Introduction of Histology Cytology PDF

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Introduction of Histology Cytology Presented by:- dr.Ibrahim Albadrabi MB.BS, M.Sc. Human Anatomy, Registrar of surgery (urology) Arab board  Objectives: By the end of this lecture, you must know:- ▪ Kinds of anatomy ▪ Structural lev...

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Introduction of Histology Cytology Presented by:- dr.Ibrahim Albadrabi MB.BS, M.Sc. Human Anatomy, Registrar of surgery (urology) Arab board  Objectives: By the end of this lecture, you must know:- ▪ Kinds of anatomy ▪ Structural levels of organization. ▪ The cell  A First Look at Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure. The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open.”  Kinds of anatomy: ▪ Gross Anatomy ▪ Microscopic Anatomy ▪ Developmental Anatomy ▪ Comparative Anatomy  Microscopic Anatomy Definition: That which can be seen with the assisted eye Kinds: – Cytology: The study of cells – Histology: The study of tissues  Structural Levels of Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism  Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organismal – made up of the organ systems  The cell There are two fundamentally different types of cells Prokaryotic: cells are found only in bacteria Eukaryotic: cells are larger and have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope  The cell It is structural unit of the body. Varies widely in size, common range is from 3- 20µm.(yolk is a cell about 4 cm). Has different shapes; » Squamous – flat. » Cuboidal. » Columnar. » Stellate. » Fusiform.  The cell Components that are in every cell are: a) Cytoplasm. b) nucleus. (except red cell is a nucleated).  The cytoplasm Semi liquid viscous material embedded in it are structures that are classified either as: a) Organelles b) Deposits or inclusions.  Organelles Include the following: ▪ cell membrane: (selective barrier & keep constant the intracellular milieu)  Organelles ▪ Mitochondria: Have their own DNA and releases energy when required by the cell to perform any type of work ▪ Golgi body(complex): modifications and packages and places an address on products that have been synthesized by the cell.  Organelles ▪ Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) segregate proteins not destined for the cytosol ▪ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ▪ Ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, filaments and fibers.  Deposits or inclusions They are temporary components of the cytoplasm; as lipids, CHO, proteins, granules,…  Nucleus ▪ Composed of: ▪ Nuclear envelope. ▪ Nucleolus. ▪ Chromatin. ▪ Nuclear matrix.  General Cell Structure & Function Component Structure Function Plasma (cell) Membrane composed of double Surrounds, holds cell together & gives its layer of phospholipids in which form; controls passage of materials into & membrane proteins are embedded out of cell Cytoplasm Fluid, jellylike substance between Serves as matrix substance in which cell membrane & nucleus in which chemical reactions occur. organelles are suspended Nucleus: - Nuclear Double-layered membrane that Supports nucleus & controls passage of surrounds nucleus, composed of materials b/w nucleus & cytoplasm envelope protein & lipid molecules - Nucleolus Dense nonmembranous mass Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes composed of protein & RNA molecules - Chromatin Fibrous strands composed of protein Contains genetic code that determines which & DNA proteins (including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell  Cytoplasmic Organelles: Structure & Function Component Structure Function Endoplasmic System of interconnected Agranular (smooth) ER metabolizes nonpolar reticulum membrane-forming canals compounds & stores Ca2+ in striated muscle cells; & tubules granular (rough) ER assists in protein synthesis Granular particles Ribosomes composed of protein & Synthesize proteins RNA Cluster of flattened Synthesizes carbohydrates & packages molecules Golgi complex membranous sacs for secretion. Secretes lipids & glycoproteins Membranous sacs w folded Release energy from food molecules & transform Mitochondria inner partitions energy into usable ATP Lysosomes Membranous sacs Digest foreign molecules & damaged organelles References Junqueira's Basic Histology Edition 11th. Histology Part I For Medical Students New Edition With Coloured Plates And Electron Micrographs By Professor Zakaria Abd - Elhamid