2nd Periodical Exam Reviewer - G9 PDF

2ND PERIODICAL EXAMINATION REVIEW MATERIAL LECTURE Many of us dream of owning and building a new home. In order to make our dream a reality, we need to hire an architect o r a designer to perform the task. With a bit of knowledge, practice, and experience, we will be able to make and read a floo r...

2ND PERIODICAL EXAMINATION REVIEW MATERIAL LECTURE Many of us dream of owning and building a new home. In order to make our dream a reality, we need to hire an architect o r a designer to perform the task. With a bit of knowledge, practice, and experience, we will be able to make and read a floo r plan. But before we could create a plan similar to what architects and designers do, we must first understand how the de sign process works. Floor Plan: An Introduction If one is planning to build a house, an apartment or a restaurant, he or she needs a floor plan. A floor plan is probably the most important part of the drawing process. This material will show how the interior of a structure will look like. So what is a floor plan? A Floor Plan is a 2D drawing that shows the interactions between areas, rooms and spaces at one level of the building. (ht tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan) It shows walls, doors, windows, stairs, furniture, and fixtures, including the dimens ions located in between walls that indicate room sizes and wall length. (https://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/3879898/list /how-to-read-a-floor-plan) A floor plan is similar to a map that is viewed from atop roughly three (3) feet from the floor or the ground. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan) In short, a floor plan is a map of just a single floor. (https://blog.ho useplans.com/article/how-to-read-a-floor-plan) If a building has more than one floor, there will be a floor plan for each lev el. Human Transit maps Street map Floor PlanFloor plans are used by architects, engineers, designers, and others for a number of purposes. Here are some of them: 1. Deliver the idea or concept 2. Requirement for building construction 3. Record of work The Design Process Making hand sketches is the initial step in creating a plan. It allows you to visualize how the space you will work on will loo k like and function. In order to draw a sketch, first, you must identify the type of structure to be built because the needed s paces or rooms vary from one building type to another. Then you can now start sketching. Satisfy your client’s requiremen ts and incorporate your own artistic style by creating and modifying meaningful drawings and bubble diagrams until you c ome up with a good design plan. Nowadays, people call floor plans as “blueprints.” These materials, which are required for constructing buildings, are print ed out on large papers in five to eight sets. Most of the time, several floor plans are for submission. One copy is given to th e city hall for record keeping, a few are kept in the construction site, and the remaining ones are in the hands of the owner. When applying for or when availing of loans and mortgages, banks also require the submission of a set of floor plans for r ecord purposes. (https://www.thehousedesigners.com/about-our-house-plans/understanding-your-house-plans/) The bubble diagrams will give you an idea of the shapes of the rooms as well as the building.The positioning of a room is rel ated to another because the activities done within the building are also likely connected to each other. You also need to kn ow the number of the users, the activities, and the furniture to make the plan work. Make sure to provide enough space to allow the users to move freely and prevent obstructions too. Walls are the most noticeable component in a floor plan It defines the size and shape of the room or a building. In plans, it i s represented by parallel and perpendicular lines and sometimes shaded with a solid color or filled with pattern. Exterior walls are represented as thicker than the interior walls. Breaks in walls Indicate openings, such as doors and wndows. Doors are break s In the walls represented by thin rectangles and arcs. (1). The arc indicates the swing direction of the do or (https://blog.houseplans.com/). What is seen in the drawing above is called a swing door. On the other hand, the break i n the walls represented only by thin rectangles are windows. (2). There are also different representations of doors of win dows depending on their kinds. Stairs are represented by a series of lines usually with an arrow to show an upward or a downward direction. It is slit by a diagonal line called the “cutting line” where the stair rises three feet above the floor. The stairs above this line are shown a s dashed lines. (blog.houseplans.com) (https://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/3879898/list/how-to-read-a-floor-plan) Fixtures are kitchen cabinetry, bathtubs, water closets, bidets, lavatories, sinks, and built-in closets. Furnishings, meanwhi le, are the television, sofas, dining table, coffee table, bed, desks, etc. These things are included in many floor plans to sho w its scale in relation to the room or space area. Here are the standard symbols for most of the elements. Source: www.pinterest.com LECTURE Designing a house might be complicated, but you will be able to pull it through as long as you understood how people makes use of the spaces inside and outside the structure. Before designing your new home, you should first take into considerations many aspects, such as the effective use of spaces and the comfort of the users. House Planning It is always important to know the factors that would influence your design, so you’ll think of ideas and apply different approaches to properly design your house. Some of the basic things you have to consider when designing a new home are discussed below. Orientation. Every design of a house is connected to its site and location. Orientation refers to the location of the building in relation to the sun’s position from the time it rises until it sets as well as to the wind patterns. Orientation is always given a high consideration in planning in order to maximize the said two natural elements for cutting energy costs and for the comfort of the residents. There is what we call sun path diagram that will provide you the location of the sun in reference to the site at different times during the day throughout the year. The diagram will aid you in considering a more suitable placement of the spaces. The basic thing one should recognize in this diagram are the position where the sun rises and sets, during the time when the sun is the hottest, and when the heat is tolerable. Source: www.ecowho.com Let’s take a look at the diagram on the left. We see that the sun always rises from the east and sets at the west. The hottest temperature is during afternoon from around 12nn to 3pm. Given the example that rest is usually taken during afternoon in the bedroom, the bedroom should be placed on the east side of the house where the morning sun is tolerable and should not be positioned facing the afternoon sun. Sunlight is said to be good for killing bacteria. The kitchen, laundry, and bathroom may be placed on the west side of the house. By observing the sun’s effect to the building, one can determine the most desirable location of rooms, placement of doors and windows, daylight access, and other things that will increase the user’s comfort and lessen electricity consumption. Source: www.greenpassivesolar.com Keep in mind that we are orienting the building in relation to sun to properly zone the spaces within the building not only to outsmart heat but also to capture light. This is where natural lighting comes in. What does natural lighting mean? Natural lighting means permitting sun light inside the building naturally. This must be utilized in order to moderate the use electric lights rather during daytime, and thus, conserve energy. In addition to saving electricity, day lighting generally improves the occupant’s satisfaction and comfort. Day lighting can be attained by: Providing skylights and clerestory windows where appropriate Providing wider windows Providing atriums Skylights are windows openings in the roof that admits light inside the building. It may be fixed on the roof or can be open ed. Clerestory windows are windows that are vertically placed in a high level of the wall that permits daylight inside and wind if can be opened. Wider windows can permit large amount of daylight on a large amount of space too. Atrium is an open space, large or small, within the building that allows light and spread in the interior. It may be open to th e sky or roofed by a glass. Good orientation does not only promote natural lighting but also natural ventilation. Now, what do we mean by natural ventilation, and what good does it provide in our design? Natural ventilation allows the flow of air inside the building through natural means, without using any mechanical device. A space with good ventilation promotes cooler temperature and helps cut back the cost of electricity. Natural ventilation is as important as natural lighting in providing comfort and a healthy environment to the users. In planning, we capture wind and allow it to enter through openings, such as doors and windows, and let it move through the building and out through another opening. This is called cross ventilation. It is one of the most desired features in any house. Therefore, windows and doors must be located effectively to allow airflow within the house and the height and size of the openings must be taken into consideration. To successfully capture the wind, you check whether the building allows adequate air circulation or not. Source: sustainability.autodesk.com Here are some designs that may be incorporated for natural ventilation: Increase air flow by keeping the windows unobstructed Rooms should have air inlet and outlet openings for air circulation Provide a higher ceiling at least 3m from the floor Add operable skylights or clerestories The Natural Environment. One should also consider the environment surrounding the piece of land where a home will be built. Elements, such as trees, bushes, a view of the sky, and a nearby park are important and will influence the design plan. Visual privacy should also be held in mind. Windows can serve as both passages for ventilation and screens for privacy. Likewise, trees can also be used to shield the house from outsider’s view, direct heat of the sun, noise, and dusty air. LECTURE More than knowing what the parts of the floor plan represent, it is also important to have a knowledge on how the parts work together to make a whole. How do the columns support the house? How does the slab work together with the columns to carry the load? What is the role of the walls here? What are the different types of doors and windows, and how do they differ from each other? These are just some of the questions that we intend to answer in this lesson. Windows Windows provide light and ventilation to interior spaces and an access to see the outside world. For the light to pass through the window, the window’s area should be at least 1/20 of the floor’s area and its width at least 1/10 of the total width of the walls. A window is usually placed 0.90m from the finished floor height. There are different types of windows as shown, by way of opening. Source: Neufert, Ernst & Peter. Architect’s Data 3rd Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2000 Fixed window This is the type of window in which the glass is not moveable. Only light can penetrate the room and not ventilation. Casement window The window leaf is hinged on either top, side, or bottom part of the frame. Sliding window The panels can be slided either horizontally or vertically. Only 50% of window area can be used to ventilate the room. Louvered window Horizontal angled slats allow air to flow in while keeping out the rain and sunlight. Hopper window It is similar to a casement, but hinged from the bottom and opens from the top. Doors Doors serve as the entry and exit points to a space or a room. It is usually positioned to appear unobtrusive a, so the space inside the structure can be maximized. Doors are usually swinging inside. The width varies depending on the use. For example in a home, the door opening width is usually 0.8m for a bedroom and 0.9m for the front door. The height is usually 2.10m. Here are some of the types of the door. Sliding door It opens by sliding the door leaf horizontally, It is also known as a space-saving door. Pocket door It is a sliding door that is inserted into a cavity in the wall. It would disappear from the view when fully opened. Folding door It can be opened by folding the door leaves. It can also serve as room divisions. Hinged door It is a swinging door hinged on one side of the frame. Stairs We go from one floor to another by means of vertical circulation such as stairs, escalators or elevators. In a residential dwelling, the stairs will be enough. Stairs have different parts. The rise refers to the height from one step to another. The tread is the surface upon which the foot rests when climbing. The landing is the platform after the series of steps that provides a break or rest. There is also what we call the rise-to-tread ratio which ensures a comfortable climb up and down the stairs. The optimum rise-to-tread ratio is 17/29. This means that for every 17 of a height dimension, the ideal corresponding tread is 29. For front door steps that are frequently used, a rise of 0.16m and tread of 0.3m are preferable. If there are less than five steps, there is no need for a handrail. Otherwise, the railing height should be at least 0.90m. There is also a minimum height clearance for a person to be able to pass through the stairs. Refer to image number 7 which indicates that there should be at least 2.10m clear height from the step where a person rests, up to the slab of another stairs or up to a ceiling. Source: Neufert, Ernst & Peter. Architect’s Data 3rd Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2000 Interior Finishes We consider aesthetics and color in the finishes, but there are other considerations especially for the flooring that we have to consider a number of factors, such as durability, maintenance, and life cycle cost. After these are taken into account, the detailing of the material finishes can be done. Source: De Chiara, Joseph. Panero, Julius & Zelnik, Martin. Time Saver Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. McGraw-Hill Inc., 1991 LECTURE Roofs form the upper enclosure of a building and protect the users from the sun, wind, and rain. Roofs of different types comprise a supporting structure and a roof cover of various materials. Roof Types Roofs come in different forms or types. Their pitch or slope is expressed either in degree angle, in percent or by ratio of ri se to run. In tropical countries like the Philippines, pitched roofs are commonly used for efficient rainwater runoff. Pitche d roofs are also used in countries where snow occurs to distribute well the load of accumulated snow on the roof. Flat roof s, which are ideal for places with little rain, also have minimum slope of 2-3%. Roof Structure A system of trusses is the major support structure of a roof. It carries load from the purlins, rafters, and roof covering then transfers the load to beams and/or columns of the building. Roof Covering Roof coverings are any of various water-resistant materials, such as shingle, slate, or tile, laid on a roof structure to shed rainwater. Sheathing or boards such as plywood is usually fastened to the roof frame/structure as a base for the roof covering. An underlayment of weather-resistant material, such as roofing Felt, is also integrated before the roof covering is installed. Rain Gutter The rain gutter is a narrow channskel along the roof edge that receives water runoff and directs it to a connected downspout. Skylight A skylight is an opening i a roof or ceiling glazed with a transparent or translucent material for admitting daylight. Green Roof A green roof or living roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as root barrier, irrigation, and drainage systems. Green roof promotes environment-friendly and sustainable design approach that is widely-considered by architects and clients nowadays. Roof Plan The roof plan is simply a view looking straight down at a building that shows the overall roof structure. The sample below shows a gable type roof plan for a simple rectangular floor plan. You will notice in the roof plan arrow symbols that indicate to which direction that part of the roof slopes. Also in the sample floor plan, you will see hidden lines one(1) meter away from the exterior walls. It indicates the outline of the roof immediately above that level. The gable roof type is very easy to model in SketchUp. A hip roof is more complicated to construct. Later, we will discuss a tool in SketchUp to help you with that. 1001 Bit Tools In the previous meetings we learned about the 3D Warehouse where you can download from the internet different comp onents like furniture. There is another feature in SketchUp where you can download additional tools to help you create models faster and more efficiently. Go to Windows then select Extension Warehouse. A welcome dialog box will appear. In the Top Extensions toolbar, click on the 1001 bit Tools (Freeware). The 1001 bit Tools preview dialog box will appear. Click on the download button. You will be asked to enter your Google account information before you can proceed with the download. After signing in, click install. After installation, the 1001 bit Tools are now in your SketchUp interface. You will notice a series of icons that will provide you shortcut methods/ functions to help you create 3D models easier and faster. On the rightmost icon is the tool for creating hip roofs. Let us explore this tool in following Hands-On activity. LECTURE Perspective drawings depict three-dimensional objects and spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface (such as p aper) by representing the reality of form as we naturally perceive it. One-point Perspective A drawing has one-point perspective when it contains only one vanishing point on the horizon line. The vertical elements are perpendicular to the horizon line and the horizontal elements are parallel to the horizon line. Two-point Perspective A drawing has two-point perspective when it contains two vanishing points on the horizon line. The vertical elements are also perpendicular to the horizon line. Three-point Perspective A drawing has three-point perspective when it contains three vanishing points on the horizon line. Three-point perspective is often used for buildings seen from above (bird’s eye view) or from below (worm’s eye view). There are two vanishing points for each side of the building. The third vanishing point is for the vertical lines of the walls. SketchUp Perspective Views SketchUp is truly a user-friendly modeling software that allows you to build, manipulate, and view 3D models. Constructing models may be easy, but getting the right kind of perspective view that will showcase the beauty of your design can be quite challenging. Establishing scenes in SketchUp is just like being a good photographer. You must consider the camera angle, viewing height, lens focal length, lighting, framing, and other relevant factors. SketchUp’s default view is Perspective. You can validate this by going to Camera menu. In its drop-down menu, you will see that the Perspective has a check beside it. With the simple use of the Orbit, Pan, and Zoom tools you can explore and find the right station point for your perspective view. Once you find the right spot for your station point, you can save that view by creating a Scene. Again, perspective drawings must depict the 3D form as close as possible to how we may naturally perceive it. Most archit ectural perspective drawings have a Street-level station point height or viewing height. It portrays the normal eye level of a person and that’s one way we can show the picture realistically. Another viewing height is the Worm’s eye view, which can be used for showing the elevation of a skyscraper as seen from the ground. Bird’s eye view, on the other hand, is ideal for showing aerial perspective of a site or a masterplan. Using the Orbit tool while in Perspective camera setting will give you a three-point perspective view. As you can see in our example below, the vertical elements are in diagonal lines or seem to be receding to a vanishing point. To make the scene in two-point perspective, just go to Camera then select Two-Point Perspective. You will notice the vertical elements in your model are now straig ht. There is also a label below the Scene 1 tab that says Two-Point Perspective. To change the view into one-point perspective, go to Camera then Standard Views and select desired side/elevation. Changing the lens focal length or the field of view allows you to adjust how much of your SketchUp model can be seen in t he modeling window. Go to Camera then select Field of View. You can then adjust the Perspective View of your model by zooming in and out. You can also apply customized changes by typing your desired figures in the desired field of view setting. The entered value in the measurement toolbox will be in degrees. shown in the Measurements toolbox. For exterior perspective, a field of view of 35 to 45 is recommended. For in terior perspective, use 60 to 70. You must balance quality and quantity in adjusting the field of view. Always remember that a wider view will mean more distortion. Below are examples of different field of view settings for an interior perspective. Image source: help.sketchup.com Once you find the right perspective view, don’t forget to create Scenes so that you won’t have a hard time going back to that view. Finally, as discussed last semester, you can export your perspective views to jpg and other supported image files. LECTURE In the previous meetings, we have learned about the floor plan and its components: walls, doors, windows, stairs, furniture, and fixture. We also learned the design process involved in creating one. We started off from bubble diagrams and zoning considerations up to sketches. Then from sketches, we learned how to create a more detailed floor plan using grids, dimensions, and tags. From 2D, we went 3D to create a realistic model of the bungalow using columns, walls, slabs, doors, and windows. After which, we learned how to make a roof that is fit for the house. Then, how to design the façade using different exterior finishes, and how to create an entourage that will make the model more alive and realistic with landscapes, people, vehicles, street furniture, and a background. Lastly, we learned to set the perspective views and export them for presentation to the client. Now that we are through with the planning, we are all set to proceed to the next step of construction. Construction Drawings Construction drawings, also called working drawings, are graphic representations of a building and contain specific written information or specifications regarding how the building is to be built. These drawings are detailed in order to facilitate the contractor’s precise execution of the design. A complete set includes two parts: the architectural and the engineering designs, which are consist of structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical plans. The construction drawings, which are made not only for the benefit of the builder but also to ensure compliance to safety codes implemented by localities. In these drawings, the dimensions, legends, and specifications are shown. These elements are important for construction to commence. Dimensions state the correct measurements of every item. Legends are used for the proper representation of objects. Lastly, specifications describe the kind of materials to be used. Site Development Plan A structure is inseparable from its environment. Therefore a site development exists in order to show how a structure relates to its surroundings. Specifically, it is a plan that determines the location of the building in a particular lot. It shows how the building will be accessed from outside the site to the building itself. It also shows the lot boundaries, the floor plan or roof plan, the access points for pedestrians and vehicles as well as the paved and unpaved areas. Floor Plan As we have discussed earlier, a floor plan shows how a part of a building will look like if a horizontal plane, parallel to the floor, will cut through it. It shows the layout of the columns and walls, the door and window openings, the room layout, and the placement of the fixtures and furniture. Included in the detailed floor plan are all exterior and interior dimensions essential to facilitate construction, and the symbols that point out to which page in the set the details are to be found. Pertinent information in the floor plan includes all dimensions, column grid, floor finishes, section lines, door, window and elevation tags. Reflected Ceiling Plan Imagine yourself looking at the ceiling, but instead of from the floor, you see it from above the roof as if it is transparent, this is what you will see in a reflected ceiling plan. It is a “plan of a room as seen from above but having its ceiling surfaces and elements projected downward upon it”. Whatever the orientation of the floor plan is, the reflected ceiling plan will also follow. If you see one, you will find there the design of the ceiling as to the form, the openings, varying elevations and the location of lighting fixtures that are intended to be used. Elevations An elevation is a drawing that shows the face of a building. The word elevation also refers to a height in relation to a fixed point of reference. For example, if the second floor is at +3.00m, it means that its height is 3 meters from the ground, if the ground is the reference point 0.00m. However, in the construction set, what we mean as elevation drawing is that showing the face of a structure. The exterior look is projected unto a vertical picture plane from one side of the building. With this it means that one can only see a flat representation of that face. Included in the exterior elevation are floor and ceiling heights, dimension of roof overhang, and wall finishes. Sections A section is the representation of that part of the building that you see when a vertical plane cuts through it. In short, it shows a sliced part of a building. Since it cuts through vertically from the roof to the floor, it helps us to understand the interrelationship of the vertical spaces. There are two types of sections, cross for the cut on the shorter side of the floor plan and longitudinal for the longer side. In the example below, the parts that are not cut are shown as elevation. Section drawings are also used to illustrate construction details. Door and Window Details In a house or any building, there are different kinds of doors and windows. A table, usually called schedule, is used to organize them. Indicated in these schedules are the types, their quantities, dimensions and the locations where they are to be used. Drawings of the doors and windows in plan and elevation accompany the schedules. Each type of door/window is assigned a number and the designation appears in the floor plan for easy reference. Other Details There are elements in a design that are provided with more information. These are the details that the designer includes in the drawing set. These are shown in a larger scale just as a picture is zoomed in so that the elements therein are clearly shown. Included here are connection details. Perspective The 3D model that represents the overall look and design of any building is shown in a perspective. It gives life to all the 2D drawings in the construction set and a powerful tool for the builder to understand the drawings. 3