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Terminologies in immunology Protection from disease Immunity Immune system Cells and molecules responsible for immunity Immune response collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances The physiologic function...

Terminologies in immunology Protection from disease Immunity Immune system Cells and molecules responsible for immunity Immune response collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances The physiologic function of the immune Immunology is study of immune responses system: and of the cellular and molecular events that defense against infectious microbes occur after an organism encounters foreign noninfectious foreign substances macromolecules. products of damaged cells even self molecules can elicit immune responses (autoimmune responses) 1  IMMUNE SYSTEM: THE CELLS AND MOLECULES RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMUNITY IMMUNE RESPONSE: RESPONSE TO THE FOREIGN SUBSTANCE Immunology is the study of the immune system Immune response: reaction to molecules that are recognized as foreign or abnormal, regardless of physiologic or pathologic consequence of such reaction. Immune system comprises many cells located in different organs. These cells recognize pathogens and 2 induce immune response to eliminate the pathogens  Type of immunity​ Innate immune defences (natural immunity or native immunity) Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity, specific immunity). Defense against microbes is mediated by coordinated responses that are called innate and adaptive immunity 3  INNATE IMMUNITY NATURAL IMMUNITY, NATIVE IMMUNITY Defense mechanisms present prior to exposure to infectious microbes or foreign molecules. Exist since fetal development period and persist permanently throughout life. Represent the first line of defense mechanisms against foreign invasion into the body Create nonspecific response nonspecific immunity Repeated exposure induce identical responses 4  ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY SPECIFIC IMMUNITY, ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Develop as a response to infection and adopts to the infection Create specific response specific immunity. Develop due to induction / stimulation of foreign substance that successfully invade the body. Exposure of immune system to a foreign antigens enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen. adaptive immune system recognizes and reacts to a large number of microbial and nonmicrobial substances (antigens) Antigens: molecules that bind to specific lymphocyte receptors, whether or not they stimulate immune responses. immunogens :substances that stimulate immune responses 5  FEATURES OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES  responds immediately to microbes and injured cells  Specificity :Immune responses are not specific to a particular pathogen repeated exposures invoke identical responses Its receptors do not distinguish fine differences between microbes  Diversity. limited, the recognition molecules encoded by inherited genes.  Memory. innate immunity don't have memory 6  PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY (1) Physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial Cells of the innate Immune System chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces. (2) Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, natural killer (NK cells) and other innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells. (3) blood proteins, including components of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation. (4) The innate immune response combats microbes by Inflammation. 7 BioRender.com  FEATURES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES  Specificity :Immune responses are specific for distinct antigens  Diversity. ability of lymphocyte repertoire )‫ (گنجینه لنقوسیتی‬to recognize a very number of antigens  Memory. Exposure of immune system to a foreign antigen enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen. ‫ماکروفاژ ها و دندرتیک سل ها به عنوان‬  Nonreactivity to self (self tolerance) autoimmune ‫سلول عرضه کننده انتی ژن‬ iseases  A systemic response is mediated by lymphocytes  A positive feedback and controlling mechanisms Lymphocytes express highly diverse receptors determinants or epitopes 8