bright coexpression of CD20, CD22, and CD11c; and expression of CD103, CD25, CD123, annexin A1, 毛细胞是淋巴细胞,胞浆丰富,酸性磷酸酶,不被酒石酸抑 制,酸性磷酸酶阳性 TRAP(+) Lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma(LBL)2022 WHO ALL 葡萄状排列 Nuclei: are round or show convolutions 原幼淋增加 Chromatin: condensed nuclear chromatin Nucleoli:1-2 or indistinct Cytoplasm: scant ; light POX(-) PAS:ball-like+ POX过氧化物酶 过氧化物酶POX<3%,淋系白血病; 髓系特征:髓系、auer小体 POX>% FL滤泡淋巴瘤,细胞内有长而 弥漫大B:细胞核比较原始(???) 深的裂隙,有裂淋巴细胞,形 似石生花,屁股细胞; DLBCL FL Lymphoma involving bone marrow Monocyte Normal value:0-2.9% S: 12-20 μm N: Variable; may be round, horse shoe shaped, or kidney shaped; often has folds producing “brainlike” convolutions C: Blue-gray; may have pseudopods AML-M5a BM BL Monoblasts≥80% 急性单核细胞白血病 AML-M5b: Monoblasts + Promonocytes ≥20%,POX-,a-NBE+ 单核必须做非特异性脂酶,α-醋酸脂酶/丁酸脂酶??? 非特异性脂酶阳性 吉姆萨染色 NBE+ NaF抑制 氟化钠抑制:2个片子,1个放 氟化钠,一个不放。无氟化钠 的非特异性脂酶阳性,有氟化 钠的非特异性脂酶阴性;氟化 钠抑制了脂酶,则为染色阴 性,此时为单核系;若不被氟 化钠抑制,则为粒系/红系; AML-M4Eo: Myeloblasts ≥20 % Monoblasts + Promonocytes ≥20% Abnormal Eosinophils ≥5% Cytogenetic: t(16;16)(p13.1;q22) Molecular test: CBFB-MYH11( + ) 慢性粒单核细胞白血病; CMML BL Definition Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia(CMML) is a clonal haematopoietic ma lignancy with features of both a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)(MDS/MPN). Persistent peripheral blood monocytosis (≥ 0.5 x 10^9 /L) with monocytes accounting for≥ 10% of the leukocytes Megakaryocyte series differentiation Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte 有嗜天青颗粒 Granular megakaryocyte Thrombocytopoietic megakaryocyte Naked megakaryocyte Normal megakaryocyte: 7-35 个/每个血涂片; AML-M7:Megakaryoblast ≥20% Dysmegakaryopoiesis Micromegakaryocytes Nuclear hypolobation Multinucleation 淋巴样小巨核/微小巨核:最异常,二倍体巨核细胞就成熟了 周围有血小板 单圆巨核、双圆巨核、多圆巨核;打麻 将!一 单圆巨核、微小巨核: 双圆巨核 多圆巨核 Plasma cell M蛋白:单克隆免疫球蛋白 Normal value:0-1% 浆细胞:多发性骨髓瘤,只能产生1 种免疫球蛋白(M蛋白) S: 8-20 μm N: Round or oval; eccentric C: Deeply basophilic, often with perinuclear clear zone Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) CRAB+SLiM Clonal plasma cells: immaturity and pleomorphism crystallized cytoplasmic Ig 单克隆免疫球蛋白存在:浆细胞瘤-多发性骨髓瘤 免疫球蛋白结晶; 火焰浆细胞:IgA,IgA结晶; MOTT浆细胞:免疫球蛋白结晶 噬血现象:吞噬细胞吞噬红细胞! Macrophagocyte 巨噬细胞吞噬红细胞,铁储 存在巨噬细胞内--慢性病贫 血? 吞噬了粒细胞、红细胞(蓝色颗 粒) 蓝色:色 素颗粒 噬血现象:噬血细胞综合征,正常红细胞被吞噬细胞吞噬; 吞噬细胞异常激活,吞噬正常红细胞,可用激素; Non Hematologic diseases 1. Metabolic disorders  Gaucher disease、Niemann-Pick disease 2. Infectious diseases  malaria、kala-azar,etc. 3. Metastatic carcinoma Gaucher cells 缺乏葡萄糖脑苷脂酶,无法代谢葡萄糖脑苷脂,导致脑苷脂积累在吞噬细胞 种,形成条纹 Sea blue histocytes N-Pcells 海蓝组织细胞增生: 泡沫样吞噬细胞:缺乏鞘磷脂酶 代谢异常;尼曼-匹克 病 单细胞生,有细胞核, 有细胞浆; 利士曼原虫:黑热病 malaria parasite: Kala-azar (leishmaniasis): ring form leishmania in phagocytes Histoplasma capsulatum Talaromyces marneffei Kala-azar (leishmaniasis): 马尔里飞 组织胞浆菌病 在组织外:菌丝;在骨髓内:酵母样孢子 metastatic bladder cancer Conclusion  Although there have been great advances in genetics, molecular biology, immunology, bone marrow cell morphology is still the cornerstone in the diagnosis of many hematologic diseases, even some non- hematologic diseases.  On the basis of understanding the morphology of normal bone marrow cells, only after continuous learning and practice can we get familiar with the morphological features of a variety of blood diseases, so as to make a correct diagnosis. Thanks for your Attention!

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